Laboratory assessment and perioperative management of patients on antiplatelet therapy: From the bench to the bedside

Clinica Chimica Acta

Volumn 405, Issue 1-2, 2009, Pages 8-16

  Lippi, Giuseppe ^a   Favaloro, Emmanuel J ^b   Salvagno, Gian Luca ^a   Franchini, Massimo ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VERONA   (Italy)

^b WESTMEAD HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF PARMA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Antiplatelet drugs; Platelet function; Platelets; Surgery

Indexed keywords

ABCIXIMAB; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; ANTIVITAMIN K; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CANGRELOR; CILOSTAZOL; CLOPIDOGREL; DESMOPRESSIN; DIPYRIDAMOLE; EPTIFIBATIDE; FIBRINOGEN RECEPTOR; HEPARIN; HIRULOG; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PHOSPHODIESTERASE; PRASUGREL; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHASE; PURINERGIC P2Y12 RECEPTOR; RECOMBINANT BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 7A; THIENOPYRIDINE DERIVATIVE; TICAGRELOR; TICLOPIDINE; TIROFIBAN;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ANALYTIC METHOD; AORTA ATHEROSCLEROSIS; AORTA VALVE DISEASE; BLEEDING; BLEEDING TIME; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; CALCIFICATION; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; FLOW CYTOMETRY; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART DISEASE; HEART INFARCTION; HEMOSTASIS; HUMAN; LABORATORY TEST; LOADING DRUG DOSE; PATENT FORAMEN OVALE; PERIOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; PERIPHERAL OCCLUSIVE ARTERY DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REVIEW; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; ST SEGMENT ELEVATION; SURGICAL RISK; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; THROMBOCYTE DYSFUNCTION; THROMBOCYTE FUNCTION; THROMBOCYTE TRANSFUSION; THROMBOELASTOGRAPHY; THROMBOEMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; THROMBOSIS PREVENTION; VALVULAR HEART DISEASE;

BLOOD PLATELETS; HUMANS; PERIOPERATIVE CARE; PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 67349244826     PISSN: 00098981     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.03.055     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Franchini M., Lippi G., Veneri D., Targher G., Zaffanello M., and Guidi G.C. Inherited platelet disorders. Clin Chim Acta 387 (2008) 1-8
2. Lippi G., Franchini M., and Guidi G.C. Diagnostic approach to inherited bleeding disorders. Clin Chem Lab Med 45 (2007) 2-12
3. Ahrensa I., Schwarza M., Peterb K., and Bodea C. Therapeutic inhibitors of platelet aggregation - from aspirin to integrin blockers. Transfus Med Hemother 34 (2007) 44-54
4. Fareed J., Hoppensteadt D.A., Fareed D., et al. Survival of heparins, oral anticoagulants, and aspirin after the year 2010. Semin Thromb Hemost 34 (2008) 58-73
5. Schror K. Aspirin and platelets: the antiplatelet action of aspirin and its role in thrombosis treatment and prophylaxis. Semin Thromb Hemost 23 (1997) 349-356
6. Patrono C., and Rocca B. Drug insight: aspirin resistance - fact or fashion?. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 4 (2007) 42-50
7. Mullangi R., and Srinivas N.R. Clopidogrel: review of bioanalytical methods, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, and update on recent trends in drug-drug interaction studies. Biomed Chromatogr 23 (2009) 26-41
8. Norgard N.B., and Abu-Fadel M. Future prospects in anti-platelet therapy: a review of potential P2Y12 and thrombin receptor antagonists. Recent Patents Cardiovasc Drug Discov 3 (2008) 194-200
9. Meadows T.A., and Bhatt D.L. Clinical aspects of platelet inhibitors and thrombus formation. Circ Res 100 (2007) 1261-1275
10. Bhatt D.L., Bertrand M.E., Berger P.B., et al. Meta-analysis of randomized and registry comparisons of ticlopidine with clopidogrel after stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol 39 (2002) 9-14
11. Price M.J., Coleman J.L., Steinhubl S.R., Wong G.B., Cannon C.P., and Teirstein P.S. Onset and offset of platelet inhibition after high-dose clopidogrel loading and standard daily therapy measured by a point-of-care assay in healthy volunteers. Am J Cardiol 98 (2006) 681-684
12. Weber A.A., Braun M., Hohlfeld T., Schwippert B., Tschöpe D., and Schrör K. Recovery of platelet function after discontinuation of clopidogrel treatment in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 52 (2001) 333-336
13. Koo M.H., Nawarskas J.J., and Frishman W.H. Prasugrel: a new antiplatelet drug for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Cardiol Rev 16 (2008) 314-318
14. Kim H.H., and Liao J.K. Translational therapeutics of dipyridamole. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28 (2008) s39-s42
15. Tcheng J.E. Differences among the parenteral platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and implications for treatment. Am J Cardiol 83 9 suppl 1 (1999) 7E-11E
16. Hirsh J., Guyatt G., Albers G.W., Harrington R., Schünemann H.J., and American College of Chest Physician. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 133 6 Suppl (2008) 110S-112S
17. Singer D.E., Albers G.W., Dalen J.E., et al. Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 133 6 Suppl (2008) 546S-592S
18. Salem D.N., O'Gara P.T., Madias C., Pauker S.G., and American College of Chest Physicians. Valvular and structural heart disease: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 133 6 Suppl (2008) 593S-629S
19. Albers G.W., Amarenco P., Easton J.D., Sacco R.L., Teal P., and American College of Chest Physicians. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 133 6 Suppl (2008) 630S-669S
20. Harrington R.A., Becker R.C., Cannon C.P., et al. Antithrombotic therapy for non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 133 6 Suppl (2008) 670S-707S
21. Goodman S.G., Menon V., Cannon C.P., Steg G., Ohman E.M., and Harrington R.A. Acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 133 6 Suppl (2008) 708S-775S
22. Sobel M., Verhaeghe R., American College of Chest Physicians, and American College of Chest Physicians. Antithrombotic therapy for peripheral artery occlusive disease: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 133 6 Suppl (2008) 815S-843S
23. Thachil J., Gatt A., and Martlew V. Management of surgical patients receiving anticoagulation and antiplatelet agents. Br J Surg 95 (2008) 1437-1448
24. Watson H.G., and Greaves M. Can we predict bleeding?. Semin Thromb Hemost 34 (2008) 97-103
25. Michelson A.D., Cattaneo M., Eikelboom J.W., et al. Aspirin resistance: position paper of the Working Group on Aspirin Resistance. J Thromb Haemost 3 (2005) 1309-1311
26. Cattaneo M. Light transmission aggregometry and ATP release for the diagnostic assessment of platelet function. Semin Thromb Hemost 35 (2009) 158-167
27. Lippi G., and Franchini M. Laboratory screening for abnormalities of primary hemostasis: what's next?. Clin Chem 47 (2001) 2071
28. Matzdorff A. Platelet function tests and flow cytometry to monitor antiplatelet therapy. Semin Thromb Hemost 31 (2005) 393-399
29. Rodgers R.P., and Levin J. A critical reappraisal of the bleeding time. Semin Thromb Hemost 16 (1990) 1-20
30. Ivy A.C., Nelson D., and Buchet G. The standardization of certain factors in the cutaneous 'venostasis' bleeding time technique. J Lab Clin Med 26 (1941) 1812-1822
31. Valeri C.R., MacGregor H., Cassidy G., Tinney R., and Pompei F. Effects of temperature on bleeding time and clotting time in normal male and female volunteers. Crit Care Med 23 (1995) 698-704
32. Peterson P., Hayes T.E., Arkin C.F., et al. The preoperative bleeding time test lacks clinical benefit: College of American Pathologists' and American Society of Clinical Pathologists' position article. Arch Surg 133 (1998) 134-139
33. van Giezen J.J., and Humphries R.G. Preclinical and clinical studies with selective reversible direct P2Y12 antagonists. Semin Thromb Hemost 31 (2005) 195-204
34. Michelson A.D. Platelet function testing in cardiovascular diseases. Circulation 110 (2004) e489-e493
35. Linnemann B., Schwonberg J., Mani H., Prochnow S., and Lindhoff-Last E. Standardization of light transmittance aggregometry for monitoring antiplatelet therapy: an adjustment for platelet count is not necessary. J Thromb Haemost 6 (2008) 677-683
36. Bouchard B.A., and Tracy P.B. Platelets, leukocytes, and coagulation. Curr Opin Hematol 8 (2001) 263
37. Favaloro E.J. Internal quality control and external quality assurance for platelet function tests. Semin Thromb Hemost 35 (2009) 139-149
38. Ivandic B.T., Giannitsis E., Schlick P., Staritz P., Katus H.A., and Hohlfeld T. Determination of aspirin responsiveness by use of whole blood platelet aggregometry. Clin Chem 53 (2007) 614-619
39. McGlasson D., and Fritsma G. Whole blood platelet aggregometry and platelet function testing. Semin Thromb Hemost 35 (2009) 168-180
40. Yardumian D.A., Mackie I.J., and Machin S.J. Laboratory investigation of platelet function: a review of methodology. J Clin Pathol 39 (1986) 701-712
41. Breugelmans J., Vertessen F., Mertens G., Gadisseur A., and Van der Planken M. Multiplate whole blood impedance aggregometry: a recent experience. Thromb Haemost 100 (2008) 725-726
42. Sibbing D., Braun S., Jawansky S., et al. Assessment of ADP-induced platelet aggregation with light transmission aggregometry and multiple electrode platelet aggregometry before and after clopidogrel treatment. Thromb Haemost 99 (2008) 121-126
43. Dalby M.C., Davidson S.J., Burman J.F., Sigwart U., and Davies S.W. Abciximab is rapidly effective in preventing and arresting established platelet aggregation. J Thromb Thrombolysis 13 (2002) 141-145
44. Ivandic B.T., Schlick P., Staritz P., Kurz K., Katus H.A., and Giannitsis E. Determination of clopidogrel resistance by whole blood platelet aggregometry and inhibitors of the P2Y12 receptor. Clin Chem 52 (2006) 383-388
45. Mueller T., Dieplinger B., Poelz W., Calatzis A., and Haltmayer M. Utility of whole blood impedance aggregometry for the assessment of clopidogrel action using the novel multiplate analyzer - comparison with two flow cytometric methods. Thromb Res 121 (2007) 249-258
46. Nicholson N., Panzer-Knodle S., Haas N., et al. Assessment of platelet function assays. Am Heart J 135 (1998) S170-S178
47. Seyfert U.T., Haubelt H., Vogt A., and Hellstern P. Variables influencing multiplate(TM) whole blood impedance platelet aggregometry and turbidimetric platelet aggregation in healthy individuals. Platelets 18 (2007) 199-206
48. Velik-Salchner C., Maier S., Innerhofer P., et al. Point-of-care whole blood impedance aggregometry versus classical light transmission aggregometry for detecting aspirin and clopidogrel: the results of a pilot study. Anesth Analg 107 (2008) 1798-1806
49. Dyszkiewicz-Korpanty A.M., Frenkel E.P., and Sarode R. Approach to the assessment of platelet function: comparison between optical-based platelet-rich plasma and impedance-based whole blood platelet aggregation methods. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 11 (2005) 25-35
50. Favaloro E.J. Clinical application of the PFA-100. Curr Opin Hematol 9 (2002) 407-415
51. Favaloro E.J. Clinical utility of the PFA-100. Semin Thromb Hemost 34 (2008) 709-733
52. Feuring M., Schultz A., Losel R., and Wehling M. Monitoring acetylsalicylic acid effects with the platelet function analyzer PFA-100. Semin Thromb Hemost 31 (2005) 411-415
53. Gum P.A., Kottke-Marchant K., Poggio E.D., et al. Profile and prevalence of aspirin resistance in patients with cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 88 (2001) 230-235
54. Harrison P., Segal H., Blasbery K., Furtado C., Silver L., and Rothwell P.M. Screening for aspirin responsiveness after transient ischemic attack and stroke: comparison of 2 point-of-care platelet function tests with optical aggregometry. Stroke 36 (2005) 1001-1005
55. Harrison P., Frelinger III A.L., Furman M.I., and Michelson A.D. Measuring antiplatelet drug effects in the laboratory. Thromb Res 120 (2007) 323-336
56. Karon B.S., Wockenfus A., Scott R., et al. Aspirin responsiveness in healthy volunteers measured with multiple assay platforms. Clin Chem 54 (2008) 1060-1065
57. McGlasson D.L., and Fritsma G.A. Comparison of four laboratory methods to assess aspirin sensitivity. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 19 (2008) 120-123
58. Chakroun T., Gerotziafas G., Robert F., et al. In vitro aspirin resistance detected by PFA-100 closure time: pivotal role of plasma von Willebrand factor. Br J Haematol 124 (2004) 80-85
59. Kilanowska J., Favaloro E.J., and Lippi G. Aspirin 'responsiveness', 'nonresponsiveness' or 'resistance': a putative role for von Willebrand factor?. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 19 (2008) 823-824
60. Madsen E.H., Schmidt E.B., Maurer-Spurej E., and Kristensen S.R. Effects of aspirin and clopidogrel in healthy men measured by platelet aggregation and PFA-100. Platelets 19 (2008) 335-341
61. Agarwal S., Coakley M., Reddy K., Riddell A., and Mallett S. Quantifying the effect of antiplatelet therapy: a comparison of the platelet function analyzer (PFA-100) and modified thromboelastography (mTEG) with light transmission platelet aggregometry. Anesthesiology 105 (2006) 676-683
62. Kotzailias N., Elwischger K., Sycha T., et al. Clopidogrel-induced platelet inhibition cannot be detected by the platelet function analyzer-100 system in stroke patients. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 16 (2007) 199-202
63. Geiger J., Teichmann L., Grossmann R., et al. Monitoring of clopidogrel action: comparison of methods. Clin Chem 51 (2005) 957-965
64. Dyszkiewicz-Korpanty A., Olteanu H., Frenkel E.P., and Sarode R. Clopidogrel anti-platelet effect: an evaluation by optical aggregometry, impedance aggregometry, and the platelet function analyzer (PFA-100). Platelets 18 (2007) 491-496
65. Ziegler S., Maca T., Alt E., Speiser W., Schneider B., and Minar E. Monitoring of antiplatelet therapy with the PFA-100 in peripheral angioplasty patients. Platelets 13 (2002) 493-497
66. Gachet C., and Aleil B. Testing antiplatelet therapy. Eur Heart J Suppl 10 (2008) A28-A34
67. Lippi G., and Franchini M. Pathogenesis of venous rhromboembolism: when the cup runneth over. Semin Thromb Hemost 34 (2008) 747-761
68. Franchini M., and Mannucci P.M. Von Willebrand factor: another Janus-faced hemostasis protein. Semin Thromb Hemost 34 (2008) 663-669
69. Fox S.C., Burgess-Wilson M., Heptinstall S., and Mitchell J.R. Platelet aggregation in whole blood determined using the Ultra-Flo 100 Platelet Counter. Thromb Haemost 48 (1982) 327-329
70. White M.M., Krishnan R., Kueter T.J., Jacoski M.V., and Jennings L.K. The use of the point of care Helena ICHOR/Plateletworks and the Accumetrics Ultegra RPFA for assessment of platelet function with GPIIB-IIIa antagonists. J Thromb Thrombolysis 18 (2004) 163-169
71. Campbell J., Ridgway H., and Carville D. Plateletworks: a novel point of care platelet function screen. Mol Diagn Ther 12 (2008) 253-258
72. van Werkum J.W., Kleibeuker M., Postma S., et al. A comparison between the Plateletworkstrade mark-assay and light transmittance aggregometry for monitoring the inhibitory effects of clopidogrel. Int J Cardiol (Dec 15 2008) [Electronic publication ahead of print]
73. Lennon M.J., Gibbs N.M., Weightman W.M., McGuire D., and Michalopoulos N. A comparison of Plateletworks and platelet aggregometry for the assessment of aspirin-related platelet dysfunction in cardiac surgical patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 18 (2004) 136-140
74. Coiffic A., Cazes E., Janvier G., et al. Inhibition of platelet aggregation by abciximab but not by aspirin can be detected by a new point-of-care test, the hemostatus. Thromb Res 95 (1999) 83-91
75. Isgro F., Rehn E., Kiessling A.H., Kretz K.U., Kilian W., and Saggau W. Platelet function test HemoSTATUS 2: tool or toy for an optimized management of hemostasis?. Perfusion 17 (2002) 27-31
76. Ereth M.H., Nuttall G.A., Santrach P.J., Klindworth J.T., Oliver Jr. W.C., and Schaff H.V. The relation between the platelet-activated clotting test (HemoSTATUS) and blood loss after cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesiology 88 (1998) 962-969
77. van Werkum J.W., Harmsze A.M., Elsenberg E.H., Bouman H.J., ten Berg J.M., and Hackeng C.M. The use of the VerifyNow system to monitor antiplatelet therapy: a review of the current evidence. Platelets 19 (2008) 479-488
78. Harrison P., Segal H., Silver L., Syed A., Cuthbertson F.C., and Rothwell P.M. Lack of reproducibility of assessment of aspirin responsiveness by optical aggregometry and two platelet function tests. Platelets 19 (2008) 119-124
79. Tanaka K.A. The assessment of platelet function. TATM 8 (2006) 95-105
80. Swallow R.A., Agarwala R.A., Dawkins K.D., and Curzen N.P. Thromboelastography: potential bedside tool to assess the effects of antiplatelet therapy?. Platelets 17 (2006) 385-392
81. Görlinger K., Jambor C., Dirkmann D., et al. Platelet function analysis with point-of-care methods. Herz 33 (2008) 297-305
82. Lang T., and von Depka M. Possibilities and limitations of thrombelastometry/graphy. Hämostaseologie 23 suppl 1 (2006) S20-S29
83. Mengistu A.M., Wolf M.W., Boldt J., Röhm K.D., Lang J., and Piper S.N. Evaluation of a new platelet function analyzer in cardiac surgery: a comparison of modified thromboelastography and whole-blood aggregometry. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 22 (2008) 40-46
84. Bochsen L., Wiinberg B., Kjelgaard-Hansen M., Steinbrüchel D.A., and Johansson P.I. Evaluation of the TEG platelet mapping assay in blood donors. Thromb J 5 (2007) 3
85. Tantry U.S., Bliden K.P., and Gurbel P.A. Overestimation of platelet aspirin resistance detection by thrombelastograph platelet mapping and validation by conventional aggregometry using arachidonic acid stimulation. J Am Coll Cardiol 46 (2005) 1705-1709
86. Hobson A.R., Agarwala R.A., Swallow R.A., Dawkins K.D., and Curzen N.P. Thrombelastography: current clinical applications and its potential role in interventional cardiology. Platelets 17 (2006) 509-518
87. Carroll R.C., Chavez J.J., Snider C.C., Meyer D.S., and Muenchen R.A. Correlation of perioperative platelet function and coagulation tests with bleeding after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. J Lab Clin Med 147 (2006) 197-204
88. Tucci M.A., Ganter M.T., Hamiel C.R., Klaghofer R., Zollinger A., and Hofer C.K. Platelet function monitoring with the Sonoclot analyzer after in vitro tirofiban and heparin administration. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 131 (2006) 1314-1322
89. Miyashita T., and Kuro M. Evaluation of platelet function by Sonoclot analysis compared with other hemostatic variables in cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 87 (1998) 1228-1233
90. Samra S.K., Harrison R.L., Bee D.E., and Valero V. A study of aspirin induced changes in bleeding time, platelet aggregation, and Sonoclot coagulation analysis in humans. Ann Clin Lab Sci 21 (1991) 315-327
91. Waters J.H., Anthony D.G., Gottlieb A., and Sprung J. Bleeding in a patient receiving platelet aggregation inhibitors. Anesth Analg 93 (2001) 878-882
92. Douketis J.D., Berger P.B., Dunn A.S., et al. American College of Chest Physicians. The perioperative management of antithrombotic therapy: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 133 6 Suppl (2008) 299S-339S
93. Thacill J., Gatt A., and Martlew V. Management of surgical patients receiving anticoagulation and antiplatelet agents. Br J Surg 95 (2008) 1437-1448
94. Powner D.J., Hartwell E.A., and Hoots W.K. Counteracting the effects of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents during neurosurgical emergencies. Neurosurgery 57 (2005) 823-831
95. Dunning J., Versteegh M., Fabbri A., et al. Guideline on antiplatelet and anticoagulation management in cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 34 (2008) 73-92
96. Vilahur G., Choi B.G., Zafar M.U., et al. Normalization of platelet reactivity in clopidogrel-treated subjects. J Thromb Haemost 5 (2007) 82-90
97. Lecompte T., and Hardy J.F. Antiplatelet agents and perioperative bleeding. Can J Anaesth 53 6 Suppl (2006) S103-S112
98. Sun J.C., Whitlock R., Cheng J., et al. The effect of pre-operative aspirin on bleeding, transfusion, myocardial infarction, and mortality in coronary artery bypass surgery: a systematic review of randomized and observational studies. Eur Heart J 29 (2008) 1057-1071
99. Silber S., Albertsson P., Avilés F.F., et al. Guidelines for percutaneous coronary interventions. The Task Force for Percutaneous Coronary Interventions of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 26 (2005) 804-847
100. Smith Jr. S.C., Feldman T.E., Hirshfeld Jr. J.W., et al. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; ACC/AHA/SCAI Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 Guideline Update for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention-Summary Article: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/SCAI Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention). J Am Coll Cardiol 47 (2006) 216-235
101. Kaluza G.L., Joseph J., Lee J.R., Raizner M.E., and Raizner A.E. Catastrophic outcomes of noncardiac surgery soon after coronary stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol 35 (2000) 1288-1294
102. Schouten O., van Domburg R.T., Bax J.J., et al. Noncardiac surgery after coronary stenting: early surgery and interruption of antiplatelet therapy are associated with an increase in major adverse cardiac events. J Am Coll Cardiol 49 (2007) 122-124
103. Chassot P.G., Delabays A., and Spahn D.R. Perioperative use of anti-platelet drugs. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 21 (2007) 241-256
104. Burger W., Chemnitius J.M., Kneissl G.D., and Rucker G. Low-dose aspirin for secondary cardiovascular prevention - cardiovascular risks after its preoperative withdrawal versus bleeding risks with its continuation - review and meta-analysis. J Intern Med 257 (2005) 399-414
105. Eikelboom J.W., and Hirsh J. Bleeding and management of bleeding. Eur Heart J Suppl 8 Suppl G (2006) G38-G45
106. Samama C.M., Djoudi R., Lecompte T., Nathan-Denizot N., Schved J.F., and Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé expert group. Perioperative platelet transfusion: recommendations of the Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé (AFSSaPS) 2003. Can J Anaesth 52 (2005) 30-37
107. Franchini M. The use of desmopressin as a hemostatic agent: a concise review. Am J Hematol 82 (2007) 731-735
108. Stepinska J., Banaszewski M., Konopka A., and Szajewski T. Activated recombinant factor VII (rFVIIa) in bleeding management after therapy with IIb/IIIa-inhibitor tirofiban. Thromb Haemost 87 (2002) 355-356
109. Altman R., Scazziota A., DE Lourdes Herrera M., and Gonzalez C. Recombinant factor VIIa reverses the inhibitory effect of aspirin or aspirin plus clopidogrel on in vitro thrombin generation. J Thromb Haemost 4 (2006) 2022-2027
110. Franchini M., Lippi G., and Guidi G.C. The use of recombinant activated factor VII in platelet-associated bleeding. Hematology 13 (2008) 41-45
111. Jennings I., Woods T.A., Kitchen S., and Walker I.D. Platelet function testing: practice among UK National External Quality Assessment Scheme for Blood Coagulation participants, 2006. J Clin Pathol 61 (2008) 950-954
112. Pai M., and Hayward C. Diagnostic assessment of platelet disorders: what are the challenges to standardization?. Semin Thromb Hemost 35 (2009) 131-138
113. Bracey A.W., Grigore A.M., and Nussmeier N.A. Impact of platelet testing on presurgical screening and implications for cardiac and noncardiac surgical procedures. Am J Cardiol 98 (2006) 25N-32N