On modeling the lower characteristic ELF altitude from aeronomical data

Radio Science

Volumn 42, Issue 2, 2007, Pages

  Greifinger, P S ^a   Mushtak, V C ^b   Williams, E R ^b  

^a Palisades High School   (United States)

^b MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANALYTIC APPROXIMATION; CHARACTERISTIC LAYERS; COMPLEX CHARACTERISTICS; CONDUCTIVITY MODELS; EARTH IONOSPHERE WAVEGUIDE; EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS; FREQUENCY RANGES; IMPROVED MODELS; PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS; SCHUMANN RESONANCES; SEPARATED REGION;

IONOSPHERE; RESONANCE; WAVEGUIDES;

ELECTRIC FURNACES;

EID: 39749148009     PISSN: 00486604     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2006RS003500     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Cheng, Z., and S. A. Cummer (2002), Multi-path D region ionosphere remote sensing, paper presented at NSF CEDAR Workshop, Natl. Sci. Found., Longmont, Colo.
2. Cipriano, J. P., L. C. Hale, and J. D. Mitchell (1974), Relations among low ionospheric parameters and A3 radio wave absorption, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 2260-2265.
3. Cole Jr., R. K., (1965), The Schumann resonances, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. U. S., Sect. D, 69, 1345-1349.
4. Cole, R. K., and E. T. Pierce (1965), Electrification in the Earth's atmosphere for altitude between 0 and 100 km, J. Geophys. Res, 70, 2735-2749.
5. Cummer, S. A. (1997), Lightning and ionospheric remote sensing using VLF/ELF radio atmospherics, Ph. D. thesis, Dep. of Electr. Eng., Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif.
6. Cummer, S. A., U. S. Inan, and T. F. Bell (1998), Ionospheric D-region remote sensing using VLF radio atmospherics, Radio Sci., 33, 1781-1792.
7. Danilov, A. D. (1970), Chemistry of the Ionosphere, Springer, New York.
8. Galejs, J. (1962), A further note on terrestrial extremely low frequency propagation in the presence of an isotropic ionosphere with an exponential conductivity-height profile, J. Geophys. Res., 67, 2715-2728.
9. Greifinger, C., and P. Greifinger (1978), Approximate method for determining ELF eigenvalues in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide, Radio Sci., 13, 831-837.
10. Greifinger, C., and P. Greifinger (1979), On the ionospheric parameters which govern high-latitude ELF propagation in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide, Radio Sci., 14, 889-895.
11. Greifinger, C., and P. Greifinger (1986), Noniterative procedure for calculating ELF mode constants in the anisotropic Earthionosphere waveguide, Radio Sci., 21, 981-990.
12. Greifinger, P., V. Mushtak, and E. Williams (2005), The lower characteristic ELF altitude of the Earth-ionosphere waveguide: Schumann resonance observations and aeronomical estimates, paper presented at 6th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility and Electromagnetic Ecology, Inst. of Electr. and Electron. Eng., St. Petersburg, Russia.
13. Gringel, W., J. M. Rosen, and D. J. Hofmann (1986), Electrical structure from 0 to 30 kilometers, in The Earth's Electrical Environment, pp. 166-182, Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, D. C.
14. Gupta, S. (1998), Diurnal and seasonal variation of D-region electron density at low latitude, Adv. Space Res., 21, 875-881.
15. Hale, L. C. (1974), Positive ions in the mesosphere, in Methods of Measurements and Results of Lower Ionospheric Structure, edited by K. Rawer, pp. 219-235, Akademie, Berlin.
16. Hargreaves, J. K. (1992), The Solar-Terrestrial Environment, Cambridge Atmos. Space Sci. Ser., vol. 5, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
17. Heliospheric Physics Laboratory, (2001), International Reference Ionosphere, IRI-2001, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/space/model/models/iri.html, Natl. Space Sci. Data Cent., Goddard Space Flight Cent., Greenbelt, Md.
18. Holzworth, R. H., M. C. Kelley, C. L. Siefring, L. C. Hale, and J. D. Mitchell (1985), Electrical measurements in the atmosphere and the ionosphere over an active thunderstorm: 2. Direct current electric fields and conductivity, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 9824-9830.
19. Jones, D. L. (1967), Schumann resonances and E. L. F. propagation for inhomogeneous, isotropic ionosphere profiles, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 29, 1037-1044.
20. Kirillov, V. V. (1993), Parameters of the Earth-ionosphere waveguide at extremely low frequencies (in Russian), in The Problems of Diffraction and Wave Propagation, vol. 25, pp. 35-52, St. Petersburg State Univ., St. Petersburg, Russia.
21. Kirillov, V. V., and V. N. Kopeykin (2002), Solving a twodimensional telegraph equation with anisotropic parameter, Radiophys. Quantum Electron., 45, 929-941.
22. Kirillov, V. V., and V. N. Kopeykin (2003), Formation of a resonance structure of the local inductance of the ionosphere at frequencies 0.1-10 Hz, Radiophys. Quantum Electron., 46, 1-12.
23. Kirillov, V. V., V. N. Kopeykin, and V. C. Mushtak (1997), ELF electromagnetic waves within the Earth-ionosphere waveguide (in Russian), Geomagn. Aeron., 37, 114-120.
24. Madden, T., and W. Thompson (1965), Low frequency electromagnetic oscillations of the Earth-ionosphere cavity, Rev. Geophys., 3, 211-254.
25. Mission Research Corporation (2000), Satellite and ground based data exploitation for NUDET discrimination: Characterizing atmospheric and electrodynamic emissions from lightning, sprites, jets and elves, Final Rep. on Contract DE-AC04-98AL79469, chap. 8, pp. 143-186, Nashua, N. H.
26. Mushtak, V. C., and E. R. Williams (2002), ELF propagation parameters for uniform models of the Earth-ionosphere waveguide, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 64, 1989-2001.
27. Mushtak, V., R. Boldi, S. Heckman, E. Huang, and E. Williams (1998), Interpretation of ELF observations (West Greenwich, Rhode Island) on the basis of an asymmetrical model of the Earth-ionosphere wave-guide: the Dawn/dusk effect and apparent bearings of African transients, paper presented at Schumann Resonance Symposium and Workshop, U. S.- Hung. Sci. and Technol. Joint Fund, Sopron, Hungary.
28. Mushtak, V., R. Boldi, and E. Williams (1999), Schumann resonances and the temporal-spatial dynamics of global thunderstorm activity, paper presented at XI International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, NASA, Guntersville, Ala.
29. Mushtak, V., C. Price, and E. Williams (2002), The physical principles of the combined ELF/VLF method for singlestation global location of lightning, paper presented at World Space Congress, Comm. on Space Res., Houston, Tex.
30. Nickolaenko, A. P., and M. Hayakawa (2002), Resonances in the Earth-Ionosphere Cavity, Springer, New York.
31. Pasko, V. P., U. S. Inan, T. F. Bell, and Y. N. Taranenko (1997), Sprites produced by quasi-electrostatic heating and ionization in the lower ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 4529-4561.
32. Price, C., and V. Mushtak (2001), The impact of the August 17, 1998 gamma ray burst on the Schumann resonance, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 1043-1047.
33. Reid, G. C. (1986), Electrical structure of the middle atmosphere, in The Earth's Electrical Environment, pp. 183-194, Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, D. C.
34. Sátori, G., E. Williams, and V. Mushtak (2005), Response of the Earth-ionosphere cavity resonator to the 11-year solar cycle in X-radiation, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 67, 553-562.
35. Sentman, D. D. (1990), Approximate Schumann resonance parameters for a two-scale-height ionosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 52, 35-46.
36. Swider, W. (1988), Ionic mobility, mean mass, and conductivity in the middle atmosphere from near ground level to 70 km, Radio Sci., 23, 389-399.
37. Wait, J. R. (1964), On the theory of Schumann resonances in the Earth-ionosphere cavity, Can. J. Phys., 42, 575-582.
38. Williams, E. R., V. C. Mushtak, and A. P. Nickolaenko (2006), Distinguishing ionospheric models using Schumann resonance spectra, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D16107, doi:10.1029/ 2005JD006944.
39. Zadorozhny, A. M., and A. A. Tyutin (1998), Effects of geomagnetic activity on the mesospheric electric fields, Ann. Geophys., 16, 1544-1551.