Risks and benefits of copper in light of new insights of copper homeostasis

Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 3-13

  de Romaña, Daniel López ^a   Olivares, Manuel ^a   Uauy, Ricardo ^a   Araya, Magdalena ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHILE   (Chile)

Author keywords

Biomarkers; Copper; Deficiency; Excess; Requirements

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; COPPER; COPPER ZINC SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; GAMMA GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE; PENICILLAMINE; PLACEBO; ZINC;

BILIARY EXCRETION; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CHRONIC TOXICITY; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; COPPER DEFICIENCY; COPPER METABOLISM; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIETARY INTAKE; DISEASE MARKER; DISEASE SEVERITY; FOOD COMPOSITION; GASTROINTESTINAL ABSORPTION; HEALTH HAZARD; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER TOXICITY; MENKES SYNDROME; METABOLIC REGULATION; NONHUMAN; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT; NUTRITIONAL VALUE; PARENTERAL NUTRITION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SIDE EFFECT; WILSON DISEASE;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CHILD; COPPER; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS;

PRIMATES;

EID: 79952701447     PISSN: 0946672X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2010.11.004     Document Type: Review

References (146)

1. Rucker R.B., Kosonen T., Clegg M.S., Mitchell A.E., Rucker B.R., Uriu-Hare J.Y., et al. Copper, lysyl oxidase, and extracellular matrix protein cross-linking. Am J Clin Nutr 1998, 67:996S-1002S.
2. Linder M.C., Hazegh-Azam M. Copper biochemistry and molecular biology. Am J Clin Nutr 1996, 63:797S-811S.
3. Sánchez-Ferrer A., Rodríguez-López J.N., García-Cánovas F., García-Carmona F. Tyrosinase: a comprehensive review of its mechanism. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995, 1247:1-11.
4. Tainer J.A., Getzoff E.D., Richardson J.S., Richardson D.C. Structure and mechanism of copper, zinc superoxide dismutase. Nature 1983, 306:284-287.
5. 3 cyanide in bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase. Evidence of novel mechanistic roles for CuB. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:4270-4279.
6. Kaplan J., O'Halloran T.V. Iron metabolism in eukaryotes: Mars and Venus at it again. Science 1996, 271:1510-1512.
7. Danks D.M. Disorders of copper transport. The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease 1995, 2211-2235. McGraw-Hill, New York. C.L. Scriver, A.L. Beaudet, W.S. Sly, D. Valle (Eds.).
8. Vulpe C., Levinson B., Whitney S., Packman S., Gitschier J. Isolation of a candidate gene for Menkes disease and evidence that it encodes a copper-transporting ATPase. Nat Genet 1993, 3:7-13.
9. Mercer J.F.B., Livingston J., Hall B., Paynter J.A., Begy C., Chandrasekharappa S., et al. Isolation of a partial candidate gene for Menkes disease by positional cloning. Nat Genet 1993, 3:20-25.
10. Yamaguchi Y., Heiny M.E., Gitlin J.D. Isolation and characterization of a human liver cDNA as a candidate gene for Wilson disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993, 197(November (1)):271-277.
11. Petrukhin K.E., Lutsenko S., Chernov I., Ross B.M., Kaplan J.H., Gillian T.C. Characterization of the Wilson disease gene encoding a P-type copper transporting ATPase: genomic organization, alternative splicing, and structure/function predictions. Hum Mol Genet 1994, 3:1647-1656.
12. Bull P.C., Thomas G.R., Rommens J.M., Forbes J.R., Cox D.W. The Wilson disease gene is a putative copper transporting P-type ATPase similar to the Menkes gene. Nat Genet 1993, 5:327-336.
13. Zietz B.P., Dieter H.H., Lakomek M., Schneider H., Kessler-Gaedtke B., Dunkelberg H. Epidemiological investigation on chronic copper toxicity to children exposed via the public drinking water supply. Sci Total Environ 2003, 302(January (1-3)):127-144.
14. Araya M., Olivares M., Pizarro F., González M., Speisky H., Uauy R. Gastrointestinal symptoms and blood indicators of copper load in apparently healthy adults undergoing controlled copper exposure. Am J Clin Nutr 2003, 77(March (3)):646-650.
15. Araya M., Olivares M., Pizarro F., Méndez M., González G., Uauy R. Supplementing copper at the upper level of the adult dietary recommended intake induces detectable but transient changes in healthy adults. J Nutrition 2005, 135(10):2367-2371.
16. Araya M., Koletzko, Uauy R. Copper deficiency and excess in infancy: developing a research agenda. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2003, 37(October (4)):422-429.
17. Scheinberg I.H., Sternlieb I. Wilson disease and idiopathic copper toxicosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1996, 63:842S-855S.
18. Mason K.E. A conspectus of research on copper metabolism and requirements of man. J Nutr 1979, 109:1979-2066.
19. 65Cu. Am J Clin Nutr 1989, 49(May (5)):870-878.
20. Greger J.L., Snedeker S.M. Effect of dietary protein and phosphorus levels on the utilization of zinc, copper and manganese by adult males. J Nutr 1980, 110:2243-2253.
21. Sandstead H.H. Copper bioavailability and requirements. Am J Clin Nutr 1982, 35:809-814.
22. Coudray C., Feillet-Coudray C., Gueux E., Mazur A., Rayssiguier Y. Dietary inulin intake and age can affect intestinal absorption of zinc and copper in rats. J Nutr 2006, 136:117-122.
23. Ducros V., Arnaud J., Tahiri M., Coudray C., Bornet F., et al. Influence of short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (sc-FOS) on absorption of Cu, Zn, and Se in healthy postmenopausal women. J Am Coll Nutr 2005, 24:30-37.
24. Afsana K., Shiga K., Ishizuka S., Hara H. Reducing effect of ingesting tannic acid on the absorption of iron, but not of zinc, copper and manganese by rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2004, 68:584-592.
25. August D., Janghorbani M., Young V.R. Determination of zinc and copper absorption at three dietary Zn-Cu ratios by using stable isotope methods in young adult and elderly subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1989, 50:1457-1463.
26. Coudray C., Bousset C., Tressol J.C., Pepin D., Rayssiguier Y. Short-term ingestion of chlorogenic or caffeic acids decreases zinc but not copper absorption in rats, utilization of stable isotopes and inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique. Br J Nutr 1998, 80:575-584.
27. Coudray C., Tressol J.C., Feillet-Coudray C., Bellanger J., Pepin D., Mazur A. Long-term consumption of red wine does not modify intestinal absorption or status of zinc and copper in rats. J Nutr 2000, 130:1309-1313.
28. Davidsson L., Ziegler E., Zeder C., Walczyk T., Hurrell R. Sodium iron EDTA [NaFe(III)EDTA] as a food fortificant: erythrocyte incorporation of iron and apparent absorption of zinc, copper, calcium, and magnesium from a complementary food based on wheat and soy in healthy infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2005, 81:104-109.
29. Jacob R.A., Skala J.H., Omaye S.T., Turnlund J.R. Effect of varying ascorbic acid intakes on copper absorption and ceruloplasmin levels of young men. J Nutr 1987, 117:2109-2115.
30. Turnlund J.R., King J.C., Keyes W.R., Gong B., Michel M.C. A stable isotope study of zinc absorption in young men: effects of phytate and alpha-cellulose. Am J Clin Nutr 1984, 40:1071-1077.
31. Haschke F., Ziegler E.E., Edwards B.B., Fomon S.J. Effect of iron fortification of infant formula on trace mineral absorption. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1986, 5:768-773.
32. Troost F.J., Brummer R.J., Dainty J.R., Hoogewerff J.A., Bull V.J., Saris W.H. Iron supplements inhibit zinc but not copper absorption in vivo in ileostomy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2003, 78:1018-1023.
33. Georgatsou E., Mavrogiannis L.A., Fragiadakis G.S., Alexandraki D. The yeast Fre1p/Fre2p cupric reductases facilitate copper uptake and are regulated by the copper-modulated Mac1p activator. J Biol Chem 1997, 272:13786-13792.
34. Dancis A., Roman D.G., Anderson G.J., Hinnebusch A.G., Klausner R.D. Ferric reductase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: molecular characterization, role in iron uptake, and transcriptional control by iron. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992, 89:3869-3873.
35. McKie A.T., Barrow D., Latunde-Dada G.O., et al. An iron-regulated ferric reductase associated with the absorption of dietary iron. Science 2001, 291:1755-1759.
36. Tennant J., Stansfield M., Yamaji S., Srai S.K., Sharp P. Effects of copper on the expression of metal transporters in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. FEBS Lett 2002, 527:239-244.
37. Arredondo M., Uauy R., González M. Regulation of copper uptake and transport in intestinal cells monolayers by copper supply. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000, 1474:169-176.
38. Greenough M., Pase L., Voskoboinik I., Petris M.J., O'Brien A.W., Camakaris J. Signals regulating trafficking of Menkes (MNK; ATP7A) copper-translocating P-type ATPase in polarized MDCK cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004, 287(5):C1463-C1471.
39. Weiss K.C., Linder M.C. Copper transport in rats involving a new plasma protein. Am J Physiol 1985, 249:E77-88.
40. McArdle H.J., Gross S.M., Danks D.M., Wedd A.G. Role of albumin's copper binding site in copper uptake by mouse hepatocytes. Am J Physiol 1990, 258:G988-G991.
41. Liu N., Lo L.S.L., Askary H., et al. Transcuprein is a macroglobulin regulated by copper and iron availability. J Nutr Biochem 2007, 18:597-608.
42. Freedman J.H., Ciriolo M.R., Peisach J. The role of glutathione in copper metabolism and toxicity. J Biol Chem 1989, 264(April (10)):5598-5605.
43. Culotta V.C., Klomp L.W.J., Strain J., Casareno R.L.B., Krems B., Gitlin J.D. The copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem 1997, 272:23469-23472.
44. Amaravadi R., Glerum D.M., Tzagoloff A. Isolation of a cDNA encoding the human homolog of COX17, a yeast gene essential for mitochondrial copper recruitment. Hum Genet 1997, 99:329-333.
45. Glerum D.M., Shtanko A., Tzagoloff A. Characterization of COX17, a yeast gene involved in copper metabolism and assembly of cytochrome oxidase. J Biol Chem 1997, 271:14504-14509.
46. Casareno R.L., Waggoner D., Gitlin J.D. The copper chaperone CCS1 directly interacts with copper/zinc superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem 1998, 273:23625-23628.
47. Dijkstra M., Vonk R.J., Kuipers F. How does copper get into bile? New insights into the mechanism(s) of hepatobiliary copper transport. J Hepatol 1996, 24:109-120.
48. Aggett P.J. An overview of the metabolism of copper. Eur J Med Res 1999, 4:214-216.
49. Zimnicka A., Maryon E., Kaplan J. Human copper transporter hCTR1 mediates basolateral uptake for copper into enterocytes. Implications for copper homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2007, 282:26471-26480.
50. Prohaska J.R. Role of copper transporters in copper homeostasis. Am J Clin Nutr 2008, 88(September (3)):826S-829S.
51. Mertz W. A perspective on mineral standards. J Nutr 67 1998, 128(Suppl 5):375S-378S.
52. Greaves J.E., Andersen A. Influence of soil and variety on the copper content of grains. J Nutr 1936, 11:111-118.
53. Pennington J.T., Calloway D.H. Copper content of foods. J Am Diet Assoc 1973, 63:143-153.
54. National Research Council Copper in drinking water 2000, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
55. Pettersson R., Rasmussen F. Daily intake of copper from drinking water among young children in Sweden. Environ Health Perspect 1999, 107:441-446.
56. Health Canada. Copper. In: Guidelines for Canadian drinking water quality - supporting documents. [accessed 4/9/07]. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/water-eau/doc_sup-appui/index_e.html.
57. Uauy R., Olivares M. Health significance of copper. Copper: report of an international meeting. National Environmental Health Forum monographs. Metal series no. 3 1997, 7-15. National Environmental Health Forum, Australia. M.R. Moore, P. Imray, C. Dameron, P. Callan, A. Langley, S. Mangas (Eds.).
58. Patterson K.Y., Holbrook J.T., Bodner J.E., Kelsay J.L., Smith J.C., Veillon C. Zinc copper and manganese intake and balance for adults consuming self-selected diets. Am J Clin Nutr 1984, 40:1397-1403.
59. Wright H.S., Guthrie H.A., Qi Wang M., Bernardo V. The 1987-88 nationwide food consumption survey: an update on the nutrient intake of respondents. Nutr Today 1991, 26:21-27.
60. Pennington J.A.T., Wilson D.B. Daily intakes of nine nutritional elements: analyzed vs. calculated values. J Am Diet Assoc 1990, 90:375-381.
61. Pennington J.A.T., Young B.E., Wilson D.B., Johnson R.D., Vanderveen J.E. Mineral content of foods and total diets: the selected minerals in food survey, 1982-1984. J Am Diet Assoc 1986, 86:876-891.
62. Swerts J., Benemariya H., Robberecht H., van Cauwenbergh R., Deelstra H. Daily dietary intake of copper and zinc by several population groups in Belgium: preliminary results. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis 1993, 7:165-169.
63. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc 2001, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
64. Scientific Committee on Food, European Food Safety Authority Tolerable upper intake levels for vitamins and minerals 2006, European Commission Publications Office, Parma, Italy.
65. Cashman K.D., Baker A., Ginty F., Flyn A., Strain J.J., Bonham M.P., et al. No effect of copper supplementation on biochemical markers of bone metabolism in healthy young adult females despite apparently improved copper status. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001, 55:525-531.
66. Jones A.A., DiSilvestro R.A., Coleman M., Wagner T.L. Copper supplementation of adult men: effects on blood copper enzyme activities and indicators of cardiovascular disease risk. Metabolism 1997, 46:1380-1383.
67. Lowe N.M., Lowe N.M., Fraser W.D., Jackson M.J. Is there a potential therapeutic value of copper and zinc for osteoporosis?. Proc Nutr Soc 2002, 61:181-185.
68. Kaler SG. Wilson disease. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, editors. Cecil's textbook of medicine, 23rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders [Chapter 230], in press.
69. Olivares M., Uauy R. Copper as an essential element. Am J Clin Nutr 1996, 63:791S-796S.
70. Nhien N.V., Khan N.C., Ninh N.X., Huan P.V., Hop le T., Lam N.T., et al. Micronutrient deficiencies and anemia among preschool children in rural Vietnam. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2008, 17(1):48-55.
71. Weisstaub G., Araya M., Uauy R. Childhood malnutrition: prevention and control at the national level. Nutrition in pediatrics 2003, B.C. Decker, Hamilton, Canada. 3rd ed. W.A. Walker (Ed.).
72. Sturgeon P., Brubaker C. Copper deficiency in infants. Am J Dis Child 1956, 92:254-265.
73. Cordano A., Baertl J.M., Graham G. Copper deficiency in infancy. Pediatrics 1964, 34:324-326.
74. Weisstaub G., Medina M., Pizarro F., Araya M. Copper, iron and zinc status in moderately and severely malnourished children recovered following WHO protocols. Biol Trace Elem Res 2008, 124(July (1)):1-11.
75. Ferguson E.L., Briend A., Darmon N. Can optimal combinations of local foods achieve the nutrient density of the F100 catch-up diet for severe malnutrition?. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008, 46(April (4)):447-452.
76. Maret W., Sandstead H.H. Zinc requirements and the risks and benefits of zinc supplementation. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2006, 20(1):3-18.
77. Prasad A.S., Brewer G.J., Schoomaker E.B., Rabbani P. Hypocupremia induced by zinc therapy. J Am Med Assoc 1978, 1978:2166-2168.
78. Williams D.M. Copper deficiency in humans. Semin Hematol 1983, 20:118-128.
79. Broun E.R., Greist A., Tricot G., Hoffman R. Excessive zinc ingestion. A reversible cause of sideroblastic anemia and bone marrow depression. J Am Med Assoc 1990, 264:1441-1443.
80. Kumar N., Gross J.B., Ahlskog J.E. Myelopathy due to copper deficiency. Neurology 2003, 61:273-274.
81. Sugiura T., Goto K., Ito K., Ueta A., Fujimoto S., Togari H. Chronic zinc toxicity in an infant who received zinc therapy for atopic dermatitis. Acta Paediatr 2005, 94:1333-1335.
82. Klevay L.M. Alzheimer's disease as copper deficiency. Med Hypotheses 2008, 70(4):802-807.
83. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives. WHO Tech Rep Ser 683. Geneva: WHO; 1982.
84. US Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office. Summary review of the health effects associated with copper. Cincinnati, OH: Environmental Protection Agency. EPA 600/8-87/190-1; 1987.
85. National Institute of Public Health and US Environmental Protection. Integrated criteria document copper, appendix to report 758474009. The Netherlands, Bilthoven: National Institute of Public health and Environmental Protection; 1989.
86. Spitalny K.C., Brondum J., Vogt R.L., Sargent H.E., Kappel S. Drinking water induced intoxication in a Vermont family. Pediatrics 1984, 74:1103-1106.
87. National Research Council. Copper in drinking water. Washington DC: National Academy Press; 2000. US Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office. Drinking water criteria document for copper (final draft). Cincinnati, OH: Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 600/X-84/190-1; 1995.
88. World Health Organization (WHO). Assessing human health risks of chemicals: derivation of guidance values for health-based exposure limits. Environmental Health Criteria 170. Geneva: WHO; 1994.
89. Wang S.C., Borison H.L. Copper sulfate emesis: a study of afferent pathways for the gastrointestinal tract. Am J Physiol 1951, 164:520-526.
90. Niijima A., Jiang Z.Y., Dauton N.G., Fox R.A. Effect of copper sulfate on the rate of afferent discharge in gastric branch of the vagus nerve in the rat. Neurosci Lett 1987, 80:71-74.
91. Kayashima N., Tanka M., Iwasaki M., Hayama T. Site of oral copper sulfate in dogs. I. Threshold of various portions of gastrointestinal tract to locally applied copper sulfate. Jpn J Pharmacol 1978, 28:775-781.
92. Araya M., Olivares M., Pizarro F., Llanos A., Figueroa G., Uauy R. Community-based randomized double-blind study of gastrointestinal effects and copper exposure in drinking water. Environ Health Perspect 2004, 112(July (10)):1068-1073.
93. Araya M., McGoldrick M.C., Klevay L., Strain J.J., Robson P., Neilsen, et al. Determination of an acute No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level (NOAEL) for copper in water. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2001, 34:137-145.
94. Olivares M., Araya M., Pizarro F., Uauy R. Nausea threshold in apparently healthy individuals who drink fluids containing graded concentrations of copper. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2001, 33:271-275.
95. Araya M., Bingheng Ch., Klevay L.M., Strain J.J., Johnson L., Robson P., et al. Confirmation of an acute No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL) and Low-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (LOAEL) for copper in bottled drinking water in a multi-site international study. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2003, 38:389-399.
96. Tanner S. Disorders of copper metabolism. In: Kelly DA, editor. Diseases of the liver and biliary system in children. Blackwell: Oxford. p. 167-85.
97. Roberts E.A., Schilsky M.L. A practice guideline on Wilson disease. Hepatology 2003, 37:1475-1492.
98. Brewer G.J. The use of copper-lowering therapy with tetrathiomolybdate in medicine. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009, 18(January (1)):89-97.
99. O'Neill N.C., Tanner M.S. Uptake of copper from brass vessels by bovine milk and its relevance to Indian childhood cirrhosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1989, 9:167-172.
100. Tanner M.S. Role of copper in Indian childhood cirrhosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1998, 67:1074S-1081S.
101. Tanner M.S., Kantarjian A.H., Bhave S.A., Pandit A.N. Early introduction of copper-contaminated animal milk as possible cause of Indian childhood cirrhosis. Lancet 1983, 2:992-995.
102. O'Donohue J.W., Reid M.A., Varghese A., Portmann B., Williams R. Micronodular cirrhosis and acute liver failure due to chronic copper self-intoxication. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1993, 5. 561-2.8.
103. Pandit A., Bhave S. Present interpretation of the role of copper in Indian childhood cirrhosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1996, 63:830S-835S.
104. Müller T., Feichtinger H., Berger H., Müller W. Endemic Tyrolean Cirrhosis: an ecogenetic disorder. Lancet 1996, 347:877-880.
105. Müller-Höcker J., Meyer U., Wiebeche B., Hübner G. Copper storage disease of the liver and chronic dietary copper intoxication in two further German infants mimicking Indian childhood cirrhosis. Path Res Pract 1988, 183:39-45.
106. Olivares M., Uauy R. Limits of metabolic tolerance to copper and biological basis for present recommendations and regulations. Am J Clin Nutr 1996, 63:846S-852S.
107. Müller T., Müller W., Feichtinger H. Idiopathic copper toxicosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1998, 67:1082S-1086S.
108. Turnlund J.R., Keen C.L., Smith R.G. Copper status and urinary and salivary copper in young men at three levels of dietary copper. Am J Clin Nutr 1990, 51:658-664.
109. Hambidge M. Biomarkers of trace mineral intake and status. J Nutr 2003, 133(Suppl 3):948S-955S.
110. Araya M., Olivares M., Pizarro F., González M., Speisky H., Uauy R. Copper exposure and potential biomarkers of copper metabolism. Biometals 2003, 16(1):199-204.
111. Danzeisen R., Araya M., Harrison B., Keen C., Solioz M., Thiele D., et al. How reliable and robust are current biomarkers for copper status?. Br J Nutr 2007, 98(4):676-683109.
112. Olivares M., Méndez M., Astudillo P., Pizarro F. Present situation of biomarkers for copper status. Am J Clin Nutr 2008, 88:859S-862S.
113. Rinaldi A.C. Meeting report-copper research at the top. Biometals 2000, 13:9-13.
114. Johnson W.T., Johnson L.A., Lukaski H.C. Serum superoxide dismutase 3 (extracellular superoxide dismutase) activity is a sensitive indicator of Cu status in rats. J Nutr Biochem 2005, 16:682-692.
115. Bertinato J., Iskandar M., L'Abbe M.R. Copper deficiency induces the upregulation of the copper chaperone for Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase in weanling male rats. J Nutr 2003, 133:28-31.
116. Prohaska J.R., Broderius M., Brokate B. Metallochaperone for Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (CCS) protein but not mRNA is higher in organs from copper-deficient mice and rats. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003, 417:227-234.
117. West E.C., Prohaska J.R. Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase is lower and copper chaperone CCS is higher in erythrocytes of copper-deficient rats and mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2004, 229:756-764.
118. Iskandar M., Swist E., Trick K.D., Wang B., L'Abbe M.R., Bertinato J. Copper chaperone for Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase is a sensitive biomarker of mild copper deficiency induced by moderately high intakes of zinc. Nutr J 2005, 4:35.
119. Prohaska J.R., Brokate B. Lower copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase protein but not mRNA in organs of copper-deficient rats. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001, 393:170-176.
120. Prohaska J.R., Geissler J., Brokate B., Broderius M. Copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase protein but not mRNA is lower in copper-deficient mice and mice lacking the copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2003, 228:959-966.
121. Suazo M., del Pozo T., Méndez M., González M., Araya M. Is copper chaperone for Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase a potential biomarker of mild copper supplementation?. 13th international meeting on trace elements in man and animals (TEMA 13) 2008.
122. Suazo M., Méndez M., Olivares F., Pizarro F., Arredondo M., Olivares M., et al. Search for molecular markers to assess copper status in humans. 14th Latin American congress of nutrition 2006.
123. Suazo M., Olivares F., Mendez M.A., Pulgar R., Prohaska J.R., Arredondo M., et al. CCS and SOD1 mRNA are reduced after copper supplementation in peripheral mononuclear cells of individuals with high serum Ceruloplasmin concentration. J Nutr Biochem 2008, 19:269-274.
124. WHO/FAO/IAEA. Trace elements in human nutrition and health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1996.
125. World Health Organization. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. Geneva: WHO; 2003.
126. National Research Council (NRC). Food and Nutrition Board. Recommended dietary allowances, 10th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1989.
127. Institute of Medicine (IOM), Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2001.
128. Scientific Committee for Food (SCF). Nutrient and energy intakes for the European Community. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food, Thirty-first Series. Luxembourg: European Commission; 1993.
129. Lukaski H.C., Penland J.G. Functional changes appropriate for determining mineral element requirements. J Nutr 1996, 126:2354S-2364S.
130. Beaton G.H. Statistical approaches to establish mineral element recommendations. J Nutr 1996, 126:2320S-2328S.
131. Food and Nutrition Board Recommended dietary allowances 1989, National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 10th ed.
132. International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization. Principles and methods for the assessment of risk from essential trace elements. Environmental Health Criteria 228. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002.
133. FAO/WHO. Human vitamin and mineral requirements. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation, Bangkok, Thailand. Rome: World Health Organization and Food and Nutrition Organization of the United Nations; 2002.
134. Scientific Committee on Food. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the tolerable upper intake of copper; 2003.
135. Australia Nutrient reference values for Australia and New Zealand 2004, Ministry of Health, Government of Australia, Melbourne.
136. Stern B.R. Essentiality and toxicity in copper health risk assessment: overview, update and regulatory considerations. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2010, 73:114-127.
137. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Principles for the safety assessment of food additives and contaminants in foods. Environmental Health Criteria 70. Geneva: WHO; 1987.
138. Hathcock J.N. Safety limits for nutrient intakes: concepts and data requirements. Nutr Rev 1993, 51:275-278.
139. Kehoe C.A., Turley E., Bonham M.P., O'Connor J.M., McKeown A., Faughnan M.S., et al. Response of putative indices of copper status to copper supplementation in human subjects. Br J Nutr 2000, 84:151-156.
140. Mendez M.A., Araya M., Olivares M., Pizarro F., González M. Sex and ceruloplasmin modulate the response to copper exposure in healthy individuals. Environ Health Perspect 2004, 112(December (17)):1654-1657.
141. Arredondo M., Núñez H., López G., Pizarro F., Ayala M., Araya M. Influence of estrogens on copper indicators: in vivo and in vitro studies. Biol Trace Elem Res 2010, 134(June (3)):252-264.
142. Araya M., Kelleher S.L., Arredondo M., Sierralta W., Vial M.T., Uauy R., et al. Effects of chronic copper exposure during early life in infant rhesus monkeys. Am J Clin Nutr 2005, 81:1065-1071.
143. Araya M., Núñez H., Arredondo M., Pizarro F., Méndez M., Olivares M. Chronic copper toxicity in a nonhuman primate model: preliminary results. Cell Biol Toxicol 2008, 24(Suppl 1):S61-S62.
144. Núñez H., Arredondo M., Méndez M., Pizarro F., Araya M. Chronic exposure to high copper doses in non-human primates: a model of copper loading. 13th international meeting on trace elements in man and animals (TEMA 13) 2008.
145. Olivares M., Pizarro F., Speisky H., Lönnerdal B., Uauy R. Copper in infant nutrition: safety of WHO provisional guideline value for copper content of drinking water. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998, 26:251-257.
146. Olivares M., Araya M., Uauy R. Copper homeostasis in infant nutrition: deficit and excess. J Ped Gastroenterol Nutr 2000, 31:102-111.