Effects of media exposure on adolescents traumatized in a school shooting

Journal of Traumatic Stress

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 70-77

  Haravuori, Henna ^a,c   Suomalainen, Laura ^b   Berg, Noora ^a,c   Kiviruusu, Olli ^a,c   Marttunen, Mauri ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^b Kellokoski Hospital   (Finland)

^c HELSINKI UNIVERSITY CENTRAL HOSPITAL   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CASE CONTROL STUDY; FEMALE; FINLAND; HOMICIDE; HUMAN; MALE; MASS DISASTER; MASS MEDIUM; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; STATISTICAL MODEL; STUDENT; SURVIVOR; VICTIM;

ADOLESCENT; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CRIME VICTIMS; FEMALE; FINLAND; HOMICIDE; HUMANS; LINEAR MODELS; MALE; MASS CASUALTY INCIDENTS; MASS MEDIA; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; STUDENTS; SURVIVORS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79951960057     PISSN: 08949867     EISSN: 15736598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jts.20605     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Ahern, J., Galea, S., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D., Bucuvalas, M., Gold, J., & Vlahov, D. (2002). Television images and psychological symptoms after the September 11 terrorist attacks. Psychiatry, 65, 289-300. doi:10.1521/psyc.65.4.289.20240
2. Ahern, J., Galea, S., Resnick, H., & Vlahov, D. (2004). Television images and probable posttraumatic stress disorder after September 11: The role of background characteristics, event exposures, and perievent panic. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192, 217-226.
3. Bernstein, K. T., Ahern, J., Tracy, M., Boscarino, J. A., Vlahov, D., & Galea, S. (2007). Television watching and the risk of incident probable posttraumatic stress disorder: A prospective evaluation. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 41-47. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000244784.36745.a5
4. Brener, N. D., Simon, T. R., Anderson, M., Barrios, L. C., & Small, M. L. (2002). Effect of the incident at Columbine on students' violence- and suicide-related behaviors. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 22, 146-150. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00433-0
5. Cantor, J., Mares, M. L., & Oliver, M. B. (1993). Parents' and children's emotional reactions to TV coverage of the Gulf War. In B. S. Greenberg & W. Gantz (Eds.), Desert Storm and the mass media (pp. 325-340). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
6. Comer, J. S., & Kendall, P. C. (2007). Terrorism: The psychological impact on youth. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practise, 14, 179-212. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2007.00078.x
7. Duggal, H. S., Berezkin, G., & John, V. (2002). PTSD and TV viewing of World Trade Center. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 494-495. doi:10.1097/00004583-200205000-00002
8. Fallahi, C. R., Shaw Austad, C., Fallon, M., & Leishman, L. (2009). A survey of perceptions of the Virginia Tech tragedy. Journal of School Violence, 8, 120-135. doi:10.1080/15388220802074017
9. Fremont, W. P. (2004). Childhood reactions to terrorism-induced trauma: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 381-392. doi:10.1097/00004583-200404000-00004
10. Fröjd, S. A., Nissinen, E. S., Pelkonen, M. U., Marttunen, M. J., Koivisto, A. M., & Kaltiala-Heino, R. (2008). Depression and school performance in middle adolescent boys and girls. Journal of Adolescence, 31, 485-498. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.08.006
11. Goldberg, D. P. (1972). The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire: A technique for the identification and assessment of non-psychotic psychiatric illness. London, New York: Oxford University Press.
12. Hawkins, N. A., McIntosh, D. N., Cohen S. R., & Holman, E. A. (2004). Early responses to school violence: A qualitative analysis of students' and parents' immediate reactions to the shootings at Columbine High School. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 4, 197-223. doi:10.1300/J135v04n03-12
13. Holi, M. M., Marttunen, M., & Aalberg, V. (2003). Comparison of the GHQ-36, the GHQ-12 and the SCL-90 as psychiatric screening instruments in the Finnish population. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 57, 233-238. doi:10.1080/08039480310001418
14. Holmes, E. A., Creswell, C., & O'Connor, T. G. (2007). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in London school children following September 11, 2001: An exploratory investigation of peri-traumatic reactions and intrusive imagery. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 38, 474-490. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.10.003
15. Horowitz, M. J., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, 209-218.
16. Jemphrey, A., & Berrington, E. (2000). Surviving the media: Hillsborough, Dunblane and the press. Journalism Studies, 1, 469-483. doi:10.1080/14616700050081786
17. Karlsson, L., Kiviruusu, O., Miettunen, J., Heila, H., Holi, M., Ruuttu, T., ... Marttunen, M. (2008). One-year course and predictors of outcome of adolescent depression: A case-control study in Finland. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69, 844-853.
18. Lau, J. T., Lau, M., Kim, J. H., & Tsui, H. Y. (2006). Impacts of media coverage on the community stress level in Hong Kong after the tsunami on 26 December 2004. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60, 675-682. doi:10.1136/jech.2005.041897
19. Laugharne, J., Janca, A., & Widiger, T. (2007). Posttraumatic stress disorder and terrorism: 5 years after 9/11. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 20, 36-41. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e328010dc2c
20. Libow, J. A. (1992). Traumatized children and the news media: Clinical considerations. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 62, 379-386. doi:10.1037/h0079350
21. Maercker, A., & Mehr, A. (2006). What if victims read a newspaper report about their victimization? A study on the relationship to PTSD symptoms in crime victims. European Psychologist, 11, 137-142. doi:10.1027/1016-9040.11.2.137
22. Marshall, R. D., Amsel, L., & Jung Suh, E. (2008). Response to McNally and Breslau (2008). American Psychologist, 63, 283-285. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.63.4.283
23. Marshall, R. D., Bryant, R. A., Amsel, L., Suh, E. J., Cook, J. M., & Neria, Y. (2007). The psychology of ongoing threat: Relative risk appraisal, the September 11 attacks, and terrorism-related fears. American Psychologist, 62, 304-316. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.62.4.304
24. McNally, R. J., & Breslau, N. (2008). Does virtual trauma cause posttraumatic stress disorder? American Psychologist, 63, 282-283. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.63.4.282
25. Ministry of Justice, Finland. (2009). Jokela School Shooting on 7 November 2007 - Report of the Investigation Commission(Ministry of Justice Publications 2009:2). Retrieved from
26. Otto, M. W., Henin, A., Hirshfeld-Becker, D. R., Pollack, M. H., Biederman, J., & Rosenbaum, J. F. (2007). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms following media exposure to tragic events: Impact of 9/11 on children at risk for anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 888-902. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.10.008
27. Pfefferbaum, B., Nixon, S. J., Tivis, R. D., Doughty, D. E., Pynoos, R. S., Gurwitch, R. H., & Foy, D. W. (2001). Television exposure in children after a terrorist incident. Psychiatry, 64, 202-211. doi:10.1521/psyc.64.3.202. 18462
28. Pfefferbaum, B., Nixon, S. J., Tucker, P. M., Tivis, R. D., Moore, V. L., Gurwitch, R. H., ... Geis, H. K. (1999). Posttraumatic stress responses in bereaved children after the Oklahoma City bombing. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1372-1379. doi:10.1097/00004583-199911000-00011
29. Pfefferbaum, B., Seale, T. W., Brandt, E. N., Jr., Pfefferbaum, R. L., Doughty, D. E., & Rainwater, S. M. (2003). Media exposure in children one hundred miles from a terrorist bombing. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 15, 1-8. doi:10.1023/A:1023293824492
30. Piercy, F., Banker, J., Traylor, R., Krug, S., Castanos, C., Cole, E., ... Goodwin, A. (2009). A Virginia Tech MFT ethics class reflects on the shooting at Virginia Tech. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 34, 210-226. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00070.x
31. Schlenger, W. E., Caddell, J. M., Ebert, L., Jordan, B. K., Rourke, K. M., Wilson, D., ... Kulka, R. A. (2002). Psychological reactions to terrorist attacks: Findings from the National Study of Americans' Reactions to September 11. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 581-588. doi:10.1001/jama.288.5.5
32. Schuster, M. A., Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L., Collins, R. L., Marshall, G. N., Elliott, M. N., ... Berry, S. H. (2001). A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1507-1512. doi:10.1056/NEJM200111153452024
33. Simpson, R. (2006). Covering violence: A guide to ethical reporting about victims and trauma. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
34. Terr, L. C., Bloch, D. A., Michel, B. A., Shi, H., Reinhardt, J. A., & Metayer, S. (1999). Children's symptoms in the wake of Challenger: A field study of distant-traumatic effects and an outline of related conditions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1536-1544.
35. Walsh-Childers, K., Lewis, N., & Neely, J. (2008, August). Twice victimized: Lessons from the media mob at Virginia Tech. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Chicago, IL. Retrieved from .
36. Wilms, I. A. (2007). "Die Schüsse nach den Schüsse" oder das Medientrauma von Erfurt ["Shots after shots" or the media trauma from Erfurt]. Psychotherapie Forum, 15, 179-182. doi:10.1007/s00729-007-0210-5