Do probiotics offer opportunities to manipulate the periodontal oral microbiota?

Journal of Clinical Periodontology

Volumn 38, Issue SUPPL. 11, 2011, Pages 159-177

  Teughels, Wim ^a,b   Loozen, Gitte ^a   Quirynen, Marc ^a  

^a CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^b FUND FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Gingivitis; Microbiology; Oral; Periodontitis; Periodontology; Probiotics; Review

Indexed keywords

PROBIOTIC AGENT;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ANIMAL; ANTIBIOSIS; BACTERIAL PHENOMENA AND FUNCTIONS; CONFERENCE PAPER; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; INNATE IMMUNITY; MICROBIOLOGY; ORGANISMAL INTERACTION; PERIODONTAL DISEASE; PERIODONTIUM; PHYSIOLOGY;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ANIMALS; ANTIBIOSIS; BACTERIAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, INNATE; MICROBIAL INTERACTIONS; PERIODONTAL DISEASES; PERIODONTIUM; PROBIOTICS;

EID: 79951938888     PISSN: 03036979     EISSN: 1600051X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2010.01665.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (157)

1. Agerbaek, M., Gerdes, L. U. & Richelsen, B. (1995) Hypocholesterolemic effect of a new fermented milk product in healthy middle-aged men. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49, 346-352.
2. Ahola, A. J., Yli-Knuuttila, H., Suomalainen, T., Poussa, T., Ahlstrom, A., Meurman, J. H. & Korpela, R. (2002) Short-term consumption of probiotic- containing cheese and its effect on dental caries risk factors. Archives of Oral Biology 47, 799-804. (Pubitemid 35442113)
3. Baharav, E., Mor, F., Halpern, M. & Weinberger, A. (2004) Lactobacillus GG bacteria ameliorate arthritis, in Lewis rats. Journal of Nutrition 134, 1964-1969. (Pubitemid 39031325)
4. Balakrishnan, M., Simmonds, R. S. & Tagg, J. R. (2000) Dental caries is a preventable infectious disease. Australian Dental Journal 45, 235-245.
5. Böhm, S. K. & Kruis, W. (2006) Probiotics: do they help to control intestinal inflammation? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1072, 339-350.
6. Bonifait, L., Chandad, F. & Grenier, D. (2009) Probiotics for oral health: myth or reality? Journal Canadian Dental Association 75, 585-590.
7. Borriello, S. P., Hammes, W. P., Holzapfel, W., Marteau, P., Schrezenmeir, J., Vaara, M. & Valtonen, V. (2003) Safety of probiotics that contain lactobacilli or bifidobacteria. Clinical Infectious Diseases 36, 775-780. (Pubitemid 36337982)
8. Botes, M., Loos, B., van Reenen, C. A. & Dicks, L. M. T. (2008) Adhesion of the probiotic strains Enterococcus mundtii ST4SA and Lactobacillus plantarum 423 to Caco-2 cells under conditions simulating the intestinal tract, and in the presence of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medicaments. Archives of Microbiology 190, 573-584.
9. Boyle, R. J., Robins-Browne, R. M. & Tang, M. L. K. (2006) Probiotic use in clinical practice: what are the risks? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83, 1256-1264.
10. Braat, H., van den, B. J., van, T. E., Hommes, D., Peppelenbosch, M. & van, D. S. (2004) Lactobacillus rhamnosus induces peripheral hyporesponsiveness in stimulated CD4+T cells via modulation of dendritic cell function. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80, 1618-1625. (Pubitemid 41103862)
11. Burton, J. P., Chilcott, C. N., Moore, C. J., Speiser, G. & Tagg, J. R. (2006) A preliminary study of the effect of probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 on oral malodour parameters. Journal of Applied Microbiology 100, 754-764.
12. Burton, J. P., Chilcott, C. N. & Tagg, J. R. (2005) The rationale and potential for the reduction of oral malodour using Streptococcus salivarius probiotics. Oral Diseases 11 (Suppl. 1), 29-31. (Pubitemid 44944427)
13. Buydens, P. & Debeuckelaere, S. (1996) Efficacy of SF 68 in the treatment of acute diarrhea. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 31, 887-891.
14. Caglar, E., Cildir, S. K., Ergeneli, S., Sandalli, N. & Twetman, S. (2006) Salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli levels after ingestion of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 by straws or tablets. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 64, 314-318. (Pubitemid 44343799)
15. Caglar, E., Kargul, B. & Tanboga, I. (2005a) Bacteriotherapy and probiotics' role on oral health. Oral Diseases 11, 131-137. (Pubitemid 40776322)
16. Caglar, E., Kuscu, O. O., Cildir, S. K., Kuvvetli, S. S. & Sandalli, N. (2008) A probiotic lozenge administered medical device and its effect on salivary mutans Streptococci and Lactobacilli. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 18, 35-39.
17. Caglar, E., Sandallii, N., Twetman, S., Kavaloglu, S., Ergeneli, S. & Selvi, S. (2005b) Effect of yogurt with Bifidobacterium DN-173 010 on salivary mutans Streptococci and Lactobacilli in young adults. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 63, 317-320. (Pubitemid 43240796)
18. Caglar, E., Topcuoglu, N., Cildir, S. K., Sandalli, N. & Kulekci, G. (2009) Oral colonization by Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 after exposure to probiotics. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 19, 377-381.
19. Cildir, S. K., Germec, D., Sandalli, N., Ozdemir, F. I., Arun, T., Twetman, S. & Caglar, E. (2009) Reduction of salivary mutans Streptococci in orthodontic patients during daily consumption of yoghurt containing probiotic bacteria. European Journal of Orthodontics 31, 407-411.
20. Cintas, L. M., Casaus, M. P., Herranz, C., Nes, I. F. & Hernandez, P. E. (2001) Review: bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria. Food Science and Technology International 7, 281-305. (Pubitemid 33389280)
21. Cosseau, C., Devine, D. A., Dullaghan, E., Gardy, J. L., Chikatamarla, A., Gellatly, S., Yu, L. L., Pistolic, J., Falsafi, R., Tagg, J. & Hancock, R. E. W. (2008) The commensal Streptococcus salivarius K12 downregulates the innate immune responses of human epithelial cells and promotes host-microbe homeostasis. Infection and Immunity 76, 4163-4175.
22. Cremonini, F., Di Caro, S., Nista, E. C., Bartolozzi, F., Capelli, G., Gasbarrini, G. & Gasbarrini, A. (2002) Meta-analysis: the effect of probiotic administration on antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 16, 1461-1467. (Pubitemid 34953587)
23. de Vrese, M. & Schrezenmeir, J. (2008) Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics. Food Biotechnology 111, 1-66.
24. de Vrese, M., Winkler, P., Rautenberg, P., Harder, T., Noah, C., Laue, C., Ott, S., Hampe, J., Schreiber, S., Heller, K. & Schrezenmeir, J. (2005) Effect of Lactobacillus gasseri PA 16/8, Bifidobacterium longum SP 07/3, B-bifidum MF 20/5 on common cold episodes: a double blind, randomized, controlled trial. Clinical Nutrition 24, 481-491. (Pubitemid 41051901)
25. de Vrese, M., Winkler, P., Rautenberg, P., Harder, T., Noah, C., Laue, C., Ott, S., Hampe, J., Schreiber, S., Heller, K. & Schrezenmeir, J. (2006) Probiotic bacteria reduced duration and severity but not the incidence of common cold episodes in a double blind, randomized, controlled trial. Vaccine 24, 6670-6674. (Pubitemid 46107165)
26. Delcenserie, V., Martel, D., Lamoureux, M., Amiot, J., Boutin, Y. & Roy, D. (2008) Immunomodulatory effects of probiotics in the intestinal tract. Current Issues in Molecular Biology 10, 37-54. (Pubitemid 351756577)
27. Della Riccia, D. N., Bizzini, F., Perilli, M. G., Polimeni, A., Trinchieri, V., Amicosante, G. & Cifone, M. G. (2007) Anti-inflammatory effects of Lactobacillus brevis (CD2) on periodontal disease. Oral Diseases 13, 376-385. (Pubitemid 46934569)
28. Elli, M., Zink, R., Rytz, A., Reniero, R. & Morelli, L. (2000) Iron requirement of Lactobacillus spp. in completely chemically defined growth media. Journal of Applied Microbiology 88, 695-703. (Pubitemid 30224984)
29. Falagas, M. E., Betsi, G. I. & Athanasiou, S. (2007) Probiotics for the treatment of women with bacterial vaginosis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 13, 657-664. (Pubitemid 46909341)
30. Felley, C. P., Corthesy-Theulaz, I., Rivero, J. L. B., Sipponen, P., Kaufmann, M., Bauerfeind, P., Wiesel, P. H., Brassart, D., Pfeifer, A., Blum, A. L. & Michetti, P. (2001) Favourable effect of an acidified milk (LC-1) on Helicobacter pylori gastritis in man. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 13, 25-29. (Pubitemid 32099564)
31. Forsythe, P., Inman, M. D. & Bienenstock, J. (2007) Oral treatment with live Lactobacillus reuteri inhibits the allergic airway response in mice. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 175, 561-569. (Pubitemid 46438940)
32. Fuller, R. (1989) Probiotics in man and animals. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 66, 365-378.
33. Gaon, D., Garmendia, C., Murrielo, N. O., Games, A. D., Cerchio, A., Quintas, R., Gonzalez, S. N. & Oliver, G. (2002) Effect of Lactobacillus strains (L. casei and L. acidophillus strains CERELA) on bacterial overgrowth-related chronic diarrhea. Medicina- Buenos Aires 62, 159-163. (Pubitemid 34546388)
34. Gillor, O., Etzion, A. & Riley, M. A. (2008) The dual role of bacteriocins as anti- and probiotics. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 81, 591-606.
35. Gionchetti, P., Rizzello, F., Venturi, A. & Campieri, M. (2000) Probiotics in infective diarrhoea and inflammatory bowel diseases. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 15, 489-493. (Pubitemid 30327049)
36. Goldin, B. R. & Gorbach, S. L. (1984) The effect of milk and Lactobacillus feeding on human intestinal bacterial enzyme-activity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 39, 756-761. (Pubitemid 14101232)
37. Goodson, J. M., Tanner, A., McArdle, S., Dix, K. & Watanabe, S. M. (1991) Multicenter evaluation of tetracycline fiber therapy. III. Microbiological response. Journal of Periodontal Research 26, 440-451.
38. Gordon, D. M. (2009) The potential of bacteriocinproducing probiotics and associated caveats. Future Microbiology 4, 941-943.
39. Grudianov, A. I., Dmitrieva, N. A. & Fomenko, E. V. (2002) Use of probiotics Bifidumbacterin and Acilact in tablets in therapy of periodontal inflammations. Stomatologiia (Mosk) 81, 39-43.
40. Haffajee, A. D., Arguello, E. I., Ximenez-Fyvie, L. A. & Socransky, S. S. (2003) Controlling the plaque biofilm. International Dental Journal 53 (Suppl. 3), 191-199.
41. Harper, D. S. & Robinson, P. J. (1987) Correlation of histometric, microbial, and clinical indicators of periodontal disease status before and after root planing. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 14, 190-196.
42. Haskard, C. A., El-Nezami, H. S., Kankaanpaa, P. E., Salminen, S. & Ahokas, J. T. (2001) Surface binding of aflatoxin B-1 by lactic acid bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, 3086-3091. (Pubitemid 33644777)
43. Hatakka, K., Ahola, A. J., Yli-Knuuttila, H., Richardson, M., Poussa, T., Meurman, J. H. & Korpela, R. (2007) Probiotics reduce the prevalence of oral Candida in the elderly - A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Dental Research 86, 125-130.
44. Haukioja, A., Loimaranta, V. & Tenovuo, J. (2008) Probiotic bacteria affect the composition of salivary pellicle and Streptococcal adhesion in vitro. Oral Microbiology and Immunology 23, 336-343. (Pubitemid 351832180)
45. Havenaar, R. & Huis In't Veld, J. M. J. (1992) Probiotics: a general view. In: Wood, B. J. (ed). Lactic Acid Bacteria in Health and Disease, Vol. 1, pp. 151-170, London: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers.
46. Hawrelak, J. A., Whitten, D. L. & Myers, S. P. (2005) Is Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG effective in preventing the onset of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea: a systematic review. Digestion 72, 51-56. (Pubitemid 41254156)
47. Henker, J., Schuster, F. & Nissler, K. (2001) Successful treatment of gut-caused halitosis with a suspension of living non-pathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria - a case report. European Journal of Pediatrics 160, 592-594. (Pubitemid 32939427)
48. Hillman, J. D. (2002) Genetically modified Streptococcus mutans for the prevention of dental caries. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology 82, 361-366.
49. Hillman, J. D., Brooks, T. A., Michalek, S. M., Harmon, C. C., Snoep, J. L. & Van Der Weijden, C. C. (2000) Construction and characterization of an effector strain of Streptococcus mutans for replacement therapy of dental caries. Infection and Immunity 68, 543-549. (Pubitemid 30056505)
50. Hillman, J. D., Mo, J., McDonell, E., Cvitkovitch, D. & Hillman, C. H. (2007) Modification of an effector strain for replacement therapy of dental caries to enable clinical safety trials. Journal of Applied Microbiology 102, 1209-1219. (Pubitemid 46633433)
51. Hillman, J. D. & Shivers, M. (1988) Interaction between wild-type, mutant and revertant forms of the bacterium Streptococcus sanguis and the bacterium Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in vitro and in the gnotobiotic rat. Archives of Oral Biology 33, 395-401.
52. Hillman, J. D., Socransky, S. S. & Shivers, M. (1985) The relationships between Streptococcal species and periodontopathic bacteria in human dental plaque. Archives of Oral Biology 30, 791-795.
53. Ishikawa, H., Aiba, Y., Nakanishi, M., Oh-Hashi, Y. & Koga, Y. (2003a) Suppression of periodontal pathogenic bacteria in the saliva of humans by the administration of Lactobacillus salivarius TI2711. Journal of the Japanese Assocation of Periodontology 45, 105-112.
54. Ishikawa, H., Akedo, I., Umesaki, Y., Tanaka, R., Imaoka, A. & Otani, T. (2003b) Randomized controlled trial of the effect of Bifidobacteria- fermented milk on ulcerative colitis. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 22, 56-63. (Pubitemid 36164458)
55. Isolauri, E. (2003) Probiotics in the treatment and prevention of allergies. Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 151, S27-S30.
56. Isolauri, E., Arvola, T., Sutas, Y., Moilanen, E. & Salminen, S. (2000) Probiotics in the management of atopic eczema. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 30, 1604-1610.
57. Kalliomaki, M., Salminen, S., Arvilommi, H., Kero, P., Koskinen, P. & Isolauri, E. (2001) Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 357, 1076-1079. (Pubitemid 32322538)
58. Kang, M. S., Chung, J., Kim, S. M., Yang, K. H. & Oh, J. S. (2006a) Effect of Weissella cibaria isolates on the formation of Streptococcus mutans biofilm. Caries Research 40, 418-425. (Pubitemid 44329052)
59. Kang, M. S., Kim, B. G., Chung, J., Lee, H. C. & Oh, J. S. (2006b) Inhibitory effect of Weissella cibaria isolates on the production of volatile sulphur compounds. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 33, 226-232. (Pubitemid 43415459)
60. Kligler, B. & Cohrssen, A. (2008) Probiotics. American Family Physician 78, 1073-1078.
61. Koebnick, C., Wagner, I., Leitzmann, P., Stern, U. & Zunft, H. J. F. (2003) Probiotic beverage containing Lactobacillus casei Shirota improves gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with chronic constipation. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 17, 655-659. (Pubitemid 37536846)
62. Koll-Klais, P., Mandar, R., Leibur, E., Marcotte, H., Hammarstrom, L. & Mikelsaar, M. (2005) Oral lactobacilli in chronic periodontitis and periodontal health: species composition and antimicrobial activity. Oral Microbiology and Immunology 20, 354-361. (Pubitemid 41564347)
63. Kragen, H. (1954) The treatment of inflammatory affections of the oral mucosa with a lactic acid bacterial culture preparation. Zahnärztlïche Welt 9, 306-308.
64. Krasse, P., Carlsson, B., Dahl, C., Paulsson, A., Nilsson, A. & Sinkiewicz, G. (2006) Decreased gum bleeding and reduced gingivitis by the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri. Swedish Dental Journal 30, 55-60. (Pubitemid 44032912)
65. Liljemark, W. F., Bloomquist, C. G., Uhl, L. A., Schaffer, E. M., Wolff, L. F., Pihlstrom, B. L. & Bandt, C. L. (1984) Distribution of oral Haemophilus species in dental plaque from a large adult population. Infection and Immunity 46, 778-786. (Pubitemid 15211083)
66. Lilly, D. M. & Stillwell, R. H. (1965) Probiotics: growth-promoting factors produced by microorganisms. Science 147, 747-748.
67. Lima, F. L., Farias, F. F., Carvalho, M. A. R., Alviano, C. S. & Farias, L. M. (2002) Influence of abiotic factors on the bacteriocinogenic activity of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Research in Microbiology 153, 249-252. (Pubitemid 34327899)
68. Link-Amster, H., Rochat, F., Saudan, K. Y., Mignot, O. & Aeschlimann, J. M. (1994) Modulation of a specific humoral immune response and changes in intestinal flora mediated through fermented milk intake. Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology 10, 55-63. (Pubitemid 24355531)
69. Magnusson, I., Lindhe, J., Yoneyama, T. & Liljenberg, B. (1984a) Recolonization of a subgingival microbiota following scaling in deep pockets. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 11, 193-207.
70. Magnusson, I., Lindhe, J., Yoneyama, T. & Liljenberg, B. (1984b) Recolonization of a subgingival microbiota following scaling in deep pockets. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 11, 193-207.
71. Maiden, M. F., Tanner, A., McArdle, S., Najpauer, K. & Goodson, J. M. (1991) Tetracycline fiber therapy monitored by DNA probe and cultural methods. Journal of Periodontal Research 26, 452-459.
72. Majamaa, H., Isolauri, E., Saxelin, M. & Vesikari, T. (1995) Lactic acid bacteria in the treatment of acute Rotavirus gastroenteritis. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 20, 333-338.
73. Makras, L. & De Vuyst, L. (2006) The in vitro inhibition of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria by Bifidobacteria is caused by the production of organic acids. International Dairy Journal 16, 1049-1057.
74. Mashimo, P. A., Yamamoto, Y., Nakamura, M., Reynolds, H. S. & Genco, R. J. (1985) Lactic acid production by oral Streptococcus mitis inhibits the growth of oral Capnocytophaga. Journal of Periodontology 56, 548-552.
75. Matsuoka, T., Sugano, N., Takigawa, S., Takane, M., Yoshinuma, N., Ito, K. & Koga, Y. (2006) Effect of oral Lactobacillus salivarius TI2711 (LS1) administration on periodontopathogenic bacteria in subgingival plaque. Journal of the Japanase Association of Periodontology 48, 315-324.
76. Mayanagi, G., Kimura, M., Nakaya, S., Hirata, H., Sakamoto, M., Benno, Y. & Shimauchi, H. (2009) Probiotic effects of orally administered Lactobacillus salivarius WB21-containing tablets on periodontopathic bacteria: a double-blinded, placebocontrolled, randomized clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 36, 506-513.
77. Meurman, J. H. (2005) Probiotics: do they have a role in oral medicine and dentistry? European Journal of Oral Sciences 113, 188-196.
78. Meurman, J. H. & Stamatova, I. (2007) Probiotics: contributions to oral health. Oral Diseases 13, 443-451. (Pubitemid 47247009)
79. Montalto, M., Vastola, M., Marigo, L., Covino, M., Graziosetto, R., Curigliano, V., Santoro, L., Cuoco, L., Manna, R. & Gasbarrini, G. (2004) Probiotic treatment increases salivary counts of Lactobacilli: a double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Digestion 69, 53-56. (Pubitemid 38332925)
80. Mousques, T., Listgarten, M. A. & Phillips, R. W. (1980) Effect of scaling and root planing on the composition of the human subgingival microbial flora. Journal of Periodontal Research 15, 144-151. (Pubitemid 10181870)
81. Nackaerts, O., Jacobs, R., Quirynen, M., Rober, M., Sun, Y. & Teughels, W. (2008) Replacement therapy for periodontitis: pilot radiographic evaluation in a dog model. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 35, 1048-1052.
82. Naidu, A. S., Bidlack, W. R. & Clemens, R. A. (1999) Probiotic spectra of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Critical Review in Food, Science and Nutrition 39, 13-126. (Pubitemid 129507861)
83. Naruszewicz, M., Johansson, M. L., Zapolska-Downar, D. & Bukowska, H. (2002) Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v on cardiovascular disease risk factors in smokers. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76, 1249-1255. (Pubitemid 35416559)
84. Nase, L., Hatakka, K., Savilahti, E., Saxelin, M., Ponka, A., Poussa, T., Korpela, R. & Meurman, J. H. (2001) Effect of long-term consumption of a probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, in milk on dental caries and caries risk in children. Caries Research 35, 412-420. (Pubitemid 33636860)
85. Ng, S. C., Hart, A. L., Kamm, M. A., Stagg, A. J. & Knight, S. C. (2009) Mechanisms of action of probiotics: recent advances. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 15, 300-310.
86. Niedzielin, K., Kordecki, H. & Birkenfeld, B. (2001) A controlled, double-blind, randomized study on the efficacy of Lactobacillus plantarum 299V in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 13, 1143-1147. (Pubitemid 33015878)
87. Nikawa, H., Makihira, S., Fukushima, H., Nishimura, H., Ozaki, Y., Ishida, K., Darmawan, S., Hamada, T., Hara, K., Matsumoto, A., Takemoto, T. & Aimi, R. (2004) Lactobacillus reuteri in bovine milk fermented decreases the oral carriage of mutans Streptococci. International Journal of Food Microbiology 95, 219-223. (Pubitemid 38993329)
88. Oelschlaeger, T. A. (2010) Mechanisms of probiotic actions - A review. International Journal of Medical Microbiology 300, 57-62.
89. Ogawa, T., Hashikawa, S., Asai, Y., Sakamoto, H., Yasuda, K. & Makimura, Y. (2006) A new synbiotic, Lactobacillus casei subsp casei together with dextran, reduces murine and human allergic reaction. Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology 46, 400-409.
90. Oliveira, A. A. P., Farias, L. M., Nicoli, J. R., Costa, J. E. & Carvalho, M. A. R. (1998) Bacteriocin production by Fusobacterium isolates recovered from the oral cavity of human subjects with and without periodontal disease and of marmosets. Research in Microbiology 149, 585-594. (Pubitemid 29155319)
91. Ouwehand, A. C., Lagstrom, H., Suomalainen, T. & Salminen, S. (2002) Effect of probiotics on constipation, fecal azoreductase activity and fecal mucin content in the elderly. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 46, 159-162. (Pubitemid 34920700)
92. Pangsomboon, K., Kaewnopparat, S., Pitakpornpreecha, T. & Srichana, T. (2006) Antibacterial activity of a bacteriocin from Lactobacillus paracasei HL32 against Porphyromonas gingivalis. Archives of Oral Biology 51, 784-793. (Pubitemid 44251199)
93. Parker, R. B. (1974) Probiotics, the other half of the antibiotic story. Animal Nutritional Health 29, 4-8.
94. Pedrazzoli, V., Kilian, M., Karring, T. & Kirkegaard, E. (1991) Effect of surgical and non-surgical periodontal treatment on periodontal status and subgingival microbiota. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 18, 598-604.
95. Pelto, L., Isolauri, E., Lilius, E. M., Nuutila, J. & Salminen, S. (1998) Probiotic bacteria down-regulate the milk-induced inflammatory response in milk-hypersensitive subjects but have an immunostimulatory effect in healthy subjects. Cinical and Experimental Allergy: Journal of the British Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 28, 1474-1479. (Pubitemid 29003321)
96. Perdigon, G., Maldonado, G. C., Valdez, J. C. & Medici, M. (2002) Interaction of lactic acid bacteria with the gut immune system. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56 (Suppl. 4), S21-S26. (Pubitemid 36163799)
97. Petersilka, G. J., Ehmke, B. & Flemmig, T. F. (2002) Antimicrobial effects of mechanical debridement. Periodontology 2000 28, 56-71.
98. Pham, L. C., van Spanning, R. J. M., Roling, W. F. M., Prosperi, A. C., Terefework, Z., Ten Cate, J. M., Crielaard, W. & Zaura, E. (2009) Effects of probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius W24 on the compositional stability of oral microbial communities. Archives of Oral Biology 54, 132-137.
99. Plinius Secundus (maior), G. (77 ad) Naturalis historiae Vol. 28, pp. 36-135.
100. Pozharitskaia, M. M., Morozova, L. V., Mel'nichuk, G. M. & Mel'nichuk, S. S. (1994) The use of the new bacterial biopreparation Acilact in the combined treatment of periodontitis. Stomatologiia (Mosk) 73, 17-20.
101. Quirynen, M., Teughels, W., De Soete, M. & van Steenberghe, D. (2002) Topical antiseptics and antibiotics in the initial therapy of chronic adult periodontitis: microbiological aspects. Periodontology 2000 28, 72-90.
102. Quirynen, M., Vogels, R., Pauwels, M., Haffajee, A. D., Socransky, S. S., Uzel, N. G. & van Steenberghe, D. (2005) Initial subgingival colonization of 'pristine' pockets. Journal of Dental Research 84, 340-344.
103. Rafter, J. J. (1995) The role of lactic acid bacteria in colon-cancer prevention. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 30, 497-502.
104. Reid, G. (2001) Probiotic agents to protect the urogenital tract against infection. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73, 437S-443S.
105. Reid, G., Bruce, A. W. & Taylor, M. (1995) Instillation of Lactobacillus and stimulation of indigenous organisms to prevent recurrence of urinary tract infections. Microecology and Therapy 23, 32-45.
106. Reid, G., Kim, S. O. & Kohler, G. A. (2006) Selecting, testing and understanding probiotic microorganisms. Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology 46, 149-157.
107. Roberts, F. A. & Darveau, R. P. (2002) Beneficial bacteria of the periodontium. Periodontology 2000 30, 40-50.
108. Roos, K., Grahn, E., Holm, S. E., Johansson, H. & Lind, L. (1993) Interfering alpha-Streptococci as a protection against recurrent Streptococcal tonsillitis in children. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 25, 141-148. (Pubitemid 23051649)
109. Roos, K., Holm, S. E., GrahnHakansson, E. & Lagergren, L. (1996) Recolonization with selected alpha- Streptococci for prophylaxis of recurrent Streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis - A randomized placebocontrolled multicentre study. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 28, 459-462. (Pubitemid 26393587)
110. Salminen, M. K., Rautelin, H., Tynkkynen, S., Poussa, T., Saxelin, M., Valtonen, V. & Jarvinen, A. (2004) Lactobacillus bacteremia, clinical significance, and patient outcome, with special focus on Probiotic L-Rhamnosus GG. Clinical Infectious Diseases 38, 62-69. (Pubitemid 38045874)
111. Salvi, G. E. & Lang, N. P. (2005) The effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (selective and non-selective) on the treatment of periodontal diseases. Current Pharmaceutical Design 11, 1757-1769. (Pubitemid 40668134)
112. Sanz, M., Quirynen, M. & European, W. P. (2005) Advances in the aetiology of periodontitis - Group A Consensus report of the 5th European Workshop in Periodontology. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 32, 54-56. (Pubitemid 41391056)
113. Sbordone, L., Ramaglia, L., Gulletta, E. & Iacono, V. (1990) Recolonization of the subgingival microflora after scaling and root planing in human periodontitis. Journal of Periodontology 61, 579-584.
114. Schaafsma, G. (1996) State of art concerning probiotic strains in milk products. International Dairy Federation Nutrition Newsletter 5, 23-24.
115. Schrezenmeir, J. & de Vrese, M. (2001) Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics: approaching a definition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73, 361S-364S.
116. Shimauchi, H., Mayanagi, G., Nakaya, S., Minamibuchi, M., Ito, Y., Yamaki, K. & Hirata, H. (2008) Improvement of periodontal condition by probiotics with Lactobacillus salivarius WB21: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 35, 897-905.
117. Silva, M., Jacobus, N. V., Deneke, C. & Gorbach, S. L. (1987) Antimicrobial substance from a human Lactobacillus strain. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 31, 1231-1233. (Pubitemid 17157605)
118. Sliepen, I., Hofkens, J., Van, E. M., Quirynen, M. & Teughels, W. (2008) Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans adhesion inhibited in a flow cell. Oral Microbiol Immunol 23, 520-524.
119. Sliepen, I., Van Damme, J., Van Essche, M., Loozen, G., Quirynen, M. & Teughels, W. (2009a) Microbial interactions influence inflammatory host cell responses. Journal of Dental Research 88, 1026-1030.
120. Sliepen, I., Van, E. M., Loozen, G., Van, E. J., Quirynen, M. & Teughels, W. (2009b) Interference with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: colonization of epithelial cells under hydrodynamic conditions. Oral Microbiol Immunol 24, 390-395.
121. Slots, J. & Rams, T. E. (1991) New views on periodontal microbiota in special patient categories. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 18, 411-420.
122. Smith, V. H. & Pippin, D. J. (1998) Implications of resource-ratio theory for oral microbial ecology. European Journal of Oral Sciences 106, 605-615. (Pubitemid 128737065)
123. Snydman, D. R. (2008) The safety of probiotics. Clinical Infectious Diseases 46, S104-S111.
124. Socransky, S. S. & Haffajee, A. D. (1992) The bacterial etiology of destructive periodontal disease: current concepts. Journal of Periodontology 63, 322-331.
125. Socransky, S. S. & Haffajee, A. D. (2002) Dental biofilms: difficult therapeutic targets. Periodontology 2000 28, 12-55.
126. Sookkhee, S., Chulasiri, M. & Prachyabrued, W. (2001) Lactic acid bacteria from healthy oral cavity of Thai volunteers: inhibition of oral pathogens. Journal of Applied Microbiology 90, 172-179. (Pubitemid 32158736)
127. Staab, B., Eick, S., Knofler, G. & Jentsch, H. (2009) The influence of a probiotic milk drink on the development of gingivitis: a pilot study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 36, 850-856.
128. Stamatova, I. & Meurman, J. H. (2009a) Probiotics and periodontal disease. Periodontology 2000 51, 141-151.
129. Stamatova, I. & Meurman, J. H. (2009b) Probiotics: health benefits in the mouth. American Journal of Dentistry 22, 329-338.
130. Stecksen-Blicks, C., Sjostrom, I. & Twetman, S. (2009) Effect of long-term consumption of milk supplemented with probiotic Lactobacilli and fluoride on dental caries and general health in preschool children: a cluster-randomized study. Caries Research 43, 374-381.
131. Sugano, N., Matsuoka, T., Koga, Y. & Ito, K. (2007) Effects of probiotics on periodontal disease. Dentistry in Japan 43, 123-126.
132. Takeda, K., Suzuki, T., Shimada, S. I., Shida, K., Nanno, M. & Okumura, K. (2006) Interleukin-12 is involved in the enhancement of human natural killer cell activity by Lactobacillus casei Shirota. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 146, 109-115. (Pubitemid 44393845)
133. Tanzer, J. M., Kurasz, A. B. & Clive, J. (1985) Competitive displacement of mutans Streptococci and inhibition of tooth decay by Streptococcus salivarius TOVE-R. Infection and Immunity 48, 44-50. (Pubitemid 15111152)
134. Teanpaisan, R., Baxter, A. M. & Douglas, C. W. I. (1998) Production and sensitivity of bacteriocinlike activity among Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Pr-nigrescens strains isolated from periodontal sites. Journal of Medical Microbiology 47, 585-589. (Pubitemid 28313946)
135. Teughels, W., Haake, S. K., Sliepen, I., Pauwels, M., Van Eldere, J., Cassiman, J. J. & Quirynen, M. (2007a) Bacteria interfere with A. actinomycetemcomitans colonization. Journal of Dental Research 86, 611-617.
136. Teughels, W., Newman, M. G., Coucke, W., Haffajee, A. D., Van der Mei, H. C., Haake, S. K., Schepers, E., Cassiman, J. J., Van Eldere, J., van Steenberghe, D. & Quirynen, M. (2007b) Guiding periodontal pocket recolonization: a proof of concept. Journal of Dental Research 86, 1078-1082.
137. Teughels, W., Van Essche, M., Sliepen, I. & Quirynen, M. (2008) Probiotics and oral healthcare. Periodontology 2000 48, 111-147.
138. Tompkins, G. R. & Tagg, J. R. (1986) Incidence and characterization of anti-microbial effects produced by Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyces naeslundii. Journal of Dental Research 65, 109-112.
139. Tsubura, S., Mizunuma, H., Ishikawa, S., Oyake, I., Okabayashi, M., Katoh, K., Shibata, M., Iizuka, T., Toda, T. & Iizuka, T. (2009) The effect of Bacillus subtilis mouth rinsing in patients with periodontitis. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 28, 1353-1356.
140. Twetman, S., Derawi, B., Keller, M., Ekstrand, K., Yucel-Lindberg, T. & Stecksen-Blicks, C. (2009) Short-term effect of chewing gums containing probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri on the levels of inflammatory mediators in gingival crevicular fluid. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 67, 19-24.
141. Van Hoogmoed, C. G., Geertsema-Doornbusch, G. I., Teughels, W., Quirynen, M., Busscher, H. J. & van der Mei, H. C. (2008a) Reduction of periodontal pathogens adhesion by antagonistic strains. Oral Microbiology and Immunology 23, 43-48.
142. Van Hoogmoed, C. G., Geertsema-Doornbusch, G. I., Teughels, W., Quirynen, M., Busscher, H. J. & van der Mei, H. C. (2008b) Reduction of periodontal pathogens adhesion by antagonistic strains. Oral Microbiology and Immunology 23, 43-48.
143. Van Hoogmoed, C. G., van der Kuijl-Booij, M., Van der Mei, H. C. & Busscher, H. J. (2000) Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans NS adhesion to glass with and without a salivary conditioning film by biosurfactant- releasing Streptococcus mitis strains. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, 659-663. (Pubitemid 30082755)
144. van Winkelhoff, A. J., van der Velden, U. & de Graaff, J. (1988a) Microbial succession in recolonizing deep periodontal pockets after a single course of supra- and subgingival debridement. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 15, 116-122.
145. van Winkelhoff, A. J., van der Velden, U & de Graaff, J. (1988b) Microbial succession in recolonizing deep periodontal pockets after a single course of supra- and subgingival debridement. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 15, 116-122.
146. Vanderhoeven, J. S. & Camp, P. J. M. (1993) Mixed continuous cultures of Streptococcus mutans with Streptococcus sanguis or with Streptococcus oralis as a model to study the ecological effects of the lactoperoxidase system. Caries Research 27, 26-30.
147. Vanderhoof, J. A., Young, R. J., Murray, N. & Kaufmann, S. S. (1998) Treatment strategies for small bowel bacterial overgrowth in short bowel syndrome. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 27, 155-160. (Pubitemid 28354946)
148. Volozhin, A. I., Il'in, V. K., Maksimovskii, I., Sidorenko, A. B.,
149. Wade, W. G., Moran, J., Morgan, J. R., Newcombe, R. & Addy, M. (1992) The effects of antimicrobial acrylic strips on the subgingival microflora in chronic periodontitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 19, 127-134.
150. Wang, H. L., Greenwell, H. & Bissada, N. F. (1990) Crevicular fluid iron changes in treated and untreated periodontally diseased sites. Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology and Endodontics 69, 450-456. (Pubitemid 20139220)
151. Wilson, M. (2005) Manipulation of the indigenous microbiota. In Wilson, M. (ed.), Microbial Inhabitants of Humans. pp. 365-416, New York: Cambridge University Press.
152. Wolff, L., Dahlen, G. & Aeppli, D. (1994) Bacteria as risk markers for periodontitis. Journal of Periodontology 65, 498-510.
153. Wolff, L. F., Bakdash, M. B. & Bandt, C. L. (1985) Microbial interpretation of plaque relative to the diagnosis and treatment of periodontal disease. Journal of Periodontology 56, 281-284.
154. Ximenez-Fyvie, L. A., Haffajee, A. D. & Socransky, S. S. (2000a) Comparison of the microbiota of supraand subgingival plaque in health and periodontitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 27, 648-657.
155. Ximenez-Fyvie, L. A., Haffajee, A. D., Som, S., Thompson, M., Torresyap, G. & Socransky, S. S. (2000b) The effect of repeated professional supragingival plaque removal on the composition of the supra- and subgingival microbiota. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 27, 637-647.
156. Zahradnik, R. T., Magnusson, I., Walker, C., McDonell, E., Hillman, C. H. & Hillman, J. D. (2009) Preliminary assessment of safety and effectiveness in humans of ProBiora(3) (TM), a probiotic mouthwash. Journal of Applied Microbiology 107, 682-690.
157. Zhang, G., Chen, R. & Rudney, J. D. (2008) Streptococcus cristatus attenuates Fusobacterium nucleatum- induced interleukin-8 expression in oral epithelial cells. Journal of Periodontal Research 43, 408-416.