메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 86, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 3-34

Measurement and meaning in biology

Author keywords

Dimensional analysis; Meaningfulness; Measurement theory; Modeling; Scale type; Scaling; Significance testing

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHM; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BIOLOGY; DECISION MAKING; EVOLUTION; HUMAN;

EID: 79952826573     PISSN: 00335770     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/658408     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (230)

References (151)
  • 2
    • 0032076637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cope's rule and the dynamics of body mass evolution in North American fossil mammals
    • DOI 10.1126/science.280.5364.731
    • Alroy J. 1998. Cope's rule and the dynamics of body mass evolution in North American fossil mammals. Science 280:731-734. (Pubitemid 28243346)
    • (1998) Science , vol.280 , Issue.5364 , pp. 731-734
    • Alroy, J.1
  • 3
    • 34250718803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A unified model for functional and statistical epistasis and its application in quantitative trait loci analysis
    • DOI 10.1534/genetics.106.067348
    • Álvarez-Castro J. M., Carlborg Ö. 2007. A unified model for functional and statistical epistasis and its application in quantitative trait loci analysis. Genetics 176:1151-1167. (Pubitemid 46961112)
    • (2007) Genetics , vol.176 , Issue.2 , pp. 1151-1167
    • Alvarez-Castro, J.M.1    Carlborg, O.2
  • 6
    • 0001410750 scopus 로고
    • A new factor in evolution
    • 536-553
    • Baldwin J. M. 1896. A new factor in evolution. American Naturalist 30:441-451, 536-553.
    • (1896) American Naturalist , vol.30 , pp. 441-451
    • Baldwin, J.M.1
  • 7
    • 7544236904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of genetic drift on variance components under a general model of epistasis
    • Barton N. H., Turelli M. 2004. Effects of genetic drift on variance components under a general model of epistasis. Evolution 58:2111-2132. (Pubitemid 39448266)
    • (2004) Evolution , vol.58 , Issue.10 , pp. 2111-2132
    • Barton, N.H.1    Turelli, M.2
  • 8
    • 0002163313 scopus 로고
    • The cost of reproduction
    • edited by R. Dawkins and M. Ridley. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press
    • Bell G., Koufopanou V. 1986. The cost of reproduction. Pages 83-131 in Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology, Volume 3, edited by R. Dawkins and M. Ridley. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.
    • (1986) Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology , vol.3 , pp. 83-131
    • Bell, G.1    Koufopanou, V.2
  • 9
    • 33747235337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of phenotypic plasticity on evolution in multipeaked fitness landscapes
    • Borenstein E., Meilijson I., Ruppin E. 2006. The effect of phenotypic plasticity on evolution in multipeaked fitness landscapes. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 19:1555-1570.
    • (2006) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.19 , pp. 1555-1570
    • Borenstein, E.1    Meilijson, I.2    Ruppin, E.3
  • 10
    • 19844363489 scopus 로고
    • The use of operational definitions in science
    • Boring E. G. 1945. The use of operational definitions in science. Psychological Review 52:243-245.
    • (1945) Psychological Review , vol.52 , pp. 243-245
    • Boring, E.G.1
  • 11
    • 0000245743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical modeling: The two cultures
    • Breiman L. 2000. Statistical modeling: the two cultures. Statistical Science 16:199-215.
    • (2000) Statistical Science , vol.16 , pp. 199-215
    • Breiman, L.1
  • 14
    • 33745722644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionarily stable investment in secondary defences
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2005.01030.x
    • Broom M., Speed M. P., Ruxton G. D. 2005. Evolutionarily stable investment in secondary defences. Functional Ecology 19:836-843. (Pubitemid 44933509)
    • (2005) Functional Ecology , vol.19 , Issue.5 , pp. 836-843
    • Broom, M.1    Speed, M.P.2    Ruxton, G.D.3
  • 16
    • 33846214457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winning by a neck: Tall giraffes avoid competing with shorter browsers
    • DOI 10.1086/509940
    • Cameron E. Z., du Toit J. T. 2007. Winning by a neck: tall giraffes avoid competing with shorter browsers. American Naturalist 169:130-135. (Pubitemid 46095019)
    • (2007) American Naturalist , vol.169 , Issue.1 , pp. 130-135
    • Cameron, E.Z.1    Du Toit, J.T.2
  • 17
    • 26244451173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of epistatic gene interactions in the response to selection and the evolution of evolvability
    • DOI 10.1016/j.tpb.2005.05.002, PII S0040580905000638
    • Carter A. J. R., Hermisson J., Hansen T. F. 2005. The role of epistatic gene interactions in the response to selection and the evolution of evolvability. Theoretical Population Biology 68:179-196. (Pubitemid 41415590)
    • (2005) Theoretical Population Biology , vol.68 , Issue.3 , pp. 179-196
    • Carter, A.J.R.1    Hermisson, J.2    Hansen, T.F.3
  • 18
    • 1542332334 scopus 로고
    • The method of multiple working hypotheses
    • Chamberlin T. C. 1890. The method of multiple working hypotheses. Science 15:92-96.
    • (1890) Science , vol.15 , pp. 92-96
    • Chamberlin, T.C.1
  • 19
    • 0343278799 scopus 로고
    • The method of multiple working hypotheses: With this method the dangers of parental affection for a favorite theory can be circumvented
    • Chamberlin T. C. 1965. The method of multiple working hypotheses: with this method the dangers of parental affection for a favorite theory can be circumvented. Science 148:754-759.
    • (1965) Science , vol.148 , pp. 754-759
    • Chamberlin, T.C.1
  • 20
    • 0000053745 scopus 로고
    • Optimization models, quantitative genetics, and mutation
    • Charlesworth B. 1990. Optimization models, quantitative genetics, and mutation. Evolution 44:520-538.
    • (1990) Evolution , vol.44 , pp. 520-538
    • Charlesworth, B.1
  • 21
    • 0016948894 scopus 로고
    • Optimal foraging, the marginal value theorem
    • Charnov E. L. 1976. Optimal foraging, the marginal value theorem. Theoretical Population Biology 9:129-136.
    • (1976) Theoretical Population Biology , vol.9 , pp. 129-136
    • Charnov, E.L.1
  • 23
    • 0028909487 scopus 로고
    • Epistasis and its contribution to genetic variance components
    • Cheverud J. M., Routman E. J. 1995. Epistasis and its contribution to genetic variance components. Genetics 139:1455-1461.
    • (1995) Genetics , vol.139 , pp. 1455-1461
    • Cheverud, J.M.1    Routman, E.J.2
  • 24
    • 0029661339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epistasis as a source of increased additive genetic variance at population bottlenecks
    • Cheverud J. M., Routman E. J. 1996. Epistasis as a source of increased additive genetic variance at population bottlenecks. Evolution 50:1042-1051.
    • (1996) Evolution , vol.50 , pp. 1042-1051
    • Cheverud, J.M.1    Routman, E.J.2
  • 25
    • 0000046644 scopus 로고
    • An extension of the concept of partitioning hereditary variance for analysis of covariances among relatives when epistasis is present
    • Cockerham C. C. 1954. An extension of the concept of partitioning hereditary variance for analysis of covariances among relatives when epistasis is present. Genetics 39:859-882.
    • (1954) Genetics , vol.39 , pp. 859-882
    • Cockerham, C.C.1
  • 26
    • 0035342291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How strong is natural selection?
    • DOI 10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02138-3, PII S0169534701021383
    • Conner J. K. 2001. How strong is natural selection? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16:215-217. (Pubitemid 32285438)
    • (2001) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.16 , Issue.5 , pp. 215-217
    • Conner, J.K.1
  • 28
    • 0035681585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sponges: An essential component of Caribbean coral reefs
    • Diaz M. C., Rützler K. 2001. Sponges: an essential component of Caribbean coral reefs. Bulletin of Marine Science 69:535-546. (Pubitemid 34049784)
    • (2001) Bulletin of Marine Science , vol.69 , Issue.2 , pp. 535-546
    • Diaz, M.C.1    Rutzler, K.2
  • 30
    • 0032715561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prioritysetting tool applied to Canada's landbirds based on concern and responsibility for species
    • Dunn E. H., Hussell D. J. T., Welsh D. 1999. Prioritysetting tool applied to Canada's landbirds based on concern and responsibility for species. Conservation Biology 13:1404-1415.
    • (1999) Conservation Biology , vol.13 , pp. 1404-1415
    • Dunn, E.H.1    Hussell, D.J.T.2    Welsh, D.3
  • 32
    • 58249105858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Static allometry and animal genitalia
    • Eberhard W. G. 2009. Static allometry and animal genitalia. Evolution 63:48-66.
    • (2009) Evolution , vol.63 , pp. 48-66
    • Eberhard, W.G.1
  • 34
    • 77949910112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic architecture and postzygotic reproductive isolation: Evolution of Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities in a polygenic model
    • Fierst J. L., Hansen T. F. 2010. Genetic architecture and postzygotic reproductive isolation: evolution of Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities in a polygenic model. Evolution 64:675-693.
    • (2010) Evolution , vol.64 , pp. 675-693
    • Fierst, J.L.1    Hansen, T.F.2
  • 35
    • 84971185409 scopus 로고
    • The correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance
    • Fisher R. A. 1918. The correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 52:399-433.
    • (1918) Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , vol.52 , pp. 399-433
    • Fisher, R.A.1
  • 37
    • 0002222865 scopus 로고
    • Average excess and average effect of a gene substitution
    • Fisher R. A. 1941. Average excess and average effect of a gene substitution. Annals of Eugenics 11:53-63.
    • (1941) Annals of Eugenics , vol.11 , pp. 53-63
    • Fisher, R.A.1
  • 38
    • 0029023813 scopus 로고
    • George Price's contributions to evolutionary genetics
    • Frank S. A. 1995. George Price's contributions to evolutionary genetics. Journal of Theoretical Biology 175:373-388.
    • (1995) Journal of Theoretical Biology , vol.175 , pp. 373-388
    • Frank, S.A.1
  • 40
    • 84985875504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental approaches to studying the evolution of animal form: The shape of things to come
    • edited by T. Garland, Jr. and M. R. Rose. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press
    • Frankino W. A., Emlen D. J., Shingleton A. W. 2010. Experimental approaches to studying the evolution of animal form: the shape of things to come. Pages 419-478 in Experimental Evolution: Concepts, Methods, and Applications of Selection Experiments, edited by T. Garland, Jr. and M. R. Rose. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press.
    • (2010) Experimental Evolution: Concepts, Methods, and Applications of Selection Experiments , pp. 419-478
    • Frankino, W.A.1    Emlen, D.J.2    Shingleton, A.W.3
  • 41
    • 13244292164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural selection and developmental constraints in the evolution of allometries
    • DOI 10.1126/science.1105409
    • Frankino W. A., Zwaan B. J., Stern D. L., Brakefield P. M. 2005. Natural selection and developmental constraints in the evolution of allometries. Science 307:718-720. (Pubitemid 40194640)
    • (2005) Science , vol.307 , Issue.5710 , pp. 718-720
    • Frankino, W.A.1    Zwaan, B.J.2    Stern, D.L.3    Brakefield, P.M.4
  • 42
    • 36549010877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Internal and external constraints in the evolution of morphological allometries in a butterfly
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00249.x
    • Frankino W. A., Zwaan B. J., Stern D. L., Brakefield P. M. 2007. Internal and external constraints in the evolution of morphological allometries in a butterfly. Evolution 61:2958-2970. (Pubitemid 350179383)
    • (2007) Evolution , vol.61 , Issue.12 , pp. 2958-2970
    • Frankino, W.A.1    Zwaan, B.J.2    Stern, D.L.3    Brakefield, P.M.4
  • 43
    • 0000522461 scopus 로고
    • The "general vigor" problem: Can antagonistic pleiotropy be detected when genetic covariances are positive?
    • Fry J. D. 1993. The "general vigor" problem: can antagonistic pleiotropy be detected when genetic covariances are positive? Evolution 47:327-333.
    • (1993) Evolution , vol.47 , pp. 327-333
    • Fry, J.D.1
  • 44
    • 0002336749 scopus 로고
    • On the effect of founder events on epistatic genetic variance
    • Goodnight C. J. 1987. On the effect of founder events on epistatic genetic variance. Evolution 41:80-91.
    • (1987) Evolution , vol.41 , pp. 80-91
    • Goodnight, C.J.1
  • 46
    • 0025330346 scopus 로고
    • Biological signals as handicaps
    • Grafen A. 1990a. Biological signals as handicaps. Journal of Theoretical Biology 144:517-546. (Pubitemid 20206422)
    • (1990) Journal of Theoretical Biology , vol.144 , Issue.4 , pp. 517-546
    • Grafen, A.1
  • 47
    • 0025326784 scopus 로고
    • Sexual selection unhandicapped by the Fisher process
    • Grafen A. 1990b. Sexual selection unhandicapped by the Fisher process. Journal of Theoretical Biology 144: 473-516. (Pubitemid 20206421)
    • (1990) Journal of Theoretical Biology , vol.144 , Issue.4 , pp. 473-516
    • Grafen, A.1
  • 48
    • 0001910953 scopus 로고
    • The flight of birds: The significant dimensions, their departure from the requirements for dimensional similarity, and the effect on flight aerodynamics of that departure
    • Greenewalt C. H. 1975. The flight of birds: the significant dimensions, their departure from the requirements for dimensional similarity, and the effect on flight aerodynamics of that departure. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 65: 1-67.
    • (1975) Transactions of the American Philosophical Society , vol.65 , pp. 1-67
    • Greenewalt, C.H.1
  • 49
    • 0016839680 scopus 로고
    • Dimensional analysis and theory of biological similarity
    • Gunther B. 1975. Dimensional analysis and theory of biological similarity. Physiological Reviews 55:659-699.
    • (1975) Physiological Reviews , vol.55 , pp. 659-699
    • Gunther, B.1
  • 50
    • 17044460867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dimensional analysis revisited
    • Gunther B., Morgado E. 2003. Dimensional analysis revisited. Biological Research 36:405-410. (Pubitemid 37427991)
    • (2003) Biological Research , vol.36 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 405-410
    • Gunther, B.1    Morgado, E.2
  • 53
    • 33750601109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of genetic architecture under directional selection
    • DOI 10.1554/06-093.1
    • Hansen T. F., Álvarez-Castro J. M., Carter A. J. R., Hermisson J., Wagner G. P. 2006. Evolution of genetic architecture under directional selection. Evolution 60:1523-1536. (Pubitemid 44808247)
    • (2006) Evolution , vol.60 , Issue.8 , pp. 1523-1536
    • Hansen, T.F.1    Alvarez-Castro, J.M.2    Carter, A.J.R.3    Hermisson, J.4    Wagner, G.P.5
  • 54
    • 49549087249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring and comparing evolvability and constraint in multivariate characters
    • Hansen T. F., Houle D. 2008. Measuring and comparing evolvability and constraint in multivariate characters. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 21:1201-1219.
    • (2008) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.21 , pp. 1201-1219
    • Hansen, T.F.1    Houle, D.2
  • 55
    • 0037594669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolvability and genetic constraint in Dalechampia blossoms: Components of variance and measures of evolvability
    • DOI 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00556.x
    • Hansen T. F., Pélabon C., Armbruster W. S., Carlson M. L. 2003. Evolvability and genetic constraint in Dalechampia blossoms: components of variance and measures of evolvability. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 16:754-766. (Pubitemid 36832273)
    • (2003) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.16 , Issue.4 , pp. 754-766
    • Hansen, T.F.1    Pelabon, C.2    Scott Armbruster, W.3    Carlson, M.L.4
  • 56
    • 0035007367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epistasis and the mutation load: A measurement-theoretical approach
    • Hansen T. F., Wagner G. P. 2001a. Epistasis and the mutation load: a measurement-theoretical approach. Genetics 158:477-485. (Pubitemid 32428666)
    • (2001) Genetics , vol.158 , Issue.1 , pp. 477-485
    • Hansen, T.F.1    Wagner, G.P.2
  • 57
    • 0035198377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling genetic architecture: A multilinear theory of gene interaction
    • DOI 10.1006/tpbi.2000.1508
    • Hansen T. F., Wagner G. P. 2001b. Modeling genetic architecture: a multilinear theory of gene interaction. Theoretical Population Biology 59:61-86. (Pubitemid 33109526)
    • (2001) Theoretical Population Biology , vol.59 , Issue.1 , pp. 61-86
    • Hansen, T.F.1    Wagner, G.P.2
  • 58
    • 0000862882 scopus 로고
    • Life history variation in primates
    • Harvey P. H., Clutton-Brock T. H. 1985. Life history variation in primates. Evolution 39:559-581.
    • (1985) Evolution , vol.39 , pp. 559-581
    • Harvey, P.H.1    Clutton-Brock, T.H.2
  • 59
    • 7544223644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing strengths of directional selection: How strong is strong?
    • Hereford J., Hansen T. F., Houle D. 2004. Comparing strengths of directional selection: how strong is strong? Evolution 58:2133-2143. (Pubitemid 39448267)
    • (2004) Evolution , vol.58 , Issue.10 , pp. 2133-2143
    • Hereford, J.1    Hansen, T.F.2    Houle, D.3
  • 60
    • 0038104682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epistasis in polygenic traits and the evolution of genetic architecture under stabilizing selection
    • Hermisson J., Hansen T. F., Wagner G. P. 2003. Epistasis in polygenic traits and the evolution of genetic architecture under stabilizing selection. American Naturalist 161:708-734.
    • (2003) American Naturalist 161:708-734
    • Hermisson, J.1    Hansen, T.F.2    Wagner, G.P.3
  • 61
    • 0019984747 scopus 로고
    • Energy metabolism and body size. II. Dimensional analysis and energetic non-similarity
    • DOI 10.1016/0034-5687(82)90047-0
    • Heusner A. A. 1982. Energy-metabolism and body size. II. Dimensional analysis and energetic nonsimilarity. Respiration Physiology 48:13-25. (Pubitemid 12074776)
    • (1982) Respiration Physiology , vol.48 , Issue.1 , pp. 13-25
    • Heusner, A.A.1
  • 62
    • 0020568275 scopus 로고
    • Body size, energy-metabolism, and the lungs
    • Heusner A. A. 1983. Body size, energy-metabolism, and the lungs. Journal of Applied Physiology 54:867-873.
    • (1983) Journal of Applied Physiology , vol.54 , pp. 867-873
    • Heusner, A.A.1
  • 64
    • 0000211184 scopus 로고
    • How learning can guide evolution
    • Hinton G. E., Nowlan S. J. 1987. How learning can guide evolution. Complex Systems 1:495-502.
    • (1987) Complex Systems , vol.1 , pp. 495-502
    • Hinton, G.E.1    Nowlan, S.J.2
  • 65
    • 18544363929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macroevolutionary trends in the Dinosauria: Cope's rule
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00870.x
    • Hone D. W. E., Keesey T. M., Pisani D., Purvis A. 2005. Macroevolutionary trends in the dinosauria: Cope's rule. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 18:587-595. (Pubitemid 40654081)
    • (2005) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.18 , Issue.3 , pp. 587-595
    • Hone, D.W.E.1    Keesey, T.M.2    Pisani, D.3    Purvis, A.4
  • 66
    • 0026016948 scopus 로고
    • Genetic covariance of fitness correlates: What genetic correlations are made of and why it matters
    • Houle D. 1991. Genetic covariance of fitness correlates: what genetic correlations are made of and why it matters. Evolution 45:630-648.
    • (1991) Evolution , vol.45 , pp. 630-648
    • Houle, D.1
  • 67
    • 0026540999 scopus 로고
    • Comparing evolvability and variability of quantitative traits
    • Houle D. 1992. Comparing evolvability and variability of quantitative traits. Genetics 130:195-204.
    • (1992) Genetics , vol.130 , pp. 195-204
    • Houle, D.1
  • 68
    • 4243207234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How should we explain variation in the genetic variance of traits?
    • Houle D. 1998. How should we explain variation in the genetic variance of traits? Genetica 102-103: 241-253. (Pubitemid 28371722)
    • (1998) Genetica , vol.102-103 , pp. 241-253
    • Houle, D.1
  • 69
    • 0030011757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing mutational variabilities
    • Houle D., Morikawa B., Lynch M. 1996. Comparing mutational variabilities. Genetics 143:1467-1483. (Pubitemid 26238577)
    • (1996) Genetics , vol.143 , Issue.3 , pp. 1467-1483
    • Houle, D.1    Morikawa, B.2    Lynch, M.3
  • 70
    • 51149175090 scopus 로고
    • Constant differential growth-ratios and their significance
    • Huxley J. S. 1924. Constant differential growth-ratios and their significance. Nature 114:895-896.
    • (1924) Nature , vol.114 , pp. 895-896
    • Huxley, J.S.1
  • 72
    • 0001132797 scopus 로고
    • Brain evolution and dinosaur brains
    • Jerison H. J. 1969. Brain evolution and dinosaur brains. American Naturalist 103:575-588.
    • (1969) American Naturalist , vol.103 , pp. 575-588
    • Jerison, H.J.1
  • 77
    • 0001288442 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative genetic analysis of multivariate evolution, applied to brain:body size allometry
    • Lande R. 1979. Quantitative genetic analysis of multivariate evolution, applied to brain:body size allometry. Evolution 33:402-416.
    • (1979) Evolution , vol.33 , pp. 402-416
    • Lande, R.1
  • 78
    • 0018946312 scopus 로고
    • The genetic covariance between characters maintained by pleiotropic mutations
    • Lande R. 1980. The genetic covariance between characters maintained by pleiotropic mutations. Genetics 94:203-215. (Pubitemid 10037870)
    • (1980) Genetics , vol.94 , Issue.1 , pp. 203-215
    • Lande, R.1
  • 79
    • 0001214721 scopus 로고
    • The measurement of selection on correlated characters
    • Lande R., Arnold S. J. 1983. The measurement of selection on correlated characters. Evolution 37: 1210-1226.
    • (1983) Evolution , vol.37 , pp. 1210-1226
    • Lande, R.1    Arnold, S.J.2
  • 80
    • 0001498389 scopus 로고
    • Experimental studies of pleiotropy and epistasis in Escherichia coli. I. Variation in competitive fitness among mutants resistant to virus T4
    • Lenski R. E. 1988. Experimental studies of pleiotropy and epistasis in Escherichia coli. I. Variation in competitive fitness among mutants resistant to virus T4. Evolution 42:425-432.
    • (1988) Evolution , vol.42 , pp. 425-432
    • Lenski, R.E.1
  • 81
    • 0026279651 scopus 로고
    • Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. I. Adaptation and divergence during 2,000 generations
    • Lenski R. E., Rose M. R., Simpson S. C., Tadler S. C. 1991. Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. I. Adaptation and divergence during 2,000 generations. American Naturalist 138:1315-1341.
    • (1991) American Naturalist , vol.138 , pp. 1315-1341
    • Lenski, R.E.1    Rose, M.R.2    Simpson, S.C.3    Tadler, S.C.4
  • 82
    • 0001342168 scopus 로고
    • Theory of fitness in a heterogeneous environment. I. Fitness set and adaptive function
    • Levins R. 1962. Theory of fitness in a heterogeneous environment. I. Fitness set and adaptive function. American Naturalist 96:361-373.
    • (1962) American Naturalist , vol.96 , pp. 361-373
    • Levins, R.1
  • 83
    • 85045014889 scopus 로고
    • Strategy of model building in population biology
    • Levins R. 1966. Strategy of model building in population biology. American Scientist 54:421-431.
    • (1966) American Scientist , vol.54 , pp. 421-431
    • Levins, R.1
  • 86
    • 0000104754 scopus 로고
    • On the statistical treatment of football numbers
    • Lord F. M. 1953. On the statistical treatment of football numbers. American Psychologist 8:750 -751.
    • (1953) American Psychologist , vol.8 , pp. 750-751
    • Lord, F.M.1
  • 89
    • 0017077647 scopus 로고
    • Sexual selection and the handicap principle
    • Maynard Smith J. 1976. Sexual selection and the handicap principle. Journal of Theoretical Biology 57: 239-242.
    • (1976) Journal of Theoretical Biology , vol.57 , pp. 239-242
    • Maynard Smith, J.1
  • 90
    • 34547873691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male competition and female choice interact to determine mating success in the bluefin killifish
    • DOI 10.1093/beheco/arm051
    • McGhee K. E., Fuller R. C., Travis J. 2007. Male competition and female choice interact to determine mating success in the bluefin killifish. Behavioral Ecology 18:822-830. (Pubitemid 47357648)
    • (2007) Behavioral Ecology , vol.18 , Issue.5 , pp. 822-830
    • McGhee, K.E.1    Fuller, R.C.2    Travis, J.3
  • 93
    • 84950615442 scopus 로고
    • Size allometry: Size and shape variables with characterizations of the lognormal and generalized gamma distributions
    • Mosimann J. E. 1970. Size allometry: size and shape variables with characterizations of the lognormal and generalized gamma distributions. Journal of the American Statistical Association 65:930 -945.
    • (1970) Journal of the American Statistical Association , vol.5 , pp. 930-945
    • Mosimann, J.E.1
  • 96
    • 34848851889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of plasticity and learning on evolution under directional selection
    • Paenke I., Sendhoff B., Kawecki T. J. 2007. Influence of plasticity and learning on evolution under directional selection. American Naturalist 170:E47-E58.
    • (2007) American Naturalist , vol.170
    • Paenke, I.1    Sendhoff, B.2    Kawecki, T.J.3
  • 98
    • 0000625291 scopus 로고
    • Visualizing multivariate selection
    • Phillips P. C., Arnold S. J. 1989. Visualizing multivariate selection. Evolution 43:1209-1222.
    • (1989) Evolution , vol.43 , pp. 1209-1222
    • Phillips, P.C.1    Arnold, S.J.2
  • 99
    • 6144253216 scopus 로고
    • Strong inference: Certain systematic methods of scientific thinking may produce much more rapid progress than others
    • Platt J. R. 1964. Strong inference: certain systematic methods of scientific thinking may produce much more rapid progress than others. Science 146:347-353.
    • (1964) Science , vol.146 , pp. 347-353
    • Platt, J.R.1
  • 100
    • 0031409754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population structure of morphological traits in Clarkia dudleyana. II. Constancy of within-population genetic variance
    • Podolsky R. H., Shaw R. G., Shaw F. H. 1997. Population structure of morphological traits in Clarkia dudleyana. II. Constancy of within-population genetic variance. Evolution 51:1785-1796. (Pubitemid 28104539)
    • (1997) Evolution , vol.51 , Issue.6 , pp. 1785-1796
    • Podolsky, R.H.1    Shaw, R.G.2    Shaw, F.H.3
  • 102
    • 0001748549 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of female mate preferences for male genetic quality
    • edited by P. H. Harvey and L. Partridge. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press
    • Pomiankowski A. N. 1988. The evolution of female mate preferences for male genetic quality. Pages 136-184 in Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology, Volume 5, edited by P. H. Harvey and L. Partridge. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.
    • (1988) Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology , vol.5 , pp. 136-184
    • Pomiankowski, A.N.1
  • 103
    • 0037079018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synchronization of animal population dynamics by large-scale climate
    • DOI 10.1038/nature01064
    • Post E., Forchhammer M. C. 2002. Synchronization of animal population dynamics by large-scale climate. Nature 420:168-171. (Pubitemid 35340118)
    • (2002) Nature , vol.420 , Issue.6912 , pp. 168-171
    • Post, E.1    Forchhammer, M.C.2
  • 104
    • 34547904627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strong artificial selection in the wild results in predicted small evolutionary change
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01379.x
    • Postma E., Visser J., van Noordwijk A. J. 2007. Strong artificial selection in the wild results in predicted small evolutionary change. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20:1823-1832. (Pubitemid 47262854)
    • (2007) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.20 , Issue.5 , pp. 1823-1832
    • Postma, E.1    Visser, J.2    Van Noordwijk, A.J.3
  • 106
    • 0023043787 scopus 로고
    • Methodological aspects of scaling in biology
    • Prothero J. 1986. Methodological aspects of scaling in biology. Journal of Theoretical Biology 118:259-286.
    • (1986) Journal of Theoretical Biology , vol.118 , pp. 259-286
    • Prothero, J.1
  • 107
    • 0036091496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perspectives on dimensional analysis in scaling studies
    • Prothero J. 2002. Perspectives on dimensional analysis in scaling studies. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 45:175-189. (Pubitemid 34522206)
    • (2002) Perspectives in Biology and Medicine , vol.45 , Issue.2 , pp. 175-189
    • Prothero, J.1
  • 108
  • 109
    • 0022233271 scopus 로고
    • Costs of reproduction: an evaluation of the empirical evidence.
    • Reznick D. 1985. Costs of reproduction: an evaluation of the empirical evidence. Oikos 44:257-267. (Pubitemid 16280805)
    • (1985) Oikos , vol.44 , Issue.2 , pp. 257-267
    • Reznick, D.1
  • 110
    • 84966172146 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative genetics and fitness: Lessons from Drosophila
    • Roff D. A., Mousseau T. A. 1987. Quantitative genetics and fitness: lessons from Drosophila. Heredity 58: 103-118.
    • (1987) Heredity , vol.58 , pp. 103-118
    • Roff, D.A.1    Mousseau, T.A.2
  • 111
    • 0000522342 scopus 로고
    • Genetic covariation in Drosophila life history: Untangling the data
    • Rose M. R. 1984. Genetic covariation in Drosophila life history: untangling the data. American Naturalist 123:565-569.
    • (1984) American Naturalist , vol.123 , pp. 565-569
    • Rose, M.R.1
  • 112
    • 51649198038 scopus 로고
    • The derivation of D'Arcy Thompson's theory of transformations from theory of optimal design
    • Rosen R. 1962. The derivation of D'Arcy Thompson's theory of transformations from theory of optimal design. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 24:279-290.
    • (1962) Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics , vol.24 , pp. 279-290
    • Rosen, R.1
  • 113
    • 0018079449 scopus 로고
    • Dynamical similarity and the theory of biological transformations
    • Rosen R. 1978a. Dynamical similarity and theory of biological transformations. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 40:549-579. (Pubitemid 9053184)
    • (1978) Bulletin of Mathematical Biology , vol.40 , Issue.5 , pp. 549-579
    • Rosen, R.1
  • 117
    • 0030303555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winning by a neck: Sexual selection in the evolution of giraffe
    • Simmons R. E., Scheepers L. 1996. Winning by a neck: sexual selection in the evolution of giraffe. American Naturalist 148:771-786.
    • (1996) American Naturalist , vol.148 , pp. 771-786
    • Simmons, R.E.1    Scheepers, L.2
  • 121
    • 47749092441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some problems with assessing Cope's Rule
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00410.x
    • Solow A. R., Wang S. C. 2008. Some problems with assessing Cope's Rule. Evolution 62:2092-2096. (Pubitemid 352033249)
    • (2008) Evolution , vol.62 , Issue.8 , pp. 2092-2096
    • Solow, A.R.1    Wang, S.C.2
  • 122
    • 51649208695 scopus 로고
    • Dimensional analysis in mathematical biology. I. General discussion
    • Stahl W. R. 1961. Dimensional analysis in mathematical biology. I. General discussion. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 23:355-376.
    • (1961) Bulletin of Mathematical Biology , vol.23 , pp. 355-376
    • Stahl, W.R.1
  • 123
    • 0000614158 scopus 로고
    • Similarity and dimensional methods in biology
    • Stahl W. R. 1962. Similarity and dimensional methods in biology. Science 137:205-212.
    • (1962) Science , vol.137 , pp. 205-212
    • Stahl, W.R.1
  • 124
    • 0027528076 scopus 로고
    • Dimensional analysis in behavioral ecology
    • Stephens D. W., Dunbar S. R. 1993. Dimensional analysis in behavioral ecology. Behavioral Ecology 4:172-183.
    • (1993) Behavioral Ecology , vol.4 , pp. 172-183
    • Stephens, D.W.1    Dunbar, S.R.2
  • 125
    • 0036644206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative quantitative genetics: Evolution of the G matrix
    • DOI 10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02505-3, PII S0169534702025053
    • Steppan S. J., Phillips P. C., Houle D. 2002. Comparative quantitative genetics: evolution of the G matrix. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17:320-327. (Pubitemid 34628658)
    • (2002) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.17 , Issue.7 , pp. 320-327
    • Steppan, S.J.1    Phillips, P.C.2    Houle, D.3
  • 126
    • 33750516992 scopus 로고
    • On the theory of scales of measurement
    • Stevens S. S. 1946. On the theory of scales of measurement. Science 103:677-680.
    • (1946) Science , vol.103 , pp. 677-680
    • Stevens, S.S.1
  • 127
    • 0001935163 scopus 로고
    • Measurement, psychophysics and utility
    • edited by C. W. Churchman and P. Ratoosh. New York: Wiley
    • Stevens S. S. 1959. Measurement, psychophysics and utility. Pages 18-63 in Measurement: Definitions and Theories, edited by C. W. Churchman and P. Ratoosh. New York: Wiley.
    • (1959) Measurement: Definitions and Theories , pp. 18-63
    • Stevens, S.S.1
  • 128
    • 0014435156 scopus 로고
    • Measurement, statistics, and the schemapiric view
    • Stevens S. S. 1968. Measurement, statistics, and the schemapiric view. Science 161:849-856.
    • (1968) Science , vol.161 , pp. 849-856
    • Stevens, S.S.1
  • 129
    • 51249121392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating nonlinear selection gradients using quadratic regression coefficients: Double or nothing?
    • Stinchcombe J. R., Agrawal A. F., Hohenlohe P. A., Arnold S. J., Blows M. W. 2008. Estimating nonlinear selection gradients using quadratic regression coefficients: double or nothing? Evolution 62:2435-2440.
    • (2008) Evolution , vol.62 , pp. 2435-2440
    • Stinchcombe, J.R.1    Agrawal, A.F.2    Hohenlohe, P.A.3    Arnold, S.J.4    Blows, M.W.5
  • 134
    • 0003720769 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press
    • Thompson D. W. 1917. On Growth and Form. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press.
    • (1917) On Growth and Form
    • Thompson, D.W.1
  • 135
    • 0021419667 scopus 로고
    • Heritable genetic variation via mutation-selection balance: Lerch's zeta meets the abdominal bristle
    • Turelli M. 1984. Heritable genetic variation via mutation-selection balance: Lerch's zeta meets the abdominal bristle. Theoretical Population Biology 25: 138-193.
    • (1984) Theoretical Population Biology , vol.25 , pp. 138-193
    • Turelli, M.1
  • 136
    • 0022189933 scopus 로고
    • Genotype-environment interaction and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity.
    • Via S., Lande R. 1985. Genotype-environment interaction and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity. Evolution 39:505-522. (Pubitemid 17245190)
    • (1985) Evolution , vol.39 , Issue.3 , pp. 505-522
    • Via, S.1    Lande, R.2
  • 137
    • 1442354193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Living in synchrony on Greenland coasts?
    • DOI 10.1038/427697a
    • Vik J. O., Stenseth N. C., Tavecchia G., Mysterud A., Lingjærde O. C. 2004. Ecology (communication arising): living in synchrony on Greenland coasts? Nature 427:697-698. (Pubitemid 38294580)
    • (2004) Nature , vol.427 , Issue.6976 , pp. 697-698
    • Vik, J.O.1    Stenseth, N.Chr.2    Tavecchia, G.3    Mysterud, A.4    Lingjaerde, O.Chr.5
  • 138
    • 77953796420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The measurement theory of fitness
    • Wagner G. P. 2010. The measurement theory of fitness. Evolution 64:1358-1376.
    • (2010) Evolution , vol.64 , pp. 1358-1376
    • Wagner, G.P.1
  • 139
    • 0029661332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perspective: Complex adaptations and the evolution of evolvability
    • Wagner G. P., Altenberg L. 1996. Perspective: complex adaptations and the evolution of evolvability. Evolution 50:967-976.
    • (1996) Evolution , vol.50 , pp. 967-976
    • Wagner, G.P.1    Altenberg, L.2
  • 140
    • 0005622170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Character identification: The role of the organsm
    • edited by G. P. Wagner. San Diego (CA): Academic Press
    • Wagner G. P., Laubichler M. D. 2001. Character identification: the role of the organsm. Pages 141-164 in The Character Concept in Evolutionary Biology, edited by G. P. Wagner. San Diego (CA): Academic Press.
    • (2001) The Character Concept in Evolutionary Biology , pp. 141-164
    • Wagner, G.P.1    Laubichler, M.D.2
  • 141
    • 0004254590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic measurement theory of epistatic effects
    • Wagner G. P., Laubichler M. D., Bagheri-Chaichian H. 1998. Genetic measurement theory of epistatic effects. Genetica 102-103:569-580. (Pubitemid 28371742)
    • (1998) Genetica , vol.102-103 , pp. 569-580
    • Wagner, G.P.1    Laubichler, M.D.2    Bagheri-Chaichian, H.3
  • 142
    • 0025609163 scopus 로고
    • Selection on wing allometry in Drosophila melanogaster
    • Weber K. E. 1990. Selection on wing allometry in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 126:975-989.
    • (1990) Genetics , vol.126 , pp. 975-989
    • Weber, K.E.1
  • 143
    • 0026513493 scopus 로고
    • How small are the smallest selectable domains of form?
    • Weber K. E. 1992. How small are the smallest selectable domains of form? Genetics 130:345-353.
    • (1992) Genetics , vol.130 , pp. 345-353
    • Weber, K.E.1
  • 144
    • 0040986799 scopus 로고
    • Mathematical structures and psychological measurements
    • Weitzenhoffer A. M. 1951. Mathematical structures and psychological measurements. Psychometrika 16: 387-406.
    • (1951) Psychometrika , vol.16 , pp. 387-406
    • Weitzenhoffer, A.M.1
  • 145
    • 0002503729 scopus 로고
    • Interpretation of the coefficient in the allometric equation
    • White J. F., Gould S. J. 1965. Interpretation of the coefficient in the allometric equation. American Naturalist 99:5-18.
    • (1965) American Naturalist , vol.99 , pp. 5-18
    • White, J.F.1    Gould, S.J.2
  • 147
    • 0030441264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perspective: Indirect mate choice, competition for mates, and coevolution of the sexes
    • Wiley R. H., Poston J. 1996. Perspective: indirect mate choice, competition for mates, and coevolution of the sexes. Evolution 50:1371-1381.
    • (1996) Evolution , vol.50 , pp. 1371-1381
    • Wiley, R.H.1    Poston, J.2
  • 148
    • 0027738413 scopus 로고
    • Artificial sexual selection alters allometry in the stalk-eyed fly Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni (Diptera: Diopsidae)
    • Wilkinson G. S. 1993. Artificial sexual selection alters allometry in the stalk-eyed fly Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni (Diptera: Diopsidae). Genetical Research 62:213-222. (Pubitemid 24051799)
    • (1993) Genetical Research , vol.62 , Issue.3 , pp. 213-222
    • Wilkinson, G.S.1
  • 149
    • 33845510334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement and meaningfulness in conservation science
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00531.x
    • Wolman A. G. 2006. Measurement and meaningfulness in conservation science. Conservation Biology 20:1626-1634. (Pubitemid 44912620)
    • (2006) Conservation Biology , vol.20 , Issue.6 , pp. 1626-1634
    • Wolman, A.G.1
  • 150
    • 0035681592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing and monitoring coral reef sponges: Why and how?
    • Wulff J. 2001. Assessing and monitoring coral reef sponges: why and how? Bulletin of Marine Science 69:831-846. (Pubitemid 34049802)
    • (2001) Bulletin of Marine Science , vol.69 , Issue.2 , pp. 831-846
    • Wulff, J.1
  • 151
    • 0001042166 scopus 로고
    • Use, overuse, and misuse of significance tests in evolutionary biology and ecology
    • Yoccoz N. G. 1991. Use, overuse, and misuse of significance tests in evolutionary biology and ecology. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 72:106-111.
    • (1991) Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America , vol.72 , pp. 106-111
    • Yoccoz, N.G.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.