Hypokalemia and sudden cardiac death

Experimental and Clinical Cardiology

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2010, Pages

  Kjeldsen, Keld ^a,b  

^a University of Copenhagen   (Denmark)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Arrhythmia; Hypokalemia; Na+ K+ ATPase; Potassium; Sudden cardiac death

Indexed keywords

BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CATECHOLAMINE; DIURETIC AGENT; INSULIN;

BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART DEATH; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOKALEMIA; MALNUTRITION; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; POTASSIUM BLOOD LEVEL; POTASSIUM DEPLETION; REVIEW;

EID: 79952565084     PISSN: 12056626     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (52)

1. Kjeldsen K, Atar D, Hallén J, Vardas P, Zannad F, Haunsø S. Sudden cardiac death - the challenge to cardiology. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2010;24:535-7.
2. Clausen T. Hormonal and pharmacological modification of plasma potassium homeostasis. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2010;24:595-605.
3. Harrison TR, Pilcher C, Ewing G. Studies in congenital heart failure: IV. The potassium content of skeletal and cardiac muscle. J Clin Invest 1930;8:325-35.
4. Franse LV, Pahor M, Di Bari M, Somes GW, Cushman WC, Applegate WB. Hypokalemia associated with diuretic use and cardiovascular events in the systolic hypertension in the elderly program. Hypertension 2000;35:1025-30. (Pubitemid 30327250)
5. Friedensohn A, Faibel HE, Bairey O, Goldbourt U, Schlesinger Z. Malignant arrhythmias in relation to values of serum potassium in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 1991;32:331-8.
6. Pitt B, Bakris G, Ruilope LM, DiCarlo L, Mukherjee R; EPHESUS Investigators. Serum potassium and clinical outcomes in the eplerenone post-acute myocardial infarction heart failure efficacy and survival study (EPHESUS). Circulation 2008;118:1643-50.
7. Ahmed A, Zannad F, Love TE, et al. A propensity-matched study of the association of low serum potassium levels and mortality in chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2007;28:1334-43. (Pubitemid 47355979)
8. Bowling CB, Pitt B, Ahmed MI, et al. Hypokalemia and outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure and chronic kidney disease: Findings from propensity-matched studies. Circ Heart Fail 2010;3:253-60.
9. Gennari FJ. Hypokalemia. N Engl J Med 1998;339:451-8.
10. Harrington JT, Isner JM, Kassirer JP. Our national obsession with potassium. Am J Med 1982;73:155-9. (Pubitemid 13203909)
11. Alfonzo AV, Isles C, Geddes C, Deighan C. Potassium disorders - clinical spectrum and emergency management. Resuscitation 2006;70:10-25. (Pubitemid 43903048)
12. Osadchii OE. Mechanisms of hypokalemia-induced ventricular arrhythmogenicity. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2010;24:547-59.
13. Paltiel O, Salakhov E, Ronen I, Berg D, Israeli A. Management of severe hypokalemia in hospitalized patients: A study of quality of care based on computerized databases. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:1089-95.
14. Siscovick DS, Raghunathan TE, Psaty BM, et al. Diuretic therapy for hypertension and the risk of primary cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1852-7. (Pubitemid 24188137)
15. Cohen HW, Madhavan S, Alderman MH. High and low serum potassium associated with cardiovascular events in diuretic-treated patients. J Hypertens 2001;19:1315-23. (Pubitemid 32595289)
16. Holland OB, Nixon JV, Kuhnert L. Diuretic-induced ventricular ectopic activity. Am J Med 1981;70:762-8. (Pubitemid 11057005)
17. Hollifield JW, Slaton PE. Thiazide diuretics, hypokalemia and cardiac arrhythmias. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1981;647:67-73. (Pubitemid 11058784)
18. Clausen TG, Brocks K, Ibsen H. Hypokalemia and ventricular arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction. Acta Med Scand 1988;224:531-7. (Pubitemid 19028195)
19. Nordrehaug JE, von der Lippe G. Hypokalaemia and ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction. Br Heart J 1983;50:525-9. (Pubitemid 14206958)
20. Nordrehaug JE, Johannessen KA, von der Lippe G. Serum potassium concentration as a risk factor of ventricular arrhythmias early in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1985;71:645-9. (Pubitemid 15099112)
21. Nordrehaug JE, Johannessen KA, von der Lippe G, Myking OL. Circulating catecholamine and potassium concentrations early in acute myocardial infarction: Effect of intervention with timolol. A Heart J 1985;110:944-8. (Pubitemid 16052580)
22. Macdonald JE, Struthers AD. What is the optimal serum potassium level in cardiovascular patients? JACC 2004;43:155-61.
23. Cleland JG, Dargie HJ, Ford I. Mortality in heart failure: Clinical variables of prognostic value. Br Heart J 1987;58:572-82. (Pubitemid 18014847)
24. Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, et al; CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: The CHARM-preserved trial. Lancet 2003;362:777-81.
25. Pedersen G, Pedersen A, Pedersen EB. Effect of propranolol on total exchangeable body potassium and total exchangeable body sodium in essential hypertension. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1979;39:167-70. (Pubitemid 10145706)
26. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized aldactone evaluation study investigators. N Engl J Med 1999;341:709-17. (Pubitemid 29407370)
27. Ekundayo OJ, Adamopoulos C, Ahmed MI, et al. Oral potassium supplement use and outcomes in chronic heart failure: A propensity-matched study. Int J Cardiol 2010;141:167-74.
28. Nørgaard A, Kjeldsen K, Clausen T. Potassium depletion decreases the number of 3H-ouabain binding sites and the active Na-K transport in skeletal muscle. Nature 1981;293:739-41. (Pubitemid 12196718)
29. Kjeldsen K, Nørgaard A, Clausen T. Effect of K-depletion on 3H-ouabain binding and Na-K-contents in mammalian skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Scand 1984;122:103-17. (Pubitemid 15205745)
30. Azuma KK, Hensley CB, Putnam DS, McDonough AA. Hypokalemia decreases Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase alpha 2- but not alpha 1-isoform abundance in heart, muscle, and brain. Am J Physiol 1991;260:C958-64.
31. Dørup I, Skajaa K, Clausen T, Kjeldsen K. Reduced concentrations of potassium, magnesium, and sodium-potassium pumps in human skeletal muscle during treatment with diuretics. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1988;296:455-8. (Pubitemid 18046668)
32. +-dependent 3-O-methylfluorescein phosphatase activity in crude muscle homogenate of rodent heart ventricle. European J Pharmacol 1985;113:373-82.
33. Bundgaard H. Potassium depletion improves myocardial potassium uptake in vivo. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004;287:C135-41.
34. Phillips PJ, Vedig AE, Jones PL, et al. Metabolic and cardiovascular side effects of the beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists salbutamol and rimiterol. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1980;9:483-91. (Pubitemid 10077627)
35. Scheinin M, Koulu M, Laurikainen E, Allonen H. Hypokalaemia and other non-bronchial effects of inhaled fenoterol and salbutamol: A placebo-controlled dose-response study in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1987;24:645-53. (Pubitemid 18078360)
36. Prior JG, Cochrane GM, Raper SM, Ali C, Volans GN. Self-poisoning with oral salbutamol. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981;282:1932. (Pubitemid 11111195)
37. Fang W, Chen JY, Fang Y, Huang JL. Epinephrine overdose-associated hypokalemia and rhabdomyolysis in a newborn. Pharmacotherapy 2005;25:1266-70. (Pubitemid 41242584)
38. Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: A meta-analysis. Chest 2004;125:2309-21. (Pubitemid 38796452)
39. Wong CS, Pavord ID, Williams J, Britton JR, Tattersfield AE. Bronchodilator, cardiovascular, and hypokalaemic effects of fenoterol, salbutamol, and terbutaline in asthma. Lancet 1990;336:1396-9.
40. Foo K, Sekhri N, Deaner A, et al. Effect of diabetes on serum potassium concentrations in acute coronary syndromes. Heart 2003;89:31-5. (Pubitemid 36044285)
41. Francis GS. The relationship of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin system in congestive heart failure. Am Heart J 1989;118:642-8. (Pubitemid 19222071)
42. Arem R, Zoghbi W. Insulin overdose in eight patients: Insulin pharmacokinetics and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1985;64:323-32. (Pubitemid 16224047)
43. Natali A, Quiñones Galvan A, Santoro D, et al. Relationship between insulin release, antinatriuresis and hypokalaemia after glucose ingestion in normal and hypertensive man. Clin Sci (Lond) 1993;85:327-35. (Pubitemid 23278092)
44. Robinson RT, Harris ND, Ireland RH, Lee S, Newman C, Heller SR. Mechanisms of abnormal cardiac repolarization during insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Diabetes 2003;52:1469-74. (Pubitemid 36666203)
45. Clausen T, Flatman JA. The effect of catecholamines on Na-K transport and membrane potential in rat soleus muscle. J Physiol 1977;270:383-414. (Pubitemid 8167840)
46. 4, FFA, and glycerol in human forearms. J Appl Physiol 1995;78:172-8.
47. Cartañà J, Stock MJ. Effects of clenbuterol and salbutamol on tissue rubidium uptake in vivo. Metabolism 1995;44:119-25.
48. Zierler KL, Rabinowitz D. Effect of very small concentrations of insulin on forearm metabolism. Persistence of its action on potassium and free fatty acids without its effect on glucose. J Clin Invest 1964;43:950-62.
49. Clausen T, Kohn PG. The effect of insulin on the transport of sodium and potassium in rat soleus muscle. J Physiol 1977;265:19-42. (Pubitemid 8045386)
50. Allon M, Copkney C. Albuterol and insulin for treatment of hyperkalemia in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1990;38:869-72. (Pubitemid 20362856)
51. Choi CS, Thompson CB, Leong PK, McDonough AA, Youn JH. Short-term K(+) deprivation provokes insulin resistance of cellular K(+) uptake revealed with the K(+) clamp. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2001;280:F95-F102.
52. + concentration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006;290:C1355-63.