Intra- and Intersexual Conflicts and Cooperation in the Evolution of Mating Strategies: Lessons Learnt From Ungulates

Evolutionary Biology

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 28-41

  Bro Jørgensen, Jakob ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

^b INSTITUTE OF ZOOLOGY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Deception; Mate choice; Sex roles; Sexual conflict; Sexual selection; Sperm competition

Indexed keywords

MAMMALIA; UNGULATA;

EID: 79952316043     PISSN: 00713260     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11692-010-9105-4     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Ahnesjö, I., Kvarnemo, C., & Merilaita, S. (2001). Using potential reproductive rates to predict mating competition among individuals qualified to mate. Behavioral Ecology, 12, 397-401.
2. Alonzo, S. H., & Pizzari, T. (2010). Male fecundity stimulation: conflict and cooperation within and between the sexes: Model analyses and coevolutionary dynamics. American Naturalist, 175, 174-185.
3. Andersson, M. (1994). Sexual selection. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
4. Arnqvist, G., & Rowe, L. (2005). Sexual conflict. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
5. Balmford, A., Albon, S., & Blakeman, S. (1992). Correlates of male mating success and female choice in a lek-breeding antelope. Behavioral Ecology, 3, 112-123.
6. Balmford, A., Bartoš, L., Brotherton, P., Herrmann, H., Lancingerova, J., Mika, J., et al. (1993). When to stop lekking-density-related variation in the rutting behaviour of sika deer. Journal of Zoology, 231, 652-656.
7. Barry, K. L., & Kokko, H. (2010). Male mate choice: Why sequential choice can make its evolution difficult. Animal Behaviour, 80, 163-169.
8. Bateman, A. J. (1948). Intra-sexual selection in Drosophila. Heredity, 2, 349-368.
9. Beatty, R. A., Bennett, G. H., Hall, J. G., Hancock, J. L., & Stewart, D. L. (1969). An experiment with heterospermic insemination in cattle. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 19, 491-502.
10. Bebie, N., & McElligott, A. G. (2006). Female aggression in red deer: Does it indicate competition for mates? Mammalian Biology, 71, 347-355.
11. Berger, J. (1989). Female reproductive potential and its apparent evaluation by male mammals. Journal of Mammalogy, 70, 347-358.
12. Bradbury, J. W. (1981). The evolution of leks. In R. D. Alexander & D. W. Tinkle (Eds.), Natural selection and social behaviour (pp. 138-169). New York: Chiron.
13. Brashares, J. S., & Arcese, P. (2002). Role of forage, habitat and predation in the behavioural plasticity of a small African antelope. Journal of Animal Ecology, 71, 626-638.
14. Bro-Jørgensen, J. (2002). Overt female mate competition and preference for central males in a lekking antelope. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 99, 9290-9293.
15. Bro-Jørgensen, J. (2003a). No peace for estrous topi cows on leks. Behavioral Ecology, 14, 521-525.
16. Bro-Jørgensen, J. (2003b). The significance of hotspots to lekking topi antelopes (Damaliscus lunatus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 53, 324-331.
17. Bro-Jørgensen, J. (2007a). The intensity of sexual selection predicts weapon size in male bovids. Evolution, 61, 1316-1326.
18. Bro-Jørgensen, J. (2007b). Reversed sexual conflict in a promiscuous antelope. Current Biology, 17, 2157-2161.
19. Bro-Jørgensen, J. (2008). The impact of lekking on the spatial variation in payoffs to resource-defending topi bulls (Damaliscus lunatus). Animal Behaviour, 75, 1229-1234.
20. Bro-Jørgensen, J., Brown, M. E., & Pettorelli, N. (2008). Using the satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to explain ranging patterns in a lek-breeding antelope: The importance of scale. Oecologia, 158, 177-182.
21. Bro-Jørgensen, J., & Dabelsteen, T. (2008). Knee-clicks and visual traits indicate fighting ability in eland antelopes: Multiple messages and back-up signals. BMC Biology, 6, 47.
22. Bro-Jørgensen, J., & Durant, S. M. (2003). Mating strategies of topi bulls: Getting in the centre of attention. Animal Behaviour, 65, 585-594.
23. Bro-Jørgensen, J., & Pangle, W. (2010). Male topi antelopes alarm snort deceptively to retain females for mating. American Naturalist, 176, E33-E39.
24. Brotherton, P. N. M., Pemberton, J. M., Komers, P. E., & Malarky, G. (1997). Genetic and behavioural evidence of monogamy in a mammal, Kirk's dik-dik (Madoqua kirkii). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 264, 675-681.
25. Brotherton, P. N. M., & Rhodes, A. (1996). Monogamy without biparental care in a dwarf antelope. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 263, 23-29.
26. Buechner, H. K. (1961). Territorial behavior in Uganda kob. Science, 133, 698-699.
27. Buzzard, P. J., Bleisch, W. V., Xu, D., & Zhang, H. (2008). Evidence for lekking in chiru. Journal of Zoology, 276, 330-335.
28. Byers, J. A., Byers, A. A., & Dunn, S. J. (2006). A dry summer diminishes mate search effort by pronghorn females: Evidence for a significant cost of mate search. Ethology, 112, 74-80.
29. Byers, J. A., Moodie, J. D., & Hall, N. (1994). Pronghorn females choose vigorous mates. Animal Behaviour, 47, 33-43.
30. Byers, J. A., & Waits, L. (2006). Good genes sexual selection in nature. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 103, 16343-16345.
31. Byers, J. A., Wiseman, P. A., Jones, L., & Roffe, T. J. (2005). A large cost of female mate sampling in pronghorn. American Naturalist, 166, 661-668.
32. Cameron, E. Z., Linklater, W. L., Stafford, K. J., & Minot, E. O. (2003). Social grouping and maternal behaviour in feral horses (Equus caballus): The influence of males on maternal protectiveness. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 53, 92-101.
33. Cameron, E. Z., Setsaas, T. H., & Linklater, W. L. (2009). Social bonds between unrelated females increase reproductive success in feral horses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 106, 13850-13853.
34. Carling, M. D., Wiseman, P. A., & Byers, J. A. (2003). Microsatellite analysis reveals multiple paternity in a population of wild pronghorn antelopes (Antilocapra americana). Journal of Mammalogy, 84, 1237-1243.
35. Caro, T. M., Graham, C. M., Stoner, C. J., & Flores, M. M. (2003). Correlates of horn and antler shape in bovids and cervids. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 55, 32-41.
36. Carranza, J. (2009). Defining sexual selection as sex-dependent selection. Animal Behaviour, 77, 749-751.
37. Carranza, J., Garcia-Muñoz, A. J., & Vargas, J. D. (1995). Experimental shifting from harem defense to territoriality in rutting red deer. Animal Behaviour, 49, 551-554.
38. Carranza, J., Pérez-González, J., Mateos, C., & Fernández-García, J. L. (2009). Parents' genetic dissimilarity and offspring sex in a polygynous mammal. Molecular Ecology, 18, 4964-4973.
39. Carranza, J., & Valencia, J. (1999). Red deer females collect on male clumps at mating areas. Behavioural Ecology, 10, 525-532.
40. Chapman, T. (2006). Evolutionary conflicts of interest between males and females. Current Biology, 16, R744-R754.
41. Charlton, B. D., Reby, D., & McComb, K. (2007). Female red deer prefer the roars of larger males. Biology Letters, 3, 382-385.
42. Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1989). Mammalian mating systems. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 236, 339-372.
43. Clutton-Brock, T. H. (2007). Sexual selection in males and females. Science, 318, 1882-1885.
44. Clutton-Brock, T. H. (2009a). Sexual selection in females. Animal Behaviour, 77, 3-11.
45. Clutton-Brock, T. H. (2009b). Structure and function in mammalian societies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 364, 3229-3242.
46. Clutton-Brock, T. H., Deutsch, J. C., & Nefdt, R. J. C. (1993). The evolution of ungulate leks. Animal Behaviour, 46, 1121-1138.
47. Clutton-Brock, T. H., Guinness, F. E., & Albon, S. D. (1982). Red deer: The behaviour and ecology of two sexes. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
48. Clutton-Brock, T. H., & McAuliffe, K. (2009). Female mate choice in mammals. Quarterly Review of Biology, 84, 3-27.
49. Clutton-Brock, T. H., & Parker, G. A. (1995). Sexual coercion in animal societies. Animal Behaviour, 49, 1345-1365.
50. Clutton-Brock, T. H., Price, O. F., & MacColl, A. D. C. (1992). Mate retention, harassment, and the evolution of ungulate leks. Behavioral Ecology, 3, 234-242.
51. Clutton-Brock, T. H., & Vincent, A. C. J. (1991). Sexual selection and the potential reproductive rates of males and females. Nature, 351, 58-60.
52. Cotton, S., Small, J., & Pomiankowski, A. (2006). Sexual selection and condition-dependent mate preferences. Current Biology, 16, R755-R765.
53. Darwin, C. (1871). The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: Murray.
54. Davies, N. B. (1991). Mating systems. In J. R. Krebs & N. B. Davies (Eds.), Behavioural ecology-an evolutionary approach (3rd ed., pp. 263-294). Oxford: Blackwell.
55. Dehn, M. M. (1990). Vigilance for predators-detection and dilution effects. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 26, 337-342.
56. Dewsbury, D. A. (1982). Ejaculate cost and male choice. American Naturalist, 119, 601-610.
57. Dobson, F. S., Way, B. M., & Baudoin, C. (2010). Spatial dynamics and the evolution of social monogamy in mammals. Behavioral Ecology, 21, 747-752.
58. Dunbar, R. I. M., & Dunbar, E. P. (1980). The pairbond in klipspringer. Animal Behaviour, 28, 219-229.
59. Emlen, S. T., & Oring, L. W. (1977). Ecology, sexual selection, and the evolution of mating systems. Science, 197, 215-223.
60. Endo, A., & Doi, T. (2002). Multiple copulations and post-copulatory guarding in a free-living population of sika deer (Cervus nippon). Ethology, 108, 739-747.
61. Espmark, Y. (1964). Rutting behaviour in reindeer Rangifer tarandus L. Animal Behaviour, 12, 159-163.
62. Estes, R. D. (1991). The behavior guide to African mammals. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
63. Ezenwa, V. O., & Jolles, A. E. (2008). Horns honestly advertise parasite infection in male and female African buffalo. Animal Behaviour, 75, 2013-2021.
64. Fearon, J. M., & Wegener, P. T. (2000). Relationship between fertility in cattle and the number of inseminated spermatozoa. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 119(2), 293-308.
65. Festa-Bianchet, M. (1987). Bighorn sheep, climbing accidents, and implications for mating strategy. Mammalia, 51, 618-620.
66. Fisher, R. A. (1930). The genetical theory of natural selection. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
67. Foerster, K., Coulson, T., Sheldon, B. C., Pemberton, J. M., Clutton-Brock, T. H., & Kruuk, L. E. B. (2007). Sexually antagonistic genetic variation for fitness in red deer. Nature, 447, 1107-1109.
68. Geist, V. (1966). The evolution of horn-like organs. Behaviour, 27, 175-214.
69. Geist, V. (1974). Relationship of social evolution and ecology in ungulates. American Zoologist, 14, 205-220.
70. Ginsberg, J. R., & Rubenstein, D. I. (1990). Sperm competition and variation in zebra mating behaviour. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 26, 427-434.
71. Gosling, L. M. (1986). The evolution of mating strategies in male antelopes. In D. I. Rubenstein & R. W. Wrangham (Eds.), Ecological aspects of social evolution (pp. 244-281). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
72. Gosling, L. M., & Petrie, M. (1990). Lekking in topi-a consequence of satellite behavior by small males at hotspots. Animal Behaviour, 40, 272-287.
73. Hall, M. D., Lailvaux, S. P., Blows, M. W., & Brooks, R. C. (2010). Sexual conflict and the maintenance of multivariate genetic variation. Evolution, 64, 1697-1703.
74. Hammerstein, P., & Parker, G. A. (1982). The asymmetric war of attrition. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 96, 647-682.
75. Härdling, R., Gosden, T., & Aguilée, R. (2008). Male mating constraints affect mutual mate choice: Prudent male courting and sperm-limited females. American Naturalist, 172, 259-271.
76. Harty, H. (2002). Mate selection by females: Sampling tactics and mate choice by female fallow deer (Dama dama L.). National University of Ireland, Ph. D. thesis.
77. Hogg, J. T. (1984). Mating in bighorn sheep: Multiple creative male strategies. Science, 225, 526-529.
78. Hogg, J. T., & Forbes, S. H. (1997). Mating in bighorn sheep: Frequent male reproduction via a high-risk "unconventional" tactic. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 41, 33-48.
79. Höglund, J., & Alatalo, R. V. (1995). Leks. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
80. Holand, O., Weladji, R. B., Roed, K., Gjostein, H., Kumpula, J., Gaillard, J. M., et al. (2006). Male age structure influences females' mass change during rut in a polygynous ungulate: The reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 59, 682-688.
81. Hosken, D. J., & Stockley, P. (2005). Sexual conflict. Current Biology, 15, R535-R536.
82. Isvaran, K. (2005a). Female grouping best predicts lekking in blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 57, 283-294.
83. Isvaran, K. (2005b). Variation in male mating behaviour within ungulate populations: Patterns and processes. Current Science, 89, 1192-1199.
84. Jackson, T. P., & Skinner, J. D. (1998). The role of territoriality in the mating system of the springbok Antidorcas marsupialis. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 53, 271-282.
85. Jarman, P. (1983). Mating system and sexual dimorphism in large, terrestrial, mammalian herbivores. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 58, 485-520.
86. Jennions, M. D., & Petrie, M. (2000). Why do females mate multiply? A review of the genetic benefits. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 75, 21-64.
87. Jones, A. G. (2009). On the opportunity for sexual selection, the Bateman gradient and the maximum intensity of sexual selection. Evolution, 63, 1673-1684.
88. Kokko, H. (2001). Fisherian and "good genes" benefits of mate choice: How (not) to distinguish between them. Ecology Letters, 4, 322-326.
89. Kokko, H., & Jennions, M. D. (2008a). Parental investment, sexual selection and sex ratios. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 21, 919-948.
90. Kokko, H., & Jennions, M. D. (2008b). Sexual conflict: The battle of the sexes reversed. Current Biology, 18, R121-R123.
91. Kokko, H., Jennions, M. D., & Brooks, R. (2006). Unifying and testing models of sexual selection. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 37, 43-66.
92. Komers, P. E., Birgersson, B., & Ekvall, K. (1999). Timing of estrus in fallow deer is adjusted to the age of available mates. American Naturalist, 153, 431-436.
93. Komers, P. E., & Brotherton, P. N. M. (1997). Female space use is the best predictor of monogamy in mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 264, 1261-1270.
94. Lessells, C. M. (2006). The evolutionary outcome of sexual conflict. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 361, 301-318.
95. Linklater, W. L., & Cameron, E. Z. (2009). Social dispersal but with philopatry reveals incest avoidance in a polygynous ungulate. Animal Behaviour, 77, 1085-1093.
96. Linklater, W. L., Cameron, E. Z., Minot, E. O., & Stafford, K. J. (1999). Stallion harassment and the mating system of horses. Animal Behaviour, 58, 295-306.
97. Mainguy, J., Coté, S. D., Cardinal, E., & Houle, M. (2008). Mating tactics and mate choice in relation to age and social rank in male mountain goats. Journal of Mammalogy, 89, 626-635.
98. Mainguy, J., Coté, S. D., Festa-Bianchet, M., & Coltman, D. W. (2009). Father-offspring phenotypic correlations suggest intralocus sexual conflict for a fitness-linked trait in a wild sexually dimorphic mammal. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 276, 4067-4075.
99. Milner-Gulland, E. J., Bukreeva, O. M., Coulson, T., Lushchekina, A. A., Kholodova, M. V., Bekenov, A. B., et al. (2003). Reproductive collapse in saiga antelope harems. Nature, 422, 135.
100. Miquelle, D. G. (1991). Are moose mice? The function of scent urination in moose. The American Naturalist, 138, 460-477.
101. Montfort-Braham, N. (1974). Contribution à l'étude des structures sociales et du comportement des ongulés du Parc National de l'Akagera. 1ere partie: le topi (Damaliscus korrigum-Ogilby). Liège: FULREAC, Université de Liège.
102. Nefdt, R. J. C., & Thirgood, S. J. (1997). Lekking, resource defense, and harassment in two subspecies of lechwe antelope. Behavioral Ecology, 8, 1-9.
103. Neuhaus, P., & Ruckstuhl, K. E. (2002). The link between sexual dimorphism, activity budgets, and group cohesion: The case of the plains zebra (Equus burchelli). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 80, 1437-1441.
104. Nowak, M. A. (2006). Five rules for the evolution of cooperation. Science, 314, 1560-1563.
105. Otte, D. (1974). Effects and functions in the evolution of signalling systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 5, 385-416.
106. Parker, G. A. (1970). Sperm competition and its evolutionary consequences in the insects. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 45, 525-567.
107. Parker, G. A., & Pizzari, T. (2010). Sperm competition and ejaculate economics. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1469-185X. 2010. 00140. x (published online 16 June).
108. Peterson, R. L. (1955). North American moose. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
109. Poissant, J., Wilson, A. J., Festa-Bianchet, M., Hogg, J. T., & Coltman, D. W. (2008). Quantitative genetics and sex-specific selection on sexually dimorphic traits in bighorn sheep. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 275, 623-628.
110. Pomiankowski, A. (1987). The costs of choice in sexual selection. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 128, 195-218.
111. Powell, D. M. (2008). Female-female competition or male mate choice? Patterns of courtship and breeding behavior among feral horses (Equus caballus) on Assateague Island. Journal of Ethology, 26, 137-144.
112. Preston, B. T., Stevensen, I. R., Pemberton, J. M., & Wilson, K. (2001). Dominant rams lose out by sperm depletion. Nature, 409, 681-682.
113. Preston, B. T., Stevenson, I. R., Pemberton, J. M., Coltman, D. W., & Wilson, K. (2003). Overt and covert competition in a promiscuous mammal: The importance of weaponry and testes size to male reproductive success. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 270, 633-640.
114. Preston, B. T., Stevenson, I. R., Pemberton, J. M., Coltman, D. W., & Wilson, K. (2005). Male mate choice influences female promiscuity in Soay sheep. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 272, 365-373.
115. Prins, H. H. T. (1996). Ecology and behaviour of the African buffalo: Social inequality and decision making. London: Chapman & Hall.
116. Ranjitsinh, M. K. (1989). The Indian blackbuck. Dehra Dun: Natraj Publishers.
117. Réale, D., Bousses, P., & Chapuis, J. L. (1996). Female-biased mortality induced by male sexual harassment in a feral sheep population. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 74, 1812-1818.
118. Rho, J. R., Srygley, R. B., & Choe, J. C. (2004). Behavioral ecology of the Jeju pony (Equus caballus): Effects of maternal age, maternal dominance hierarchy and foal age on mare aggression. Ecological Research, 19, 55-63.
119. Roberts, S. C., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2000). Female territoriality and the function of scent-marking in a monogamous antelope (Oreotragus oreotragus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 47, 417-423.
120. Rubenstein, D. I. (1986). Ecology and sociality in horses and zebras. In D. I. Rubenstein & R. W. Wrangham (Eds.), Ecological aspects of social evolution (pp. 282-302). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
121. Rubenstein, D. I., & Hack, M. (2004). Natural and sexual selection and the evolution of multi-level societies: Insights from zebras with comparisons to primates. In P. M. Kappeler & C. P. van Schaik (Eds.), Sexual selection in primates: New and comparative perspectives (pp. 266-279). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
122. Rutberg, A. T., & Greenberg, S. A. (1990). Dominance, aggression frequencies and modes of aggressive competition in feral pony mares. Animal Behaviour, 40, 322-331.
123. Schaal, A. (1987). Le polymorphisme du comportement reproducteur chez le daim d'Europe (Dama d. dama). Contribution à la socio-écologie des cervidae. Ph. D. thesis, Université Louis Pasteur.
124. Schilder, M. B. H. (1990). Interventions in a herd of semi-captive plains zebras. Behaviour, 112, 53-83.
125. Schuster, R. H. (1976). Lekking behavior in Kafue lechwe. Science, 192, 1240-1242.
126. Stockley, P., & Bro-Jørgensen, J. (2010). The role of female competition in the sexual selection of mammals. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1469-185X. 2010. 00149. x (published online 15 July).
127. Sutherland, W. J. (1996). From individual behaviour to population ecology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
128. Tomlinson, I. P. M., & O'Donald, P. (1996). The influence of female viability differences on the evolution of mate choice. Heredity, 77, 303-312.
129. Trivers, R. L. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In B. Campbell (Ed.), Sexual selection and the descent of man 1871-1971 (pp. 136-179). Chicago: Aldine Press.
130. Vanpé, C., Morellet, N., Kjellander, P., Goulard, M., Liberg, O., & Hewison, A. J. M. (2009). Access to mates in a territorial ungulate is determined by the size of a male's territory, but not by its habitat quality. Journal of Animal Ecology, 78, 42-51.
131. Watson, R. M. (1969). Reproduction of wildebeest, Connochaetes taurinus albojubatus Thomas, in the Serengeti region, and its significance to conservation. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Supplement, 6, 287-310.
132. Wedell, N., Gage, M. J. G., & Parker, G. A. (2002). Sperm competition, male prudence and sperm-limited females. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 17, 313-320.
133. Wiley, R. H., & Poston, J. (1996). Perspective: Indirect mate choice, competition for mates, and coevolution of the sexes. Evolution, 50, 1371-1381.
134. Wilson, J. R., Kuehn, R. E., & Beach, F. A. (1963). Modification in the sexual behaviour of male rats produced by changing the stimulus female. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 56, 636-644.
135. Wirtz, P. (1981). Territorial defense and territory take-over by satellite males in the waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus (Bovidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 8, 161-162.
136. Wirtz, P. (1983). Multiple copulations in the waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 61, 78-82.
137. Wong, B. B. M., & Candolin, U. (2005). How is female mate choice affected by male competition? Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 80, 559-571.
138. Wronski, T., Apio, A., & Plath, M. (2006). The communicatory significance of localised defecation sites in bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 60, 368-378.
139. Zeh, J. A., & Zeh, D. W. (2003). Toward a new sexual selection paradigm: Polyandry, conflict and incompatibility. Ethology, 109, 929-950.