Improvement in lightning geolocation by time-of-arrival method using global ELF network data

Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics

Volumn 116, Issue 2, 2011, Pages

  Yamashita, Kozo ^a   Takahashi, Yukihiro ^b   Sato, Mitsuteru ^b   Kase, Hiromi ^a  

^a TOHOKU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79951920372     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699402     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2009JA014792     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Adachi, T., H. Fukunishi, Y. Takahashi, M. Sato, A. Ohkubo, and K. Yamamoto (2005), Characteristics of thunderstorm systems producing winter sprites in Japan, J. Geophys. R (Pubitemid 41268804)
2. Boccippio, D. J., C. Wong, E. R. Williams, R. A. Boldi, H. J. Christian, and S. J. Goodman (1998), Global validation of single-station schumann resonance lightning location, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 60, 701-712. (Pubitemid 29107646)
3. Boccippio, D. J., K. L. Cummins, H. J. Christian, and S. J. Goodman (2001), Combined satellite and surface based estimation of the intracloud- cloud-to-ground lightning ratio over the continental United States, Mon. Weather Rev., 129,108-122. (Pubitemid 32177388)
4. Burke, C. P., and D. L. Jones (1996), On the polarity and continuing currents in unusually large lightning flashes deduced from ELF events, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 58, 531-540.
5. Christian, H. J., et al. (2003), Global frequency and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the Optical Transient Detector, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D1), 4005, doi:10.1029/2002JD002347.
6. Dowden, R. L., J. B. Brundell, and C. J. Rodger (2002), VLF lightning location by time of group arrival (TOGA) at multiple sites, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 64, 817-830. (Pubitemid 34781309)
7. Füllekrug, M. (2004a), The contribution of intense lightning discharges to the global atmospheric electric circuit during April 1998, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 66, 1115-1119. (Pubitemid 39026930)
8. Füllekrug, M. (2004b), Probing the speed of light with radio waves at extremely low frequencies, Phys. Rev. Lett., 93(4), 043901, doi:10.1103/ PhysRevLett.93.043901.
9. Füllekrug, M., and S. Constable (2000), Global triangulation of intense lightning discharges, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 333-336.
10. Füllekrug, M., A. C. Fraser-Smith, and K. Schlegel (2002a), Global ionospheric D-layer height monitoring, Europhys. Lett., 59(4), 626.
11. Füllekrug, M., C. Price, Y. Yair, and E. R. Williams (2002b), Intense oceanic lightning, Ann. Geophys., 20, 133-137. (Pubitemid 34191392)
12. Greenberg, E., and C. Price (2007), Diurnal variations of ELF transients and background noise in the Schumann resonances band, Radio Sci., 42, RS2S08, doi:10.1029/2006RS003477.
13. Greenberg, E., C. Price, Y. Yair, M. Ganot, J. Bor, and G. Satori (2007), ELF transients associated with sprites and ELVES in eastern Mediterranean winter thunderstorms, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 69, 1569-1586. (Pubitemid 47279086)
14. Greifinger, P. S., V. C. Mushtak, and E. R. Williams (2007), On modeling the lower characteristic ELF altitude from aeronomical data, Radio Sci., 42, RS2S12, doi:10.1029/2006RS003500.
15. Hobara, Y., N. Iwasaki, T. Hayashida, M. Hayakawa, K. Ohta, and H. Fukunishi (2001), Interrelation between ELF transients and ionospheric disturbances in association with sprites and elves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 935-938. (Pubitemid 32569275)
16. Hobara, Y., E. Williams, M. Hayakawa, R. Boldi, and E. Downes (2006), Lightning and electrical properties of sprite-producing lightning from a single ELF site sprites, elves and intense lightning discharges, in NATO Science Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, vol. 225, edited by M. Fullekrug et al., pp. 211-235, Springer, Berlin.
17. Huang, E., E. Williams, R. Boldi, S. Heckman, W. Lyons, M. Taylor, T. Nelson, and C. Wong (1999), Criteria for sprites and elves based on Schumann resonance observations, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 16,943-16,964.
18. Ishaq, M., and D. L. Jones (1997), Methods of obtaining radiowave propagation parameters for the earth-ionosphere duct at ELF, Electron. Lett., 13, 254-255.
19. Kase, H., Y. Takahashi, and K. Yamashita (2009), The relationship between the terrestrial gamma-ray flashes occurrence and the charge moment change of parent lightning discharge, paper presented at AGU Chapman Conference on Effects of Thunderstorms and Lightning in the Upper Atmosphere, Penn. State Univ., University Park, 10-14 May.
20. Liu, C., E. Williams, E. J. Zipser, and G. Burns (2010), On the diurnal variations of global thunderstorms and the global atmospheric electrical circuit, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 309-323.
21. Mach, D. M., R. Blakeslee, M. G. Bateman (2009), Global electric circuit implications of total current measurements over electrified clouds, Eos Trans. AGU, 90(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract AE43A-0257.
22. Mareev, E. A., S. A. Yashunin, S. S. Davydenko, T. C. Marshall, M. Stolzenburg, and C. R. Maggio (2008), On the role of transient currents in the global electric circuit, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L15810, doi:10.1029/ 2008GL034554.
23. Markson, R. (2007), The global circuit intensity: Its measurement and variation over the last 50 years, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 88(2), 1-19.
24. Matsudo, Y., T. Suzuki, M. Hayakawa, K. Yamashita, Y. Ando, K. Michimoto, and V. Korepanov (2007), Characteristics of Japanese winter sprites and their parent lightning as estimated by VHF lightning and ELF transients, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 69, 1431-1446. (Pubitemid 47087324)
25. Mushtak, V. C., and E. R. Williams (2002), ELF propagation parameters for uniform models of the Earth-ionosphere waveguide, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 64, 1989-2001. (Pubitemid 35259377)
26. Nickolaenko, A., and M. Hayakawa (2002), Resonances in the Earth- Ionosphere Cavity, Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
27. Ogawa, T., and M. Komatsu (2009), Q-bursts from various distances on the Earth, Atmos. Res., 91, 538-545.
28. Ogawa, T., Y. Tanaka, T. Miura, and M. Yasuhara (1966), Observations of natural ELF electromagnetic noises by using the ball antennas, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 18, 443-454.
29. Rakov, V. A., and M. A. Uman (2003), Lightning: Physics and Effects, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
30. Rodger, C. J., J. B. Brundell, and R. L. Dowden (2005), Location accuracy of VLF World Wide Lightning Location (WWLL) network: Post-algorithm upgrade, Ann. Geophys., 23, 277-290. (Pubitemid 40464915)
31. Rodger, C. J., S. W. Werner, J. B. Brundell, N. R. Thomson, E. H. Lay, R. H. Holzworth, and R. L. Dowden (2006), Detection efficiency of the VLF World-Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN): Initial case study, Ann. Geophys., 24, 3197-3214. (Pubitemid 46031778)
32. Rycroft, M. J., S. Israelsson, and C. Price (2000), The global atmospheric electric circuit, solar activity and climate change, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 62, 1563-1576. (Pubitemid 32145673)
33. Rycroft, M. J., A. Odzimek, N. F. Arnold, M. Fullekrug, A. Kulak, and T. Neubert, (2007), New model simulations of the global atmospheric electric circuit driven by thunderstorms and electrified shower clouds: The roles of lightning and sprites., J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 69, 2485-2509. (Pubitemid 350112130)
34. Sato, M., and H. Fukunishi (2003), Global sprite occurrence locations and rates derived from triangulation of transient Schumann resonance events, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30 (16), 1859, doi:10.1029/2003GL017291.
35. Sato, M., and H. Fukunishi (2005), New evidence for a link between lightning activity and tropical upper cloud coverage, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L12807, doi:10.1029/2005GL022865. (Pubitemid 41398472)
36. Sato, M., H. Fukunishi, M. Kikuchi, H. Yamagishi, and W.A. Lyons (2003), Validation of sprite-inducing cloud-to-ground lightning based on ELF observations at Syowa station in Antarctica, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 65, 607-614. (Pubitemid 36562627)
37. Sato, M., Y. Takahashi, A. Yoshida, and T. Adachi (2008), Global distribution of intense lightning discharges and their seasonal variations, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 41, 234,011-234,020.
38. Sentman, D. D., and B. J. Fraser (1991), Simultaneous observation of Schumann resonances in California and Australia: Evidence for intensity modulation by local height of D region, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 973-984.
39. Turman, B. N. (1977), Detection of lightning superbolts, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 2566-2568.
40. Ushio, T., S. Heckman, D. J. Boccippio, and H. J. Christian (2001), A survey of thunderstorm flash rates compared to cloud top height using TRMM satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 24,089-24,095.
41. Williams, E. R. (1992), The Schumann resonance: A global tropical thermometer, Science, 256, 1184-1187.
42. Williams, E. R. (2009), The global electrical circuit: A review, Atmos. Res., 91, 140-152.
43. Williams, E. R., and G. Satori (2004), Lightning, thermodynamic and hydrological comparison of the two tropical continental chimneys, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 66, 1213-1231. (Pubitemid 39026941)
44. Williams, E. R., E. Downes, R. Boldi, W. Lyons, and S. Heckman (2007a), Polarity asymmetry of sprite-producing lightning: A paradox?, Radio Sci., 42, RS2S17, doi:10.1029/2006RS003488.
45. Williams, E. R., V. C. Mushtak, R. Boldi, R. L. Dowden, and Z.-I. Kawasaki (2007b), Sprite lightning heard round the world by Schumann resonance methods, Radio Sci., 42, RS2S20, doi:10.1029/2006RS003498.
46. Yamashita, K., T. Otsuyama, Y. Hobara, M. Sekiguchi, Y. Matsumoto, M. Hayakawa, and V. Korepanov (2009), Global distribution and characteristics of intense lightning discharges as deduced from ELF transients observed at Moshiri (Japan), J. Atmos. Electr., 29(2), 71-80.
47. Yoshida, A. (2008) Investigation of sprite luminosity and global lightning distributions based on ISUAL and ELF measurements, M.S. thesis, 66 pp., Dep. of Geophys., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan.