Population diversity: Its extent and extinction

Science

Volumn 278, Issue 5338, 1997, Pages 689-692

  Hughes, Jennifer B ^a   Daily, Gretchen C ^a   Ehrlich, Paul R ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; EXTINCTION; POPULATION DIVERSITY;

ARTICLE; ECOSYSTEM; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC VARIABILITY; POPULATION GENETIC PARAMETERS; POPULATION GENETICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SPECIES DIFFERENTIATION;

ANIMALS; ECOSYSTEM; GENETICS, POPULATION; MATHEMATICS; PLANTS; POLYMORPHISM, RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH; POPULATION DENSITY;

EID: 0030700253     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.278.5338.689     Document Type: Article

References (42)

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6. We necessarily assume that the number of populations per unit area and the range size of a species are independent.
7. P. R. Ehrlich and G. C. Daily, Ambio 22, 64 (1993).
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9. We excluded papers that used cytogenetics to examine differentiation, because comparing these results across studies proved excessively difficult. Also, we only used allozyme studies that found at least three polymorphic loci, because results based on very few loci are subject to large standard errors [G. F. Barrowclough, in Perspectives In Ornithology, A. H. Brush and G. A. Clark, Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1983)].
10. A list of the articles used and the estimates of populations per area can be found at www.sciencemag. org/feature/data/973312.shl.
11. A variety of statistical tests in the articles were used to examine differentiation among sampling locations. We considered the localities to be significantly differentiated if the test used was significant at the 0.05 level.
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15. W. H. Burt and R. P. Grossenheider, A Field Guide to the Mammals: North America North of Mexico (Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1976); G. B. Corbet and J. E. Hill, The Mammals of the Indomalayan Region (Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1992); J. Kingdon, East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa (Academic Press, New York, 1971, 1974, 1977, 1979, and 1982), vol. I, II, and III (A, B, C, and D); J. A. Scott, The Butterflies of North America (Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, CA, 1986); E. Tsukada, Ed., Butterflies of the South East Asian Islands. (Plapac Co., Tokyo, Japan, 1982 and 1985), vol. I, II, III, and IV; T. B. Allen and C. Hottenstein, Field Guide to the Birds of North America (National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, 1983); R. S. Ridgely and G. Tudor, The Birds of South America (Univ. of Texas Press, Austin, TX, 1989), vol. I: The Oscine Passerines; D. S. Lee et al., Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes (North Carolina Biological Survey, Raleigh, NC, 1980).
16. W. H. Burt and R. P. Grossenheider, A Field Guide to the Mammals: North America North of Mexico (Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1976); G. B. Corbet and J. E. Hill, The Mammals of the Indomalayan Region (Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1992); J. Kingdon, East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa (Academic Press, New York, 1971, 1974, 1977, 1979, and 1982), vol. I, II, and III (A, B, C, and D); J. A. Scott, The Butterflies of North America (Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, CA, 1986); E. Tsukada, Ed., Butterflies of the South East Asian Islands. (Plapac Co., Tokyo, Japan, 1982 and 1985), vol. I, II, III, and IV; T. B. Allen and C. Hottenstein, Field Guide to the Birds of North America (National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, 1983); R. S. Ridgely and G. Tudor, The Birds of South America (Univ. of Texas Press, Austin, TX, 1989), vol. I: The Oscine Passerines; D. S. Lee et al., Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes (North Carolina Biological Survey, Raleigh, NC, 1980).
17. W. H. Burt and R. P. Grossenheider, A Field Guide to the Mammals: North America North of Mexico (Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1976); G. B. Corbet and J. E. Hill, The Mammals of the Indomalayan Region (Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1992); J. Kingdon, East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa (Academic Press, New York, 1971, 1974, 1977, 1979, and 1982), vol. I, II, and III (A, B, C, and D); J. A. Scott, The Butterflies of North America (Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, CA, 1986); E. Tsukada, Ed., Butterflies of the South East Asian Islands. (Plapac Co., Tokyo, Japan, 1982 and 1985), vol. I, II, III, and IV; T. B. Allen and C. Hottenstein, Field Guide to the Birds of North America (National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, 1983); R. S. Ridgely and G. Tudor, The Birds of South America (Univ. of Texas Press, Austin, TX, 1989), vol. I: The Oscine Passerines; D. S. Lee et al., Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes (North Carolina Biological Survey, Raleigh, NC, 1980).
18. W. H. Burt and R. P. Grossenheider, A Field Guide to the Mammals: North America North of Mexico (Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1976); G. B. Corbet and J. E. Hill, The Mammals of the Indomalayan Region (Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1992); J. Kingdon, East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa (Academic Press, New York, 1971, 1974, 1977, 1979, and 1982), vol. I, II, and III (A, B, C, and D); J. A. Scott, The Butterflies of North America (Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, CA, 1986); E. Tsukada, Ed., Butterflies of the South East Asian Islands. (Plapac Co., Tokyo, Japan, 1982 and 1985), vol. I, II, III, and IV; T. B. Allen and C. Hottenstein, Field Guide to the Birds of North America (National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, 1983); R. S. Ridgely and G. Tudor, The Birds of South America (Univ. of Texas Press, Austin, TX, 1989), vol. I: The Oscine Passerines; D. S. Lee et al., Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes (North Carolina Biological Survey, Raleigh, NC, 1980).
19. W. H. Burt and R. P. Grossenheider, A Field Guide to the Mammals: North America North of Mexico (Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1976); G. B. Corbet and J. E. Hill, The Mammals of the Indomalayan Region (Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1992); J. Kingdon, East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa (Academic Press, New York, 1971, 1974, 1977, 1979, and 1982), vol. I, II, and III (A, B, C, and D); J. A. Scott, The Butterflies of North America (Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, CA, 1986); E. Tsukada, Ed., Butterflies of the South East Asian Islands. (Plapac Co., Tokyo, Japan, 1982 and 1985), vol. I, II, III, and IV; T. B. Allen and C. Hottenstein, Field Guide to the Birds of North America (National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, 1983); R. S. Ridgely and G. Tudor, The Birds of South America (Univ. of Texas Press, Austin, TX, 1989), vol. I: The Oscine Passerines; D. S. Lee et al., Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes (North Carolina Biological Survey, Raleigh, NC, 1980).
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22. Because each book included over 200 species, we calculated the average range size per book using only every other species. For consistency across the bird books, we did not distinguish between breeding and nonbreeding areas.
23. We checked the distortion of the maps by comparing the ratio of the scanned areas of two known geographic regions to the ratio of their actual areas. From this comparison, we calculated a projection error as 1 - k, where k is a constant such that {scanned area of region1/actual area of region 1} = k x {scanned area of region 2/actual area of region 2} For consistency, the regions were arranged in this formula (assigned as region 1 or region 2) so that k was always less than 1. To be conservative, we tried to choose reference areas as different in latitude as possible but covering a large latitudinal range.
24. 2.
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40. z, where S is the number of species, A is the area where the species are found, and c and z are constants. Empirical studies of a variety of taxa reveal a rough range of values of z from 0.15 to 0.35 [R. H. MacArthur and E. O. Wilson, The Theory of Island Biogeography (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 1967); M. L. Rosenzweig, Species Diversity in Space and Time (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1995)].
41. z, where S is the number of species, A is the area where the species are found, and c and z are constants. Empirical studies of a variety of taxa reveal a rough range of values of z from 0.15 to 0.35 [R. H. MacArthur and E. O. Wilson, The Theory of Island Biogeography (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 1967); M. L. Rosenzweig, Species Diversity in Space and Time (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1995)].
42. We thank D. Ackerley, C. Boggs, G. Ceballos, M. Feldman, J. Hellmann, M. Lachmann, H. Mooney, J. Pritchard, T. Ricketts, M. Tanaka, P. Vitousek, and W. Watt for comments on earlier drafts of the manuscript; and S. Daily, K. Freeman, L. Light, and V. Tubbesing for help with data collection. This research was supported by Peter and Helen Bing, the Pew Charitable Trusts, the Winslow Foundation, and the late LuEsther Mertz.