Conservation prioritization in widespread species: The use of genetic and morphological data to assess population distinctiveness in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from British Columbia, Canada

Evolutionary Applications

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 100-115

  Taylor, Eric B ^a   Tamkee, Patrick ^a   Keeley, Ernest R ^b   Parkinson, Eric A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b Nucl Eng Idaho State University   (United States)

Author keywords

Conservation prioritization; Local adaptation; Microsatellites; Morphology; Rainbow trout

Indexed keywords

EID: 79951953600     PISSN: 17524563     EISSN: 17524571     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00136.x     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Allendorf, F. W., D. Bayles, D. L. Bottom, K. P. Currens, C. A. Frissell, D. Hankin, J. A. Lichatowich et al. 1997. Prioritizing Pacific salmon stocks for conservation. Conservation Biology 11:140-152.
2. Avise, J. C. 1994. Molecular Markers, Natural History, and Evolution, 1st edn. Sinauer Associates Ltd., Sunderland, MA.
3. Avise, J. C. 2005. Phylogenetic units and currencies above and below the species level. In A. Purvis, J. L. Gittleman, and T. Brooks, eds. Phylogeny and Conservation, pp. 76-101. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
4. Beacham, T. D., S. Pollard, and K. D. Le 1999. Population structure and stock identification of steelhead in southern British Columbia, Washington, and the Columbia River based on microsatellite DNA variation. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 128:1068-1084.
5. Behnke, R. J. 1992. Native Trout of Western North America. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD.
6. Belkhir, K., P. Borsa, N. Chikhi, N. Raufaste, and F. Bonhomme 2004. GENETIX 4.05.2, logiciel sous Windows TM pour la genetique des populations. Laboratoire Genome, Populations, Interactions, CNRS UMR 5000, Universite de Montpellier II, Montpellier, France.
7. Bowen, B. W. 1999. Preserving genes, species, or ecosystems? Healing the fractured foundations of conservation policy. Molecular Ecology 8:S5-S10.
8. Brooks, T. M., R. A. Mittermeier, G. A. B. Da Fonesca, J. Gerlach, M. Hoffmann, J. F. Lamoreux, C. G. Mittermeier et al. 2006. Global biodiversity conservation priorities. Science 213:58-61.
9. Bush, V., and C. E. Adams 2007. Using phenotypic variation to determine conservation value: application of a novel approach to Arctic charr. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 16:29-33.
10. Colosimo, P. F., C. L. Peichel, K. Nereng, B. K. Blackman, M. D. Shapiro, D. Schluter, and D. M. Kingsley 2004. The genetic architecture of parallel armor plate reduction in threespine sticklebacks. Public Library of Science Biology 5:e109. doi: .
11. Conde-Padín, P., A. Caballero, and E. Rolán-Alvarez 2009. Relative roles of genetic determination and plastic response during ontogeny for shell-shape traits subjected to diversifying selection. Evolution 63:1356-1363.
12. COSEWIC. 2009. Guidelines for recognizing designatable units below the species level. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, c/o Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3.
13. Crandall, K. A., O. R. P. Bininda-Emonds, G. M. Mace, and R. K. Wayne 2000. Considering evolutionary processes in conservation biology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15:290-295.
14. Crozier, R. H. 1997. Preserving the information content of species: genetic diversity, phylogeny, and conservation worth. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 28:243-268.
15. El Mousadik, A., and R. J. Petit 1996. High levels of genetic differentiation for allelic richness among populations of the argan tree [Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels] endemic to Morocco. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 92:832-839.
16. Fraser, D. J., and L. Bernatchez 2001. Adaptive evolutionary conservation: towards a unified concept for defining conservation units. Molecular Ecology 10:2741-2752.
17. Garcia de Leaniz, C., I. A. Fleming, S. Einum, E. Verspoor, W. C. Jordan, S. Consuegra, N. Aubin-Horth et al. 2007. A critical review of adaptive genetic variation in Atlantic salmon: implications for conservation. Biological Reviews 82:173-211.
18. Given, D. R., and D. A. Norton 1993. A multivariate approach to assessing threat and for priority setting in threatened species conservation. Biological Conservation 64:57-66.
19. Goudet, J. 2001. FSTAT version 2.9.3.1 Updated from Goudet, J. 1995. Journal of Heredity 86:485-486.
20. Grady, J. M., and J. M. Quattro 1999. Using character concordance to define taxonomic and conservation units. Conservation Biology 13:1004-1007.
21. Hammer, Ø., D. A. T. Harper, and P. D. Ryan 2001. PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica 4:9. .
22. Hedrick, P. W., K. M. Parker, and R. N. Lee 2001. Using microsatellite and MHC variation to identify species, ESUs, and MUs in the endangered Sonoran topminnow. Molecular Ecology 10:1399-1412.
23. Holopainen, I. J., J. Aho, M. Vornanen, and H. Huuskonen 2005. Phenotypic plasticity and predator effects on morphology and physiology of crucian carp in nature and in the laboratory. Journal of Fish Biology 50:781-798.
24. Hughes, J. B., G. C. Dailey, and P. R. Ehrlich 1997. Population diversity: its extent and extinction. Science 278:689-691.
25. International Union for the Conservation of Nature. 2010. Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Categories and Criteria. Version 8.0. Available at
26. Keeley, E. R., E. A. Parkinson, and E. B. Taylor 2005. Ecotypic differentiation of native rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) populations from British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62:1523-1539.
27. Keeley, E. R., E. A. Parkinson, and E. B. Taylor 2007. The origins of ecotypic variation of rainbow trout: a test of environmental vs. genetically based differences in morphology. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20:725-736.
28. Kocher, T. 2004. Adaptive evolution and explosive speciation: the cichlid fish model. Nature Reviews Genetics 5:288-298.
29. Langerhans, B. D. 2008. Predictability of phenotypic differentiation across flow regimes in fishes. Integrative and Comparative Biology 48:750-768.
30. Langerhans, B. D. 2009. Morphology, performance, fitness: functional insight into a post-Pleistocene radiation of mosquitofish. Biology Letters 5:488-491.
31. Leary, R. F., F. W. Allendrof, and K. L. Knudsen 1985. Inheritance of meristic variation and the evolution of developmental stability in rainbow trout. Evolution 39:308-314.
32. Leinonen, T., J. M. Cano, H. Mäkinen, and J. Meril 2006. Contrasting patterns of body shape and neutral genetic divergence in marine and lake populations of threespine sticklebacks. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 19:1803-1812.
33. Mackay, T. F. 2003. The genetic architecture of quantitative traits. Annual Review of Genetics 35:303-339.
34. McCusker, M., E. Parkinson, and E. B. Taylor 2000. Phylogeography of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss and its implications for taxonomy, biogeography, and conservation. Molecular Ecology 9:2089-2108.
35. McGuigan, K., C. E. Franklin, C. Moritz, and M. W. Blows 2003. Adaptation of rainbow fish to lake and stream habitats. Evolution 57:104-118.
36. McKinney, T., D. W. Speas, R. S. Rogers, and W. R. Persons 2001. Rainbow trout in a regulated river below Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona, following increased minimum flows and reduced discharge variability. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 21:216-222.
37. Meffe, G. K., and C. R. Carroll 1994. Principles of Conservation Biology. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA.
38. Meuser, A., H. W. Harshaw, and A. Ø. Mooers 2009. Public preference for endemism over other conservation-related species attributes. Conservation Biology 23:1041-1046.
39. Moritz, C. 1994. Defining "Evolutionary Significant Units" for conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9:373-375.
40. Moritz, C. 2002. Strategies to protect biological diversity and the evolutionary processes that sustain it. Systematic Biology 51:238-254.
41. Mullen, L. M., and H. E. Hoekstra 2008. Natural selection along an environmental gradient: a classic cline in mouse pigmentation. Evolution 62:1555-1570.
42. Myers, N., R. A. Mittermeier, C. G. Mittermeier, G. A. B. Da Fonseca, and J. Kent 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853-858.
43. NatureServe Explorer. 2009.
44. Pakkasmaa, S., and J. Piironen 2000. Water velocity shapes juvenile salmonids. Evolutionary Ecology 14:721-730.
45. Parkinson, E. A., E. Keeley, E. B. Taylor, S. Pollard, and A. F. Tautz 2005. Conservation units for steelhead base on phylogenetic and adaptive distinctions among populations. Fisheries Management Report 119. British Columbia Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. Biodiversity Branch, Victoria, BC.
46. Petit, R. J., A. El Mousadik, and O. Pons 1998. Identifying populations for conservation based on genetic markers. Conservation Biology 12:844-855.
47. Phillimore, A. B., I. P. F. Owens, R. A. Black, J. Chittock, T. Burke, and S. M. Clegg 2008. Complex patterns of genetic and phenotypic divergence in an island bird and the consequences for delimiting conservation units. Molecular Ecology 17:2839-2853.
48. Pressey, R. L., and A. O. Nicholls 1989. Efficiency in conservation evaluation: scoring versus iterative approaches. Biological Conservation 50:199-218.
49. Raymond, M., and F. Rousset 1995. GENEPOP Version 1.2: population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenism. Journal of Heredity 86:248-249.
50. Redding, D. W., and A. Ø. Mooers 2006. Incorporating evolutionary measures into conservation prioritization. Conservation Biology 20:1670-1678.
51. Rudd, M. A. 2009. National values for regional aquatic species at risk in Canada. Endangered Species Research 6:239-249.
52. Ryder, O. A. 1986. Species conservation and systematics: the dilemma of subspecies. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 1:9-10.
53. Seiler, M. B., and E. R. Keeley 2009. Intraspecific taxonomy and ecology characterize morphological divergence among cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii ssp. Richardson) populations. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 96:266-281.
54. Tamkee, P., E. A. Parkinson, and E. B. Taylor 2010. The influence of Wisconsinan glaciation and contemporary stream hydrology on microsatellite DNA variation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 67: in press.
55. Taylor, E. B. 1991. A review of local adaptation in Salmonidae, with particular reference to Pacific and Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture 98:185-207.
56. Taylor, E. B. 2004. An analysis of homogenization and differentiation in Canadian freshwater fish faunas with an emphasis on British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61:68-79.
57. Taylor, E. B., S. Pollard, and D. Louie 1999. Mitochondrial DNA variation in bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) from northwestern North America: implications for zoogeography and conservation. Molecular Ecology 8:1155-1170.
58. Taylor, E. B., P. Tamkee, G. Sterling, and W. Hughson 2007. Microsatellite DNA analysis of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from western Alberta, Canada: native status and evolutionary distinctiveness of ''Athabasca'' rainbow trout. Conservation Genetics 8:1-15.
59. Thorgaard, G. H., G. S. Bailey, D. S. Williams, D. R. Buhler, S. L. Kaattari, S. S. Ristow, J. D. Hansen et al. 2002. Status and opportunities for genomics research with rainbow trout. Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry Part B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 133:609-646.
60. United States Department of Commerce. 2006. Endangered and threatened species: final listing determinations for 10 distinct population segments of west coast steelhead trout. US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Federal Register 71:834-862. Available at
61. Utter, F. M. 1981. Biological criteria for definition of species and distinct intraspecific populations of anadromous salmonids under the US Endangered Species Act of 1973. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38:1626-1635.
62. Weir, B. S., and C. S. Cockerham 1984. Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure. Evolution 38:1358-1370.
63. Wood, C. C., and M. R. Gross 2008. The elemental conservation unit: communicating risk without dictating targets for protection. Conservation Biology 22:36-47.