Does caffeine added to carbohydrate provide additional ergogenic benefit for endurance?

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 71-84

  Conger, Scott A ^a   Warren, Gordon L ^b   Hardy, Michelle A ^b   Millard Stafford, Mindy L ^a  

^a GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Fatigue; Meta analysis; Nutrition; Performance; Supplement

Indexed keywords

CAFFEINE; CARBOHYDRATE;

ARTICLE; BICYCLE ERGOMETRY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DRUG MECHANISM; ENDURANCE TRAINING; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; SUPPLEMENTATION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TASK PERFORMANCE; TREADMILL EXERCISE;

EID: 79952860742     PISSN: 1526484X     EISSN: 15432742     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.21.1.71     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Alves, M.N.M., Ferrari-Auarek, W.M., Pinto, K.M.C., Sá, K.R., Viveiros, J.P., Pereira, H.A.A., . . . Rodrigues, L.O.C. (1995). Effects of caffeine and tryptophan on rectal temperature, metabolism, total exercise time, rate of perceived exertion and heart rate. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 28(6), 705-709.
2. Amann, M., Hopkins, W.G., & Marcora, S.M. (2008). Similar sensitivity of time to exhaustion and time-trial to changes in endurance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40(3), 574-578. (Pubitemid 351294676)
3. Angus, D.J., Hargreaves, M., Dancey, J., & Febbraio, M.A. (2000). Effect of carbohydrate or carbohydrate plus medium-chain triglyceride ingestion on cycling time trial performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 88, 113-119. (Pubitemid 30053835)
4. Battram, D.S., Shearer, J., Robinson, D., & Graham, T.E. (2004). Caffeine ingestion does not impede the resynthesis of proglycogen and macroglycogen after prolonged exercise and carbohydrate supplementation in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 96, 943-950. (Pubitemid 38248667)
5. Bell, D.G., Jacobs, I., & Zamecnik, J. (1998). Effects of caffeine, ephedrine and their combination on time to exhaustion during high-intensity exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 77, 427-433. (Pubitemid 28154148)
6. Bell, D.G., & McLellan, T.M. (2002). Exercise endurance 1, 3, and 6 h after caffeine ingestion in caffeine users and nonusers. Journal of Applied Physiology, 93, 1227-1234.
7. Bell, D.G., & McLellan, T.M. (2003). Effect of repeated caffeine ingestion on repeated exhaustive exercise endurance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(8), 1348-1354. (Pubitemid 36936154)
8. Bell, D.G., McLellan, T.M., & Sabiston, C.M. (2002). Effect of ingesting caffeine and ephedrine on 10-km run performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(2), 344-349. (Pubitemid 34132041)
9. Below, P.R., Mora-Rodriguez, R., Gonzalez-Alonso, J., & Coyle, E.F. (1995). Fluid and carbohydrate independently improve performance during 1 hr of intense exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 27, 2000-2010.
10. Berglund, B., & Hemmingsson, P. (1982). Effects of caffeine ingestion on exercise performance at low and high altitudes in cross-country skiers. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 3(4), 234-236. (Pubitemid 13179103)
11. Borenstein, M., Hedges, L.V., Higgins, J.P.T., & Rothstein, H.R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. West Sussex, UK: Wiley.
12. Bridge, C.A., & Jones, M.A. (2006). The effect of caffeine ingestion on 8km run performance in a field setting. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(4), 433-439.
13. Burke, L.M. (2008). Caffeine and sports performance. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 33(6), 1319-1334.
14. Butts, N.K., & Crowell, D. (1985). Effect of caffeine ingestion on cardiorespiratory endurance in men and women. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 56(4), 301-305. (Pubitemid 16172843)
15. Cadarette, B.S., Levine, L., Berube, C.L., Posner, B.M., & Evans, W.J. (1983). Effects of varied dosages of caffeine on endurance exercise to fatigue. In N. G. Knuttgen, J. A. Vogel & J. Poortmans (Eds.), International series on sports sciences (Vol. 13, pp. 871-876). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
16. Carter, J.M., Jeukendrup, A.E., & Jones, D.A. (2004). The effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on 1-h cycle time trial performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(12), 2107-2111. (Pubitemid 39612853)
17. Cha, Y-S., Choi, S-K., Suh, H., Lee, S-N., Cho, D., & Lim, K. (2001). Effects of carnitine coingested caffeine on carnitine metabolism and endurance capacity in athletes. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 47(6), 378-384. (Pubitemid 34207668)
18. Coggan, A.R., & Coyle, E.F. (1987). Reversal of fatigue during prolonged exercise by carbohydrate infusion or ingestion. Journal of Applied Physiology, 63, 2388-2395. (Pubitemid 18024862)
19. Coggan, A.R., & Coyle, E.F. (1991). Carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged exercise: Effects on metabolism and performance. In J.O. Holloszy (Ed.), Exercise and sport sciences reviews (Vol. 19, pp. 1-40). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
20. Cohen, B.S., Nelson, A.G., Prevost, M.C., Thompson, G.D., Marx, B.D., & Morris, G.S. (1996). Effects of caffeine ingestion on endurance racing in heat and humidity. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 73(3-4), 358-363. (Pubitemid 26165612)
21. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
22. Cole, K.J., Costill, D.L., Starling, R.D., Goodpastor, B.H., Trappe, S.W., & Fink, W.J. (1996). Effect of caffeine ingestion on perception of effort and subsequent work production. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, 6, 14-23.
23. Collomp, K., Candau, R., Millet, G., Mucci, P., Borrani, F., Préfaut, C., & De Ceaurriz, J. (2002). Effects of salbutamol and caffeine ingestion on exercise metabolism and performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 23, 549-554. (Pubitemid 35448878)
24. Conway, K.J., Orr, R., & Stannard, S.R. (2003). Effect of a divided caffeine dose on endurance cycling performance, postexercise urinary caffeine concentration, and plasma paraxanthine. Journal of Applied Physiology, 94, 1557-1562. (Pubitemid 36348836)
25. Costill, D.L., Dalsky, G.P., & Fink, W.J. (1978). Effects of caffeine ingestion on metabolism and exercise performance. Medicine and Science in Sports, 10(3), 155-158. (Pubitemid 9080718)
26. Cox, G.R., Densbrow, B., Montgomery, P.G., Anderson, M.E., Bruce, C.R., Macrides, T.A., . . . Burke, L.M. (2002). Effect of different protocols of caffeine intake on metabolism and endurance performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 93, 990-999. (Pubitemid 34919672)
27. Coyle, E.F. (1992). Carbohydrate supplementation during exercise. The Journal of Nutrition, 122, 788-795.
28. Coyle, E.F., Hagberg, J.M., Hurley, B.F., Martin, W.H., Ehsani, A.A., & Holloszy, J.O. (1983). Carbohydrate feeding during prolonged strenuous exercise can delay fatigue. Journal of Applied Physiology, 55, 230-235. (Pubitemid 13075346)
29. Cureton, K.J., Warren, G.L., Millard-Stafford, M.L., Wingo, J.E., Trilk, J., & Buyckx, M. (2007). Caffeinated sports drink: Ergogenic effects and possible mechanisms. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 17, 35-55.
30. Davis, J.M., Zhao, Z., Stock, H.S., Mehl, K.A., Buggy, J., & Hand, G.A. (2003). Central nervous system effects of caffeine and adenosine on fatigue. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 284, R399-R404.
31. Del Coso, J., Estevez, E., & Mora-Rodriguez, R. (2008). Caffeine effects on short-term performance during prolonged exercise in the heat. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40(4), 744-751. (Pubitemid 351416858)
32. Denadai, B.S., & Denadai, M.L.D.R. (1998). Effects of caffeine on time to exhaustion in exercise performed below and above the anaerobic threshold. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 31, 581-585. (Pubitemid 28223713)
33. Doherty, M., & Smith, P.M. (2004). Effects of caffeine ingestion on exercise testing: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 14, 626-646. (Pubitemid 40095829)
34. Doherty, M., & Smith, P.M. (2005). Effects of caffeine ingestion on rating of perceived exertion during and after exercise: A meta-analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 15, 69-78. (Pubitemid 40521842)
35. Doyle, J.A., & Martinez, A.L. (1998). Reliability for testing performance in runners and cyclists. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 69(3), 304-307. (Pubitemid 128455986)
36. Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000). A nonparametric "trim and fill" method of accounting for publication bias in metaanalysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 95, 89-98.
37. Eschbach, L.C., Drake, S.M., Boyd, J.C., Whitehead, M.T., Magal, M., & Webster, M.J. (2002). The effect of caffeine ingestion on metabolism and performance during prolonged cycling [abstract]. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5, Suppl.) S87.
38. French, C., McNaughton, L., Davies, P., & Tristram, S. (1991). Caffeine ingestion during exercise to exhaustion in elite distance runners. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 31, 425-432.
39. Fulco, C.S., Rock, P.B., Trad, L.A., Rose, M.S., Forte, V.A., Young, P.M., & Cymerman, A. (1994). Effect of caffeine on submaximal exercise performance at altitude. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 65, 539-545. (Pubitemid 24161836)
40. Ganio, M.S., Klau, J.F., Casa, D.J., Armstrong, L.E., & Maresh, C.M. (2009). Effect of caffeine on sport-specific endurance performance: A systematic review. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(1), 315-324.
41. Ganio, M.S., Klau, J.F., Lee, E.C., Yeargin, S.W., McDermott, B.P., Maresh, C.M., & Armstrong, L.E. (2007). Effect of a caffeinated carbohydrate-electrolyte fluid on cycling performance and leg maximal voluntary contraction [abstract]. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(5, Suppl.) S89.
42. Graham, T.E., Helge, J.W., Maclean, D.A., Kiens, B., & Richter, E.A. (2000). Caffeine ingestion does not alter carbohydrate or fat metabolism in human skeletal muscle during exercise. The Journal of Physiology, 529(3), 837-847. (Pubitemid 32051082)
43. Graham, T.E., Hibbert, E., & Sathasivam, P. (1998). Metabolic and exercise endurance effects of coffee and caffeine ingestion. Journal of Applied Physiology, 85(3), 883-889. (Pubitemid 28413265)
44. Graham, T.E., & Spriet, L.L. (1991). Performance and metabolic responses to a high caffeine dose during prolonged exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 71, 2292-2298.
45. Graham, T.E., & Spriet, L.L. (1995). Metabolic, catecholamine, and exercise performance responses to various doses of caffeine. Journal of Applied Physiology, 78, 867-874.
46. Greer, F., Hudson, R., Ross, R., & Graham, T. (2001). Caffeine ingestion decreases glucose disposal during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in sedentary humans. Diabetes, 50, 2349-2354. (Pubitemid 33641922)
47. Hargreaves, M. (2008). Fatigue mechanisms determining exercise performance: Integrative physiology is systems biology. Journal of Applied Physiology, 104, 1541-1542.
48. Hogervorst, E., Bandelow, S., Schmitt, J., Jentjens, R., Oliveira, M., Allgrove, J., & Gleeson, M. (2008). Caffeine improves physical and cognitive performance exhaustive exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40(10), 1841-1851.
49. Hopkins, W.G., Hawley, J.A., & Burke, L.M. (1999). Design and analysis of research on sport performance enhancement. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(3), 472-485. (Pubitemid 29136331)
50. Hopkins, W.G., Schabort, E.J., & Hawley, J.A. (2001). Reliability of power in physical performance tests. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 31(3), 211-234. (Pubitemid 32270053)
51. Hulston, C.J., & Jeukendrup, A.E. (2008). Substrate metabolism and exercise performance with caffeine and carbohydrate intake. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40(12), 2096-2104.
52. Hunter, A.M., St. Clair Gibson, A., Collins, M., Lambert, M., & Noakes, T.D. (2002). Caffeine ingestion does not alter performance during a 100-km cycling time-trial performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 12, 438-452.
53. Ivy, J.L., Costill, D.L., Fink, W.J., & Lower, R.W. (1979). Influence of caffeine and carbohydrate feedings on endurance performance. Medicine and Science in Sports, 11(1), 6-11. (Pubitemid 9251607)
54. Jackman, M., Wendling, P., Friars, D., & Graham, T.E. (1996). Metabolic, catecholamine, and endurance responses to caffeine during intense exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 81, 1658-1663. (Pubitemid 26349622)
55. Jacobson, T.L., Febbraio, M.A., Arkinstall, M.J., & Hawley, J.A. (2001). Effect of caffeine co-ingested with carbohydrate or fat on metabolism and performance in endurance-trained men. Experimental Physiology, 86(1), 137-144. (Pubitemid 32162310)
56. Jenkins, N.T., Trilk, J.L., Singhal, A., O'Conner, P.J., & Cureton, K.J. (2008). Ergogenic effects of low doses of caffeine on cycling performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 18, 328-342.
57. Jeukendrup, A., Saris, W.H.M., Brouns, F., & Kester, A.D.M. (1996). A new validated endurance performance test. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 28(2), 266-270. (Pubitemid 26067700)
58. King, R.F.G.J., O'Hara, J.P., & Carlton, C.B. (2006). Effects of pre-exercise ingestion of galactose, glucose and fructose on endurance performance [abstract]. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(5, Suppl.) S38.
59. Kovacs, E.M.R., Stegen, J.H.C.H., & Brouns, F. (1998). Effect of caffeinated drinks on substrate metabolism, caffeine excretion, and performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 85(2), 709-715. (Pubitemid 28365841)
60. Lindinger, M.I., Graham, T.E., & Spriet, L.L. (1993). Caffeine attenuates the exercise-induced increase in plasma [K+] in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 74(3), 1149-1155. (Pubitemid 23118564)
61. Lopes, J.M., Aubier, M., Jardim, J., Aranda, J.V., & Macklem, P.T. (1983). Effect of caffeine on skeletal-muscle function before and after fatigue. Journal of Applied Physiology, 54, 1303-1305. (Pubitemid 13098980)
62. MacIntosh, B.R., & Wright, B.M. (1995). Caffeine ingestion and performance of a 1500-metre swim. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 20(2), 168-177.
63. MacLeod, J.M.M. (2004). The effect of caffeine on endurance performance in trained female cyclists. Victoria, BC: University of Victoria.
64. McLellan, T.M., & Bell, D.G. (2004). The impact of prior coffee consumption on the subsequent ergogenic effect of anhydrous caffeine. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 14, 698-708. (Pubitemid 40095834)
65. McLellan, T.M., Bell, D.G., & Kamimori, G.H. (2004). Caffeine improves physical performance during 24 h of active wakefulness. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 75, 666-672. (Pubitemid 39006826)
66. McNaughton, L.R., Lovell, R.J., Siegler, J.C., Midgley, A.W., Sandstrom, M., & Bentley, D.J. (2008). The effects of caffeine ingestion on time trial cycling performance. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 48(3), 320-325.
67. Meyers, B.M., & Cafarelli, E. (2005). Caffeine increases time to fatigue by maintaining force and not altering firing rates during submaximal isometric contractions. Journal of Applied Physiology, 99, 1056-1063. (Pubitemid 41214523)
68. Millard-Stafford, M.L., Sparling, P.B., Rosskopf, L.B., & DiCarlo, L.J. (1992). Carbohydrate-electrolyte replacement improves distance running performance in the heat. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24(8), 934-940.
69. Norager, C.B., Jensen, M.B., Madsen, M.R., & Laurberg, S. (2005). Caffeine improves endurance in 75-yr-old citizens: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Journal of Applied Physiology, 99, 2302-2306. (Pubitemid 41691651)
70. Pasman, W.J., van Baak, M.A., Jeukendrup, A.E., & De Haan, A. (1995). The effect of different dosages of caffeine on endurance performance time. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 16(4), 225-230.
71. Powers, S.K., Byrd, R.J., Tulley, R., & Callendar, T. (1983). Effects of caffeine ingestion on metabolism and performance during graded exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 50, 301-307. (Pubitemid 13118276)
72. Rehrer, N.J., Cusdin, T., & Deutsch, M. (1997). Effects of caffeine and carbohydrate on time trial cycling [abstract]. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(5, Suppl.) S252.
73. Sasaki, H., Maeda, J., Usui, S., & Ishiko, T. (1987). Effect of sucrose and caffeine ingestion on performance of prolonged strenuous running. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 8, 261-265. (Pubitemid 17127923)
74. Sherman, W.M., Brodowicz, G., Wright, D.A., Allen, W.K., Simonsen, J., & Dernbach, A. (1989). Effects of 4 h preexercise carbohydrate feedings on cycling performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 21, 598-604. (Pubitemid 19260168)
75. Slivka, D., Hailes, W., Cuddy, J., & Ruby, B. (2008). Caffeine and carbohydrate supplementation during exercise when in negative energy balance: Effects on performance, metabolism, and salivary cortisol. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 33(6), 1079-1085.
76. Smith, J.W., Stover, E.A., Lovett, S.C., & Zachwieja, J.J. (2006). Efficacy of caffeinated and non-caffeinated carbohydrate beverages on cycling performance [abstract]. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(11, Suppl.) S29.
77. Sökmen, B., Armstrong, L.E., Kraemer, W.J., Casa, D.J., Dias, J.C., Judelson, D.A., & Maresh, C.M. (2008). Caffeine use in sports: Considerations for the athlete. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(3), 978-986.
78. Spriet, L.L., MacLean, D.A., Dyck, D.J., Hultman, E., Cederbald, G., & Graham, T.E. (1992). Caffeine ingestion and muscle metabolism during prolonged exercise in humans. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism, 262, E891-E898.
79. Titlow, L.W., Ishee, J.H., & Riggs, C.E. (1991). Failure of caffeine to affect metabolism during 60 min submaximal exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences, 9(1), 15-22.
80. Trice, I., & Haymes, E.M. (1995). Effects of caffeine ingestion on exercise-induced changes during high-intensity, intermittent exercise. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, 5(1), 37-44.
81. van Nieuwenhoven, M.A., Brouns, F., & Kovacs, E.M.R. (2005). The effect of two sports drinks and water on GI complaints and performance during an 18-km run. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 26, 281-285. (Pubitemid 40637946)
82. van Nieuwenhoven, M.A., Brummer, R., & Brouns, F. (2000). Gastrointestinal function during exercise: comparison of water, sports drink and sports drink with caffeine. Journal of Applied Physiology, 89, 1079-1085. (Pubitemid 32125409)
83. Van Soeren, M.H., & Graham, T.E. (1998). Effect of caffeine on metabolism, exercise endurance, and catecholamine responses after withdrawal. Journal of Applied Physiology, 85, 1493-1501. (Pubitemid 28465082)
84. Warren, G.L., Park, N.D., Maresca, R.D., McKibans, K.I., & Millard-Stafford, M.L. (2010). Effects of caffeine ingestion on muscular strength and endurance: A meta-analysis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 42(7), 1375-1387.
85. Weir, J., Noakes, T.D., Myburgh, K., & Adams, B. (1987). A high carbohydrate diet negates the metabolic effects of caffeine during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 19(2), 100-105. (Pubitemid 17058229)
86. Yeo, S.E., Jentjens, R.L.P.G., Wallis, G.A., & Jeukendrup, A.E. (2005). Caffeine increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 99, 844-850. (Pubitemid 41214493)