Platelet function testing: Methods of assessment and clinical utility

Cardiovascular and Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 14-24

  Mylotte, Darren ^a,b   Foley, David ^a,b   Kenny, Dermot ^b  

^a BEAUMONT HOSPITAL   (Ireland)

^b ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS IN IRELAND   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Antiplatelet resistance; Antiplatelet therapy; Aspirin; Clopidogrel; Platelet; Platelet function testing; Platelet reactivity

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; CLOPIDOGREL; CYCLOOXYGENASE 1; FIBRINOGEN RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN; THROMBOXANE B2;

ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; ANTICOAGULATION; ARTICLE; BLOOD CLOTTING; BLOOD CLOTTING PARAMETERS; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FATTY ACID BLOOD LEVEL; FLOW CYTOMETRY; HUMAN; LIGHT TRANSMISSION AGGREGOMETRY; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PHOSPHORYLATION AND DEPHOSPHORYLATION; SHEAR STRESS; STENT THROMBOSIS; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; THROMBOCYTE FUNCTION; THROMBOCYTE VOLUME; THROMBOELASTOGRAPHY; TREATMENT RESPONSE; URINE LEVEL; WHOLE BLOOD IMPEDANCE AGGREGOMETRY;

BLOOD PLATELETS; FLOW CYTOMETRY; HUMANS; PLATELET ACTIVATION; PLATELET AGGREGATION; PLATELET FUNCTION TESTS; THROMBELASTOGRAPHY;

EID: 79952733578     PISSN: 18715257     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/187152511794182837     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. Davi, G.; Patrono, C. Platelet activation and atherothrombosis. N. Engl. J. Med., 2007, 357(24), 2482-2494.
2. Bassand, J.P.; Hamm, C.W.; Ardissino, D.; Boersma, E.; Budaj, A.; Fernandez-Aviles, F.; Fox, K.A.; Hasdai, D.; Ohman, E.M.; Wallentin, L.; Wijns, W. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Eur. Heart J., 2007, 28(13), 1598-1660.
3. Kushner, F.G.; Hand, M.; Smith, S.C. Jr.; King, S.B. 3rd; Anderson, J.L.; Antman, E.M.; Bailey, S.R.; Bates, E.R.; Blankenship, J.C.; Casey, D.E. Jr.; Green, L.A.; Hochman, J.S.; Jacobs, A.K.; Krumholz, H.M.; Morrison, D.A.; Ornato, J.P.; Pearle, D.L.; Peterson, E.D.; Sloan, M.A.; Whitlow, P.L.; Williams, D.O. 2009 Focused Updates: ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (Updating the 2004 Guideline and 2007 Focused Update) and ACC/AHA/SCAI Guidelines on Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (Updating the 2005 Guideline and 2007 Focused Update). A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation, 2009, 120(22), 2271-2306.
4. Wiviott, S.D.; Braunwald, E.; McCabe, C.H.; Montalescot, G.; Ruzyllo, W.; Gottlieb, S.; Neumann, F.-J.; Ardissino, D.; De Servi, S.; Murphy, S.A.; Riesmeyer, J.; Weerakkody, G.; Gibson, C.M.; Antman, E. M. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N. Engl. J. Med., 2007, 357(20), 2001-2015.
5. Wallentin, L.; Becker, R.C.; Budaj, A.; Cannon, C.P.; Emanuels-son, H.; Held, C.; Horrow, J.; Husted, S.; James, S.; Katus, H.; Ma-haffey, K.W.; Scirica, B.M.; Skene, A.; Steg, P.G.; Storey, R.F.; Harrington, R.A.; Freij, A.; Thorsen, M. Ticagrelor versus clopi-dogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N. Engl. J. Med., 2009, 361(11), 1045-1057.
6. Michelson, A.D.; Cattaneo, M.; Eikelboom, J.W.; Gurbel, P.; Kot-tke-Marchant, K.; Kunicki, T.J.; Pulcinelli, F.M.; Cerletti, C.; Rao, A.K. Aspirin resistance: position paper of the Working Group on Aspirin Resistance. J. Thromb. Haemost., 2005, 3(6), 1309-1311.
7. Gurbel, P.A.; Tantry, U.S. Clopidogrel resistance? Thromb. Res., 2007, 120(3), 311-321.
8. Santilli, F.; Rocca, B.; De Cristofaro, R.; Lattanzio, S.; Pietrangelo, L.; Habib, A.; Pettinella, C.; Recchiuti, A.; Ferrante, E.; Ciabattoni, G.; Davi, G.; Patrono, C. Platelet cyclooxygenase inhibition by low-dose aspirin is not reflected consistently by platelet function assays: implications for aspirin resistance. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2009, 53(8), 667-677.
9. Serebruany, V.L.; Steinhubl, S.R.; Berger, P.B.; Malinin, A.I.; Bhatt, D.L.; Topol, E.J. Variability in platelet responsiveness to clopidogrel among 544 individuals. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2005, 45(2), 246-251.
10. Jernberg, T.; Payne, C.D.; Winters, K.J.; Darstein, C.; Brandt, J.T.; Jakubowski, J.A.; Naganuma, H.; Siegbahn, A.; Wallentin, L. Pra-sugrel achieves greater inhibition of platelet aggregation and a lower rate of non-responders compared with clopidogrel in aspirin-treated patients with stable coronary artery disease. Eur. Heart J., 2006, 27(10), 1166-1173.
11. nd ed.; Michelson, A.D. Ed. Elsevier/Academic Press: San Diego, CA, 2006.
12. Gurbel, P.A.; Bliden, K.P.; Hiatt, B.L.; O'Connor, C.M. Clopi-dogrel for coronary stenting: response variability, drug resistance, and the effect of pretreatment platelet reactivity. Circulation, 2003, 107(23), 2908-2913.
13. Gum, P.A.; Kottke-Marchant, K.; Welsh, P.A.; White, J.; Topol, E.J. A prospective, blinded determination of the natural history of aspirin resistance among stable patients with cardiovascular disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2003, 41(6), 961-965.
14. Eikelboom, J.W.; Hirsh, J.; Weitz, J.I.; Johnston, M.; Yi, Q.; Yu-suf, S. Aspirin-resistant thromboxane biosynthesis and the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death in patients at high risk for cardiovascular events. Circulation, 2002, 105(14), 1650-1655.
15. Angiolillo, D.J.; Fernandez-Ortiz, A.; Bernardo, E.; Ramirez, C.; Barrera-Ramirez, C.; Sabate, M.; Hernandez, R.; Moreno, R.; Es-caned, J.; Alfonso, F.; Banuelos, C.; Costa, M.A.; Bass, T.A.; Macaya, C. Identification of low responders to a 300-mg clopi-dogrel loading dose in patients undergoing coronary stenting. Thromb. Res., 2005, 115(1-2), 101-108.
16. Jaremo, P.; Lindahl, T.L.; Fransson, S.G.; Richter, A. Individual variations of platelet inhibition after loading doses of clopidogrel. J. Intern. Med., 2002, 252(3), 233-238.
17. Mobley, J.E.; Bresee, S.J.; Wortham, D.C.; Craft, R.M.; Snider, C.C.; Carroll, R.C. Frequency of nonresponse antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel during pretreatment for cardiac catheterization. Am. J. Cardiol., 2004, 93(4), 456-458.
18. Matetzky, S.; Shenkman, B.; Guetta, V.; Shechter, M.; Bienart, R.; Goldenberg, I.; Novikov, I.; Pres, H.; Savion, N.; Varon, D.; Hod, H. Clopidogrel resistance is associated with increased risk of recurrent atherothrombotic events in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation, 2004, 109(25), 3171-3175.
19. Lev, E.I.; Patel, R.T.; Maresh, K.J.; Guthikonda, S.; Granada, J.; DeLao, T.; Bray, P.F.; Kleiman, N.S. Aspirin and clopidogrel drug response in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the role of dual drug resistance. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2006, 47(1), 27-33.
20. Gurbel, P.A.; Bliden, K.P.; Hayes, K.M.; Yoho, J.A.; Herzog, W.R.; Tantry, U.S. The relation of dosing to clopidogrel responsiveness and the incidence of high post-treatment platelet aggregation in patients undergoing coronary stenting. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2005, 45(9), 1392-1396.
21. Hochholzer, W.; Trenk, D.; Bestehorn, H.P.; Fischer, B.; Valina, C.M.; Ferenc, M.; Gick, M.; Caputo, A.; Buttner, H.J.; Neumann, F.J. Impact of the degree of peri-interventional platelet inhibition after loading with clopidogrel on early clinical outcome of elective coronary stent placement. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2006, 48(9), 1742-1750.
22. Gurbel, P.A.; Bliden, K.P.; Guyer, K.; Cho, P.W.; Zaman, K.A.; Kreutz, R.P.; Bassi, A.K.; Tantry, U.S. Platelet reactivity in patients and recurrent events post-stenting: results of the PREPARE POST-STENTING Study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2005, 46(10), 1820-1826.
23. Cuisset, T.; Frere, C.; Quilici, J.; Barbou, F.; Morange, P.E.; Ho-vasse, T.; Bonnet, J.L.; Alessi, M.C. High post-treatment platelet reactivity identified low-responders to dual antiplatelet therapy at increased risk of recurrent cardiovascular events after stenting for acute coronary syndrome. J. Thromb. Haemost., 2006, 4(3), 542-549.
24. Michelson, A.D. Methods for the measurement of platelet function. Am. J. Cardiol., 2009, 103(Suppl. 3), 20A-26A.
25. Harrison, P. Assessment of platelet function in the laboratory. Hamostaseologie, 2009, 29(1), 25-31.
26. Harrison, P.; Mumford, A. Screening tests of platelet function: update on their appropriate uses for diagnostic testing. Semin. Thromb. Hemost., 2009, 35(2), 150-157.
27. Frojmovic, M.M.; Milton, J.G. Human platelet size, shape, and related functions in health and disease. Physiol. Rev. 1982, 62(1), 185-261.
28. van der Loo, B.; Martin, J.F. Megakaryocytes and platelets in vascular disease. Baillieres Clin. Haematol., 1997, 10(1), 109-123.
29. Bath, P.M.; Butterworth, R.J. Platelet size: measurement, physiology and vascular disease. Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis, 1996, 7(2), 157-161.
30. Thompson, C.B.; Jakubowski, J.A.; Quinn, P.G.; Deykin, D.; Va-leri, C.R. Platelet size as a determinant of platelet function. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 1983, 101(2), 205-213.
31. Sharpe, P.C.; Trinick, T. Mean platelet volume in diabetes mellitus. Q. J. Med., 1993, 86(11), 739-42.
32. Hekimsoy, Z.; Payzin, B.; Ornek, T.; Kandogan, G. Mean platelet volume in Type 2 diabetic patients. J. Diabetes Complications, 2004, 18(3), 173-176.
33. Cameron, H.A.; Phillips, R.; Ibbotson, R.M.; Carson, P.H. Platelet size in myocardial infarction. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.)., 1983, 287(6390), 449-451.
34. Martin, J.F.; Bath, P.M.; Burr, M.L. Influence of platelet size on outcome after myocardial infarction. Lancet, 1991, 338(8780), 1409-1411.
35. Born, G.V.R. Aggregation of blood platelets by adenosine diphos-phate and its reversal. Nature, 1962, 194, 927-929.
36. [36] O'Brien, J.R. Platelet aggregation: Part II: some results of a new method. J. Clin. Pathol., 1962, 15, 452-455.
37. Born, G.V.R. Quantitative investigations into the aggregation of blood platelets. J. Physiol., 1962, 162, 67-68.
38. Moffat, K.A.; Ledford-Kraemer, M.R.; Nichols, W.L.; Hayward, C.P. Variability in clinical laboratory practice in testing for disorders of platelet function: results of two surveys of the North American Specialized Coagulation Laboratory Association. Thromb. Haemost. 2005, 93(3), 549-553.
39. Cattaneo, M. Light transmission aggregometry and ATP release for the diagnostic assessment of platelet function. Semin. Thromb. He-most. 2009, 35(2), 158-167.
40. Breet, N.J.; van Werkum, J.W.; Bouman, H.J.; Kelder, J.C.; Ruven, H.J.; Bal, E.T.; Deneer, V.H.; Harmsze, A.M.; van der Heyden, J.A.; Rensing, B.J.; Suttorp, M.J.; Hackeng, C.M.; ten Berg, J.M. Comparison of platelet function tests in predicting clinical outcome in patients undergoing coronary stent implantation. JAMA, 2010, 303(8), 754-762.
41. Favaloro, E.J.; Mohammed, S. Platelet function testing: auditing local practice and broader implications. Clin. Lab. Sci., 2010, 23(1), 21-31.
42. Breet, N.J.; Van Werkum, J.W.; Bouman, H.J.; Kelder, J.C.; Ten Berg, J.M.; Hackeng, C.M. Do not adjust the platelet count in light transmittance aggregometry when predicting thrombotic events after percutaneous coronary intervention. J. Thromb. Haemost., 2010, 8(10), 2326-2328.
43. Cattaneo, M.; Hayward, C.P.; Moffat, K.A.; Pugliano, M.T.; Liu, Y.; Michelson, A.D. Results of a worldwide survey on the assessment of platelet function by light transmission aggregometry: a report from the platelet physiology subcommittee of the SSC of the ISTH. J. Thromb. Haemost., 2009, 7(6), 1029.
44. Favaloro, E.J. Internal quality control and external quality assurance of platelet function tests. Semin. Thromb. Hemost., 2009, 35(2), 139-149.
45. Peace, A.J.; Egan, K.; Kavanagh, G.F.; Tedesco, A.F.; Foley, D.P.; Dicker, P.; Berndt, M.C.; Kenny, D. Reducing intraindividual variation in platelet aggregation: implications for platelet function testing. J. Thromb. Haemost., 2009, 7(11), 1941-1943.
46. Peace, A.J.; Tedesco, A.F.; Foley, D.P.; Dicker, P.; Berndt, M.C.; Kenny, D. Dual antiplatelet therapy unmasks distinct platelet reactivity in patients with coronary artery disease. J. Thromb. Hae-most., 2008, 6(12), 2027-2034.
47. Mac Mullan, P.A.; Peace, A.J.; Madigan, A.M.; Tedesco, A.F.; Kenny, D.; McCarthy, G.M. Platelet hyper-reactivity in active inflammatory arthritis is unique to the adenosine diphosphate pathway: a novel finding and potential therapeutic target. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2010, 49(2), 240-245.
48. Satchell, C.S.; Cotter, A.G.; O'Connor, E.F.; Peace, A.J.; Tedesco, A.F.; Clare, A.; Lambert, J.S.; Sheehan, G.J.; Kenny, D.; Mallon, P.W. Platelet function and HIV: a case-control study. AIDS, 2010, 24(5), 649-657.
49. The British Society for Haematology BCSH Haemostasis and Thrombosis Task Force, Guidelines on platelet function testing. J. Clin. Pathol., 1988, 41(12), 1322-1330.
50. Cardinal, D.C.; Flower, R.J. The electronic aggregometer: a novel device for assessing platelet behavior in blood. J. Pharmacol. Methods, 1980, 3(2), 135-158.
51. McGlasson, D.L.; Fritsma, G.A. Whole blood platelet aggregome-try and platelet function testing. Semin. Thromb. Hemost., 2009, 35(2), 168-180.
52. Lippi, G.; Favaloro, E.J.; Salvagno, G.L.; Franchini, M. Laboratory assessment and perioperative management of patients on antiplate-let therapy: from the bench to the bedside. Clin. Chim. Acta, 2009, 405(1-2), 8-16.
53. Sibbing, D.; Braun, S.; Jawansky, S.; Vogt, W.; Mehilli, J.; Schomig, A.; Kastrati, A.; von Beckerath, N. Assessment of ADP-induced platelet aggregation with light transmission aggregometry and multiple electrode platelet aggregometry before and after clopidogrel treatment. Thromb. Haemost. 2008, 99(1), 121-126.
54. Dalby, M.C.; Davidson, S.J.; Burman, J.F.; Sigwart, U.; Davies, S.W. Abciximab is rapidly effective in preventing and arresting established platelet aggregation. J. Thromb. Thrombolysis, 2002, 13(3), 141-145.
55. Ivandic, B.T.; Schlick, P.; Staritz, P.; Kurz, K.; Katus, H.A.; Gian-nitsis, E. Determination of clopidogrel resistance by whole blood platelet aggregometry and inhibitors of the P2Y12 receptor. Clin. Chem., 2006, 52(3), 383-388.
56. Smith, J.W.; Steinhubl, S.R.; Lincoff, A.M.; Coleman, J.C.; Lee, T.T.; Hillman, R.S.; Coller, B.S. Rapid platelet-function assay: an automated and quantitative cartridge-based method. Circulation, 1999, 99(5), 620-625.
57. nd ed.; Michelson, A.D., Ed. Elsevier/Academic Press: San Diego, CA, 2007; pp. 509-518.
58. Fox, S.C.; Behan, M.W.; Heptinstall, S. Inhibition of ADP-induced intracellular Ca2+ responses and platelet aggregation by the P2Y12 receptor antagonists AR-C69931MX and clopidogrel is enhanced by prostaglandin E1. Cell Calcium, 2004, 35(1), 39-46.
59. Wheeler, G.L.; Braden, G.A.; Steinhubl, S.R.; Kereiakes, D.J.; Kottke-Marchant, K.; Michelson, A.D.; Furman, M.I.; Mueller, M.N.; Moliterno, D.J.; Sane, D.C. The Ultegra rapid platelet-function assay: comparison to standard platelet function assays in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with ab-ciximab therapy. Am. Heart J., 2002, 143(4), 602-611.
60. Malinin, A.; Spergling, M.; Muhlestein, B.; Steinhubl, S.; Serebru-any, V. Assessing aspirin responsiveness in subjects with multiple risk factors for vascular disease with a rapid platelet function analyzer. Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis, 2004, 15(4), 295-301.
61. von Beckerath, N.; Taubert, D.; Pogatsa-Murray, G.; Schomig, E.; Kastrati, A.; Schomig, A. Absorption, metabolization, and anti-platelet effects of 300-, 600-, and 900-mg loading doses of clopi-dogrel: results of the ISAR-CHOICE (Intracoronary Stenting and Antithrombotic Regimen: Choose Between 3 High Oral Doses for Immediate Clopidogrel Effect) Trial. Circulation, 2005, 112(19), 2946-2950.
62. Chen, W.H.; Cheng, X.; Lee, P.Y.; Ng, W.; Kwok, J.Y.; Tse, H.F.; Lau, C.P. Aspirin resistance and adverse clinical events in patients with coronary artery disease. Am. J. Med., 2007, 120(7), 631-635.
63. Price, M.J.; Endemann, S.; Gollapudi, R.R.; Valencia, R.; Stinis, C.T.; Levisay, J.P.; Ernst, A.; Sawhney, N.S.; Schatz, R.A.; Teirstein, P.S. Prognostic significance of post-clopidogrel platelet reactivity assessed by a point-of-care assay on thrombotic events after drug-eluting stent implantation. Eur. Heart J., 2008, 29(8), 992-1000.
64. Steinhubl, S.R.; Talley, J.D.; Braden, G.A.; Tcheng, J.E.; Casterella, P.J.; Moliterno, D.J.; Navetta, F.I.; Berger, P.B.; Popma, J.J.; Dangas, G.; Gallo, R.; Sane, D.C.; Saucedo, J.F.; Jia, G.; Lin-coff, A.M.; Theroux, P.; Holmes, D.R.; Teirstein, P.S.; Kereiakes, D.J. Point-of-care measured platelet inhibition correlates with a reduced risk of an adverse cardiac event after percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the GOLD (AU-Assessing Ultegra) multicenter study. Circulation, 2001, 103(21), 2572-2578.
65. Chen, W.H.; Lee, P.Y.; Ng, W.; Tse, H.F.; Lau, C.P. Aspirin resistance is associated with a high incidence of myonecrosis after nonurgent percutaneous coronary intervention despite clopidogrel pre-treatment. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2004, 43(6), 1122-1126.
66. Breet, N.J.; van Werkum, J.W.; Bouman, H.J.; Kelder, J.C.; Ten Berg, J.M.; Hackeng, C.M. High on-aspirin platelet reactivity as measured with aggregation-based, cyclooxygenase-1 inhibition sensitive platelet function tests is associated with the occurrence of atherothrombotic events. J. Thromb. Haemost., 2010, 8(10), 2140-2148.
67. Carville, D.G.; Schleckser, P.A.; Guyer, K.E.; Corsello, M.; Walsh, M.M. Whole blood platelet function assay on the ICHOR point-of-care hematology analyzer. J. Extra Corpor. Technol., 1998, 30(4), 171-177.
68. Lakkis, N.M.; George, S.; Thomas, E.; Ali, M.; Guyer, K.; Carville, D. Use of ICHOR-platelet works to assess platelet function in patients treated with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors. Catheter. Cardiovasc. In-terv., 2001, 53(3), 346-351.
69. White, M.M.; Krishnan, R.; Kueter, T.J.; Jacoski, M.V.; Jennings, L.K. The use of the point of care Helena ICHOR/Plateletworks and the Accumetrics Ultegra RPFA for assessment of platelet function with GPIIB-IIIa antagonists. J. Thromb. Thrombolysis, 2004, 18(3), 163-169.
70. van Werkum, J.W.; Kleibeuker, M.; Postma, S.; Bouman, H.J.; Elsenberg, E.H.; ten Berg, J.M.; Hackeng, C.M. A comparison between the Plateletworks-assay and light transmittance aggregome-try for monitoring the inhibitory effects of clopidogrel. Int. J. Car-diol., 2010, 140(1), 123-126.
71. Lennon, M.J.; Gibbs, N.M.; Weightman, W.M.; McGuire, D.; Michalopoulos, N. A comparison of Plateletworks and platelet ag-gregometry for the assessment of aspirin-related platelet dysfunction in cardiac surgical patients. J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth., 2004, 18(2), 136-140.
72. Kundu, S.K.; Heilmann, E.J.; Sio, R.; Garcia, C.; Davidson, R.M.; Ostgaard, R.A. Description of an in vitro platelet function analyzer-PFA-100. Semin. Thromb. Hemost., 1995, 21(Suppl. 2), 106-112.
73. Jilma, B. Platelet function analyzer (PFA-100): a tool to quantify congenital or acquired platelet dysfunction. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 2001, 138(3), 152-163.
74. Favaloro, E.J. Clinical utility of the PFA-100. Semin. Thromb. Hemost., 2008, 34(8), 709-733.
75. Podda, G.M.; Bucciarelli, P.; Lussana, F.; Lecchi, A.; Cattaneo, M. Usefulness of PFA-100 testing in the diagnostic screening of patients with suspected abnormalities of hemostasis: comparison with the bleeding time. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2007, 5(12), 2393-2398.
76. Feuring, M.; Schultz, A.; Losel, R.; Wehling, M. Monitoring ace-tylsalicylic acid effects with the platelet function analyzer PFA-100. Semin. Thromb. Hemost., 2005, 31(4), 411-415.
77. Harrison, P.; Frelinger, A.L. 3rd; Furman, M.I.; Michelson, A.D. Measuring antiplatelet drug effects in the laboratory. Thromb. Res., 2007, 120(3), 323-336.
78. Alberts, M.J.; Bergman, D.L.; Molner, E.; Jovanovic, B.D.; Ushi-wata, I.; Teruya, J. Antiplatelet effect of aspirin in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Stroke, 2004, 35(1), 175-178.
79. Chakroun, T.; Gerotziafas, G.; Robert, F.; Lecrubier, C.; Samama, M.M.; Hatmi, M.; Elalamy, I. In vitro aspirin resistance detected by PFA-100 closure time: pivotal role of plasma von Willebrand factor. Br. J. Haematol., 2004, 124(1), 80-85.
80. Frossard, M.; Fuchs, I.; Leitner, J.M.; Hsieh, K.; Vlcek, M.; Losert, H.; Domanovits, H.; Schreiber, W.; Laggner, A.N.; Jilma, B. Platelet function predicts myocardial damage in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation, 2004, 110(11), 1392-1397.
81. Fuchs, I.; Frossard, M.; Spiel, A.; Riedmuller, E.; Laggner, A.N.; Jilma, B. Platelet function in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) predicts recurrent ACS. J. Thromb. Haemost., 2006, 4(12), 2547-2552.
82. Hayward, C.P.; Harrison, P.; Cattaneo, M.; Ortel, T.L.; Rao, A.K. Platelet function analyzer (PFA)-100 closure time in the evaluation of platelet disorders and platelet function. J. Thromb. Haemost., 2006, 4(2), 312-319.
83. Linnemann, B.; Schwonberg, J.; Rechner, A.R.; Mani, H.; Lind-hoff-Last, E. Assessment of clopidogrel non-response by the PFA-100 system using the new test cartridge INNOVANCE PFA P2Y. Ann. Hematol., 2010, 89(6), 597-605.
84. Koessler, J.; Kobsar, A.L.; Rajkovic, M.S.; Schafer, A.; Flierl, U.; Pfoertsch, S.; Bauersachs, J.; Steigerwald, U.; Rechner, A.R.; Wal-ter, U. The new INNOVANCE PFA P2Y cartridge is sensitive to the detection of the P2Y12 receptor inhibition. Platelets, 2010. [Epub ahead of print]
85. Frelinger, A.L. 3rd; Li, Y.; Linden, M.D.; Barnard, M.R.; Fox, M.L.; Christie, D.J.; Furman, M.I.; Michelson, A.D. Association of cyclooxygenase-1-dependent and-independent platelet function assays with adverse clinical outcomes in aspirin-treated patients presenting for cardiac catheterization. Circulation, 2009, 120(25), 2586-2596.
86. Einav, S.; Dewey, C.F.; Hartenbaum, H. Cone and plate apparatus: A compact system for studying well characterized flow fields. Ex-per. Fluids, 1994, 16, 196-202.
87. Varon, D.; Dardik, R.; Shenkman, B.; Kotev-Emeth, S.; Farzame, N.; Tamarin, I.; Savion, N. A new method for quantitative analysis of whole blood platelet interaction with extracellular matrix under flow conditions. Thromb. Res., 1997, 85(4), 283-294.
88. Shenkman, B.; Savion, N.; Dardik, R.; Tamarin, I.; Varon, D. Testing of platelet deposition on polystyrene surface under flow conditions by the cone and plate(let) analyzer: role of platelet activation, fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor. Thromb. Res., 2000, 99(4), 353-361.
89. Varon, D.; Lashevski, I.; Brenner, B.; Beyar, R.; Lanir, N.; Tamarin, I.; Savion, N. Cone and plate(let) analyzer: monitoring glyco-protein IIb/IIIa antagonists and von Willebrand disease replacement therapy by testing platelet deposition under flow conditions. Am. Heart J., 1998, 135(5 Pt 2 Su), S187-S193.
90. Varon, D.; Savion, N. Impact Cone and Plate(let) Analyzer. In Platelets, 2nd ed.; Michelson, A.D., Ed. Elsevier/Academic Press: San Diego, CA, 2007; pp 535-544.
91. van Werkum, J.W.; Bouman, H.J.; Breet, N.J.; Ten Berg, J.M.; Hackeng, C.M. The Cone-and-Plate(let) analyzer is not suitable to monitor clopidogrel therapy: A comparison with the flowcytomet-ric VASP assay and optical aggregometry. Thromb. Res., 2010, 126(1), 44-49.
92. nd ed.; Michel-son, A.D., Ed. Elsevier/Academic Press: San Diego, CA, 2007; pp. 545-563.
93. Frelinger, A.L. 3rd; Furman, M.I.; Linden, M.D.; Li, Y.; Fox, M.L.; Barnard, M.R.; Michelson, A.D. Residual arachidonic acid-induced platelet activation via an adenosine diphosphate-dependent but cy-clooxygenase-1-and cyclooxygenase-2-independent pathway: a 700-patient study of aspirin resistance. Circulation, 2006, 113(25), 2888-2896.
94. Konstantopoulos, K.; Kamat, S.G.; Schafer, A.I.; Banez, E.I.; Jordan, R.; Kleiman, N.S.; Hellums, J.D. Shear-induced platelet aggregation is inhibited by in vivo infusion of an anti-glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antibody fragment, c7E3 Fab, in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty. Circulation, 1995, 91(5), 1427-1431.
95. Gawaz, M.; Ruf, A.; Neumann, F.J.; Pogatsa-Murray, G.; Dickfeld, T.; Zohlnhofer, D.; Schomig, A. Effect of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa receptor antagonism on platelet membrane glycoproteins after coronary stent placement. Thromb. Haemost., 1998, 80(6), 994-1001.
96. Quinn, M.; Deering, A.; Stewart, M.; Cox, D.; Foley, B.; Fitzgerald, D. Quantifying GPIIb/IIIa receptor binding using 2 monoclonal antibodies: discriminating abciximab and small molecular weight antagonists. Circulation, 1999, 99(17), 2231-2238.
97. Schwarz, U.R.; Geiger, J.; Walter, U.; Eigenthaler, M. Flow cytometry analysis of intracellular VASP phosphorylation for the assessment of activating and inhibitory signal transduc-tion pathways in human platelets--definition and detection of ticlopidine/clopidogrel effects. Thromb. Haemost., 1999, 82(3), 1145-1152.
98. Aleil, B.; Ravanat, C.; Cazenave, J.P.; Rochoux, G.; Heitz, A.; Gachet, C. Flow cytometric analysis of intraplatelet VASP phos-phorylation for the detection of clopidogrel resistance in patients with ischemic cardiovascular diseases. J. Thromb. Haemost., 2005, 3(1), 85-92.
99. Barragan, P.; Bouvier, J.L.; Roquebert, P.O.; Macaluso, G.; Com-meau, P.; Comet, B.; Lafont, A.; Camoin, L.; Walter, U.; Eigen-thaler, M. Resistance to thienopyridines: clinical detection of coronary stent thrombosis by monitoring of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation. Catheter Cardiovasc. Interv., 2003, 59(3), 295-302.
100. Gurbel, P.A.; Bliden, K.P.; Samara, W.; Yoho, J.A.; Hayes, K.; Fissha, M.Z.; Tantry, U.S. Clopidogrel effect on platelet reactivity in patients with stent thrombosis: results of the CREST Study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2005, 46(10), 1827-1832.
101. Patrignani, P.; Filabozzi, P.; Patrono, C. Selective cumulative inhibition of platelet thromboxane production by low-dose aspirin in healthy subjects. J. Clin. Invest., 1982, 69(6), 1366-1372.
102. Siess, W.; Roth, P.; Weber, P.C. Stimulated platelet aggregation, thromboxane B2 formation and platelet sensitivity to prostacyclin-a critical evaluation. Thromb. Haemost., 1981, 45(3), 204-207.
103. Cattaneo, M. Laboratory detection of 'aspirin resistance': what test should we use (if any)? Eur. Heart J., 2007, 28(14), 1673-1675.
104. Catella, F.; Healy, D.; Lawson, J.A.; FitzGerald, G.A. 11-Dehydrothromboxane B2: a quantitative index of thromboxane A2 formation in the human circulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1986, 83(16), 5861-5865.
105. Catella, F.; FitzGerald, G.A. Paired analysis of urinary throm-boxane B2 metabolites in humans. Thromb. Res., 1987, 47(6), 647-656.
106. nd ed.; Michelson, A.D., Ed. Elsevier/Academic Press: San Diego, CA, 2007; pp. 565-574.
107. Hartert, H. Blutgerinnungsstudien mit der thrombelastographie, einem neuen untersuchungsverfahren. Klinische Wochenschrift, 1948, 26, 577-583.
108. Luddington, R.J. Thrombelastography/thromboelastometry. Clin. Lab. Haematol., 2005, 27(2), 81-90.
109. Shore-Lesserson, L.; Manspeizer, H.E.; DePerio, M.; Francis, S.; Vela-Cantos, F.; Ergin, M.A. Thromboelastography-guided transfusion algorithm reduces transfusions in complex cardiac surgery. Anesth. Analg., 1999, 88(2), 312-319.
110. Wegner, J.; Popovsky, M.A. Clinical utility of thromboelastogra-phy: one size does not fit all. Semin. Thromb. Hemost., 2010, 36(7), 699-706.
111. Swallow, R.A.; Agarwala, R.A.; Dawkins, K.D.; Curzen, N.P. Thromboelastography: potential bedside tool to assess the effects of antiplatelet therapy? Platelets, 2006, 17(6), 385-392.
112. Kitchen, D.P.; Kitchen, S.; Jennings, I.; Woods, T.; Walker, I. Quality assurance and quality control of thrombelastography and rotational Thromboelastometry: the UK NEQAS for blood coagulation experience. Semin. Thromb. Hemost., 2010, 36(7), 757-763.
113. Chitlur, M.; Lusher, J. Standardization of thromboelastography: values and challenges. Semin. Thromb. Hemost., 2010, 36(7), 707-711.
114. Lang, T.; von Depka, M. [Possibilities and limitations of thrombe-lastometry/-graphy]. Hamostaseologie, 2006, 26(3 Suppl. 1), S20-29.
115. Craft, R.M.; Chavez, J.J.; Bresee, S.J.; Wortham, D.C.; Cohen, E.; Carroll, R.C. A novel modification of the Thrombelastograph assay, isolating platelet function, correlates with optical platelet aggregation. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 2004, 143(5), 301-309.
116. Tantry, U.S.; Bliden, K.P.; Gurbel, P.A. Overestimation of platelet aspirin resistance detection by thrombelastograph platelet mapping and validation by conventional aggregometry using arachidonic acid stimulation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2005, 46(9), 1705-1709.
117. Gurbel, P.A.; Bliden, K.P.; Navickas, I.A.; Mahla, E.; Dichiara, J.; Suarez, T.A.; Antonino, M.J.; Tantry, U.S.; Cohen, E. Adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet-fibrin clot strength: a new thrombe-lastographic indicator of long-term poststenting ischemic events. Am. Heart J., 2010, 160(2), 346-354.
118. Roth, G.J.; Stanford, N.; Majerus, P.W. Acetylation of prostaglan-din synthase by aspirin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 1975, 72(8), 3073-3076.
119. Gurbel, P.A.; Bliden, K.P.; DiChiara, J.; Newcomer, J.; Weng, W.; Neerchal, N.K.; Gesheff, T.; Chaganti, S.K.; Etherington, A.; Tan-try, U.S. Evaluation of dose-related effects of aspirin on platelet function: results from the Aspirin-Induced Platelet Effect (ASPECT) study. Circulation, 2007, 115(25), 3156-3164.
120. Cattaneo, M. Aspirin and clopidogrel: efficacy, safety, and the issue of drug resistance. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2004, 24(11), 1980-1987.
121. Cattaneo, M. Resistance to antiplatelet drugs: molecular mechanisms and laboratory detection. J. Thromb. Haemost., 2007, 5(Suppl. 1), 230-237.
122. Gurbel, P.A.; Tantry, U.S. Drug insight: Clopidogrel nonrespon-siveness. Nat. Clin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med., 2006, 3(7), 387-395.
123. Gasparyan, A.Y.; Watson, T.; Lip, G.Y.H. The role of aspirin in cardiovascular prevention: implications of aspirin resistance. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2008, 51(19), 1829-1843.
124. Marcucci, R.; Gori, A.M.; Paniccia, R.; Giusti, B.; Valente, S.; Giglioli, C.; Buonamici, P.; Antoniucci, D.; Abbate, R.; Gensini, G.F. Cardiovascular death and nonfatal myocardial infarction in acute coronary syndrome patients receiving coronary stenting are predicted by residual platelet reactivity to ADP detected by a point-of-care assay: a 12-month follow-up. Circulation, 2009, 119(2), 237-242.
125. Patti, G.; Nusca, A.; Mangiacapra, F.; Gatto, L.; D'Ambrosio, A.; Di Sciascio, G. Point-of-care measurement of clopidogrel responsiveness predicts clinical outcome in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention results of the ARMYDA-PRO (Anti-platelet therapy for Reduction of MYocardial Damage during An-gioplasty-Platelet Reactivity Predicts Outcome) study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2008, 52(14), 1128-1133.
126. Alfonso, F.; Angiolillo, D.J. Platelet function assessment to predict outcomes after coronary interventions: hype or hope? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2006, 48(9), 1751-1754.
127. Angiolillo, D.J. Platelet function testing in clinical practice: are we ready for prime time? Rev. Esp. Cardiol., 2009, 62(2), 113-116.
128. Price, M.J.; Berger, P.B.; Angiolillo, D.J.; Teirstein, P.S.; Tanguay, J.F.; Kandzari, D.E.; Cannon, C.P.; Topol, E.J. Evaluation of individualized clopidogrel therapy after drug-eluting stent implantation in patients with high residual platelet reactivity: design and rationale of the GRAVITAS trial. Am. Heart J., 2009, 157(5), 818-24, 824 e1.
129. Mirkhel, A.; Peyster, E.; Sundeen, J.; Greene, L.; Michelson, A.D.; Hasan, A.; Domanski, M. Frequency of aspirin resistance in a community hospital. Am. J. Cardiol., 2006, 98(5), 577-579.
130. Angiolillo, D.J.; Shoemaker, S.B.; Desai, B.; Yuan, H.; Charlton, R.K.; Bernardo, E.; Zenni, M.M.; Guzman, L.A.; Bass, T.A.; Costa, M.A. Randomized comparison of a high clopidogrel maintenance dose in patients with diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease: results of the Optimizing Antiplatelet Therapy in Diabetes Mellitus (OPTIMUS) study. Circulation, 2007, 115(6), 708-716.
131. Neubauer, H.; Lask, S.; Engelhardt, A.; Mugge, A. How to optimise clopidogrel therapy? Reducing the low-response incidence by aggregometry-guided therapy modification. Thromb. Haemost., 2008,99(2), 357-362.
132. Guthikonda, S.; Mangalpally, K.; Vaduganathan, M.; Patel, R.; Delao, T.; Bergeron, A.L.; Dong, J.F.; Lev, E.I.; Kleiman, N.S. Increased platelet sensitivity among individuals with aspirin resistance-platelet aggregation to submaximal concentration of arachi-donic acid predicts response to antiplatelet therapy. Thromb. Hae-most., 2008, 100(1), 83-89.
133. Bonello, L.; Camoin-Jau, L.; Armero, S.; Com, O.; Arques, S.; Burignat-Bonello, C.; Giacomoni, M.P.; Bonello, R.; Collet, F.; Rossi, P.; Barragan, P.; Dignat-George, F.; Paganelli, F. Tailored clopidogrel loading dose according to platelet reactivity monitoring to prevent acute and subacute stent thrombosis. Am. J. Cardiol., 2009,103(1), 5-10.