A propensity-matched study of the association of low serum potassium levels and mortality in chronic heart failure

European Heart Journal

Volumn 28, Issue 11, 2007, Pages 1334-1343

  Ahmed, Ali ^a,b   Zannad, Faiez ^c   Love, Thomas E ^d   Tallaj, Jose ^a,b   Gheorghiade, Mihai ^e   Ekundayo, Olaniyi James ^a   Pitt, Bertram ^f  

^a University of Alabama at Birmingham   (United States)

^b BIRMINGHAM VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITÉ DE LORRAINE   (France)

^d CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Heart failure; Hospitalization; Mortality; Potassium; Propensity score

Indexed keywords

POTASSIUM;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; COVARIANCE; DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HEART FAILURE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; POTASSIUM BLOOD LEVEL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODEL; SCORING SYSTEM; SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION; TREND STUDY;

ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CHRONIC DISEASE; COHORT STUDIES; FEMALE; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; HYPOKALEMIA; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 34548454106     PISSN: 0195668X     EISSN: 15229645     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm091     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Macdonald JE, Struthers AD. What is the optimal serum potassium level in cardiovascular patients? J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:155-161.
2. Young DB. Potassium depletion and diastolic dysfunction. Hypertension 2006;48:201-202.
3. Cooper HA, Dries DL, Davis CE, Shen YL, Domanski MJ. Diuretics and risk of arrhythmic death in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 1999;100:1311-1315.
4. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Multiple risk factor intervention trial, risk factor changes and mortality results. JAMA 1982;248:1465-1477.
5. Siscovick DS, Raghunathan TE, Psaty BM, Koepsell TD, Wicklund KG, Lin X, Cobb L, Rautaharju PM, Copass MK, Wagner EH. Diuretic therapy for hypertension and the risk of primary cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 1994;330: 1852-1857.
6. Cosin J, Diez J. Torasemide in chronic heart failure: results of the TORIC study. Eur J Heart Fail 2002;4:507-513.
7. Ahmed A, Husain A, Love TE, Gambassi G, Dell'Italia LJ, Francis GS, Gheorghiade M, Allman RM, Meleth S, Bourge RC. Heart failure, chronic diuretic use, and increase in mortality and hospitalization: an observational study using propensity score methods. Eur Heart J 2006;27:1431-1439.
8. Laragh JH, Sealey JE. K(+) depletion and the progression of hypertensive disease or heart failure. The pathogenic role of diuretic-induced aldosterone secretion. Hypertension 2001;37:806-810.
9. Fitzovich DE, Hamaguchi M, Tull WB, Young DB. Chronic hypokalemia and the left ventricular responses to epinephrine and preload. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:1105-1111.
10. Shapiro JI, Banerjee A, Reiss OK, Elkins N. Acute and chronic hypokalemia sensitize the isolated heart to hypoxic injury. Am J Physiol 1998;274:H1598-H1604.
11. Franse LV, Pahor M, Di Bari M, Somes GW, Cushman WC, Applegate WB. Hypokalemia associated with diuretic use and cardiovascular events in the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program. Hypertension 2000;35:1025-1030.
12. The Digitalis Investigation Group. Rationale, design, implementation, and baseline characteristics of patients in the DIG trial: a large, simple, long-term trial to evaluate the effect of digitalis on mortality in heart failure. Control Clin Trials 1996;17:77-97.
13. The Digitalis Investigation Group. The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med 1997;336:525-533.
14. Walsh CR, Larson MG, Leip EP, Vasan RS, Levy D. Serum potassium and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Framingham heart study. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1007-1012.
15. Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, Neaton J, Martinez F, Roniker B, Bittman R, Hurley S, Kleiman J, Gatlin M. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1309-1321.
16. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, Palensky J, Wittes J. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1999;341:709-717.
17. Collins JF, Howell CL, Horney RA. Determination of vital status at the end of the DIG trial. Control Clin Trials 2003;24:726-730.
18. Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB. The central role of propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika 1983;70:41- 55.
19. Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB. Reducing bias in observational studies using subclassification on the propensity score. J Am Stat Assoc 1984;79:516-524.
20. Rubin DB. Estimating causal effects from large data sets using propensity scores. Ann Intern Med 1997;127:757-763.
21. Rubin DB. Using propensity score to help design observational studies: application to the tobacco litigation. Health Serv Outcomes Res Methodol 2001;2:169-188.
22. Ahmed A, Rich MW, Love TE, Lloyd-Jones DM, Aban IB, Colucci WS, Adams KF, Gheorghiade M. Digoxin and reduction in mortality and hospitalization in heart failure: a comprehensive post hoc analysis of the DIG trial. Eur Heart J 2006;27:178-186.
23. Brener SJ, Lytle BW, Casserly IP, Ellis SG, Topol EJ, Lauer MS. Predictors of revascularization method and long-term outcome of percutaneous coronary intervention or repeat coronary bypass surgery in patients with multivessel coronary disease and previous coronary bypass surgery. Eur Heart J 2006;27:413-418.
24. Ferreira-Gonzalez IJ, Ribera A, Cascant P, Permanyer-Miralda G. Outcomes in off-pump vs. on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting stratified by pre-operative risk profile: an assessment using propensity score. Eur Heart J 2006;27:2473-2480.
25. Lenderink T, Boersma E, Gitt AK, Zeymer U, Wallentin L, Van de Werf F, Hasdai D, Behar S, Simoons ML. Patients using statin treatment within 24 h after admission for ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes had lower mortality than non-users: a report from the first Euro Heart Survey on acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J 2006;27:1799-1804.
26. Normand ST, Landrum MB, Guadagnoli E, Ayanian JZ, Ryan TJ, Cleary PD, McNeil BJ. Validating recommendations for coronary angiography following acute myocardial infarction in the elderly: a matched analysis using propensity scores. J Clin Epidemiol 2001;54:387-398.
27. Ahmed A. A propensity matched study of New York Heart Association class and natural history end points in heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2007;99:549-553.
28. Ahmed A, Ali M, Lefante CM, Mullick MS, Kinney FC. Geriatric heart failure, depression, and nursing home admission: an observational study using propensity score analysis. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006;14:867- 875.
29. Ahmed A, Perry GJ, Fleg JL, Love TE, Goff DC Jr, Kitzman DW. Outcomes in ambulatory chronic systolic and diastolic heart failure: a propensity score analysis. Am Heart J 2006;152:956-966.
30. Ahmed A, Rich MW, Sanders PW, Perry GJ, Bakris GL, Zile MR, Love TE, Aban IB, Shlipak MG. Chronic kidney disease associated mortality in diastolic versus systolic heart failure: a propensity matched study. Am J Cardiol 2007;99:393-398.
31. Weitzen S, Lapane KL, Toledano AY, Hume AL, Mor V. Principles for modeling propensity scores in medical research: a systematic literature review. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2004;13:841-853.
32. Levesque R (ed.). Macro. SPSS® Programming and Data Management. A Guide for SPSS® and SAS® Users. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL, USA: SPSS Inc. http://wwwspsscom/spss/data_management_bookhtm (4 June 2005).
33. Rubin DB. On principles for modeling propensity scores in medical research. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2004;13:855-857.
34. Rosenbaum PR. Observational Studies. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2002.
35. SPSS. SPSS for Windows, Rel. 14. Chicago, IL, USA: SPSS Inc.; 2006.
36. Yano K, Hirata M, Matsumoto Y, Hano O, Mori M, Ahmed R, Mitsuoka T, Hashiba K. Effects of chronic hypokalemia on ventricular vulnerability during acute myocardial ischemia in the dog. Jpn Heart J 1989;30:205-217.
37. Domanski M, Norman J, Pitt B, Haigney M, Hanlon S, Peyster E. Diuretic use, progressive heart failure, and death in patients in the Studies Of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD). J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:705- 708.
38. Brilla CG, Rupp H, Funck R, Maisch B. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and myocardial collagen matrix remodelling in congestive heart failure. Eur Heart J 1995;16:107-109.
39. Sealey JE, Laragh JH. A proposed cybernetic system for sodium and potassium homeostasis: coordination of aldosterone and intrarenal physical factors. Kidney Int 1974;6 (Suppl. O):281-290.
40. Weber MA, Drayer JI, Rev A, Laragh JH. Disparate patterns of aldosterone response during diuretic treatment of hypertension. Ann Intern Med 1977;87:558-563.
41. Zannad F, Dousset B, Alla F. Treatment of congestive heart failure: interfering the aldosterone-cardiac extracellular matrix relationship. Hypertension 2001;38:1227-1232.
42. Hohnloser SH, Verrier RL, Lown B, Raeder EA. Effect of hypokalemia on susceptibility to ventricular fibrillation in the normal and ischemic canine heart. Am Heart J 1986;112:32-35.
43. Nordrehaug JE, von der Lippe G. Serum potassium concentrations are inversely related to ventricular, but not to atrial, arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 1986;7:204-209.
44. Gennari FJ. Hypokalemia. N Engl J Med 1998;339:451-458.
45. Ahmed A, Rich MW, Sanders PW, Perry GJ, Bakris GL, Zile MR, Love TE, Aban IB, Shlipak MG. Chronic kidney disease associated mortality in diastolic versus systolic heart failure: a propensity matched study. Am J Cardiol 2007;99:393-398.
46. Gennari FJ, Segal AS. Hyperkalemia: an adaptive response in chronic renal insufficiency. Kidney Int 2002;62:1-9.
47. Matsui H, Shimosawa T, Uetake Y, Wang H, Ogura S, Kaneko T, Liu J, Ando K, Fujita T. Protective effect of potassium against the hypertensive cardiac dysfunction: association with reactive oxygen species reduction. Hypertension 2006;48:225-231.
48. Oren RM. Hyponatremia in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2005;95:2B-7B.
49. Klein L, O'Connor CM, Leimberger JD, Gattis-Stough W, Pina IL, Felker GM, Adams KF Jr, Califf RM, Gheorghiade M. Lower serum sodium is associated with increased short-term mortality in hospitalized patients with worsening heart failure: results from the Outcomes of a Prospective Trial of Intravenous Milrinone for Exacerbations of Chronic Heart Failure (OPTIME-CHF) study. Circulation 2005;111:2454-2460.
50. Gum PA, Thamilarasan M, Watanabe J, Blackstone EH, Lauer MS. Aspirin use and all-cause mortality among patients being evaluated for known or suspected coronary artery disease: a propensity analysis. JAMA 2001;286: 1187-1194.