Location accuracy of VLF World-Wide Lightning Location (WWLL) network: Post-algorithm upgrade

Annales Geophysicae

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 277-290

  Rodger, C J ^a   Brundell, J B ^b   Dowden, R L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^b LFEM Research Ltd   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (Lightning; Atmospheric electricity; Instruments and techniques)

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY; LIGHTNING;

EID: 16244390223     PISSN: 09927689     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/angeo-23-277-2005     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Brundell, J. B., Rodger, C. J., and Dowden, R. L.: Validation of single station lightning location technique, Radio Sci., 37(4), 10.1029/ 2001RS002477, 2002.
2. Burrows, W. R., King, P., Lewis, P. J., Kochtubajda, B., Snyder, B., Turcotte, V.: Lightning occurrence patterns over Canada and adjacent United States from Lightning Detection Network observations, J. Atmos. Oceans, 40, 59-80, 2002.
3. Christian, H. J., Blakeslee, R. J., Boccippio, D. J., Boeck, W. L., Buechler, D. E., Driscoll, K. T., Goodman, S. J., Hall, J. M., Koshak, W. J., Mach, D. M., and Stewart, M. F.: Global frequency and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the Optical Transient Detector, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D1), 10.1029/2002JD002347, 2003.
4. Crombie, D. D.: Periodic fading of VLF signals received over long paths during sunrise and sunset. Journal of Research National Bureau of Standards, Radio Science, 68D, 27-34, 1964.
5. Cummer, S. A., Inan, U. S., and Bell, T. F.: Ionospheric D region remote sensing using VLF radio atmospherics, Radio Sci. 33, 1781-1792, 1998.
6. Cummins, K. L. and Murphy, M. J.: Overview of lightning detection in the VLF, LF, and VHF frequency ranges, 2000 International Lightning Detection Conference, Tucson, Arizona, 1-10, 2000.
7. Cummins, K. L., Krider, E. P., and Malone, M. D.: The U.S. National Lightning Detection Network and applications of cloud-to-ground lightning data by electric power utilities, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Comp., 40(4), 465-480, 1998a.
8. Cummins, K. L., Murphy, M. J., Bardo, E. A., Hiscox, W. L., Pyle, R. B., and Pifer, A. E.: A combined TOA/MDF technology upgrade of the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network, J. Geophys. Res, 103, 9035-9044, 1998b.
9. Dowden, R. L., Brundell, J. B., and Rodger, C. J.: VLF lightning location by time of group arrival (TOGA) at multiple sites, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 64, 817-830, 2002.
10. Fullekrug, M. and Constable, S.: Global triangulation of intense lightning discharges, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(3), 333-336, 2000.
11. Hamid, E. F., Kawasaki, Z-I., and Mardiana, R.: Impact of the 1997-1998 El Niño event on lightning activity over Indonesia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 147-150, 2001.
12. Huang, E., Williams, E., Boldi, R., Heckman, S., Lyons, W., Taylor, M., Nelson, T., and Wong, C.: Criteria for sprites and elves based on Schumann resonance observations, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D14), 16 943-16 964, 10.1029/1999JD900139, 1999.
13. Jourdain, L. and Hauglustaine, D. A.: The global distribution of lightning NOx simulated on-line in a general circulation model, Phys. Chem. Earth Pt. C-Solar-Terr. Planet. Sci, 26, 585-591, 2001.
14. Knupp, K. R., Paech, S., and Goodman, S.: Variations in cloud-to-ground lightning characteristics among three adjacent tornadic supercell storms over the Tennessee valley region, Mon. Weather Rev., 131, 172-188, 2003.
15. Lay, E. H., Holzworth, R. H., Rodger, C. J., Thomas, J. N., Pinto, O., and Dowden, R. L.: WWLL Global Lightning Detection System: Regional Validation Study in Brazil, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31(3), L03102, 10.1029/ 2003GL018882, 2004.
16. Lee, A. C. L.: An experimental study of the remote location of lightning flashes using a VLF arrival time difference technique, Q. J. Royal Met. Soc., 112, 203-229, 1986.
17. Lyons, W. A., Nelson, T. E., Williams, E. R., Cramer, J. A., and Turner, T. R.: Enhanced positive cloud-to-ground lightning in thunderstorms ingesting smoke from fires, Science, 282, 77-80, 1998.
18. MacGorman, D. R. and Rust, R. W.: The Electrical Nature of Storms, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998.
19. Mackerras, D., Darveniza, M., Orville, R. E., Williams, E. R., and Goodman, S. J.: Global lightning: Total, cloud and ground flash estimates. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 19 791-19 809, 1998.
20. Magono, C.: Thunderstorms, Elsevier Sci., Amsterdam, 1980.
21. Morales, C. A., Weiman, J. A., Anagnostou, E. N., Goodman, S., and Williams, E.: Continuous Long-Range Thunderstorm Monitoring by a VLF Receiver Network: Location Error Analysis and Cloud-to-Ground and Intra-Cloud Detection Efficiency, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., in press, 2004.
22. Orville, R. E.: Lightning Detection from Ground and Space, in Handbook of atmospheric electrodynamics; Vol. 1, 2nd ed., edited by H. Voland, 137-149, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl., 1995.
23. Orvill, R. E. and Henderson, R. W.: Global distribution of midnight lightning, September 1977 to August 1978, Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 2640-2653, 1986.
24. Pierce, E. T.: Atmospherics and radio noise, in Lightning, vol. 1, edited by R. H. Golde, Academic Press, New York, 309-350, 1977.
25. Rakov, V. A. and Uman, M. A.: Lightning; Physics and Effects, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003.
26. Rodger, C. J., Brundell, J. B., Dowden, R. L., and Thomson, N. R.: Location accuracy of long distance VLF lightning location network, Ann. Geophys., 22, 747-758, 2004, SRef-ID: 1432-0576/ag/2004-22-747.
27. Rodger, C. J., Clilverd, M. A. and McCormick, R. J.: Significance of lightning generated whistlers to inner radioation belt electron lifetimes, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 1462, 10.1029/2003JA009906, 2003.
28. Rodger, C. J.: Red sprites, upward lightning, and VLF perturbations, Rev.Geophys., 37, 317-336, 1999.
29. Schlegel, K., Diendorfer, G., Thern, S., and Schmidt, M.: Thunderstorms, lightning and solar activity - Middle Europe, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 63, 1705-1713, 2001.
30. Thomas, R. J., Krehbiel, P. R., Rison, W., Hamlin, T., Boccipio, D. J., Goodman, S. J., and Christian, H. J.: Comparison of ground-based 3-dimensional lightning mapping observations with satellite-based LIS observations in Oklahoma, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1703-1706, 2000.
31. Uman, M. A.: The Lightning Discharge, Int. Geophys. Ser., Vol. 39, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., 1987.
32. Whipple, F. J. W. and Scrase, F. J.: Point discharge in the electric field of the earth, Met. Office Geophys. Mem. London, VII68, 3-20, 1936.
33. Williams, E. R.: The Schumann Resonance: A global tropical thermometer, Science, 256, 1184-1187, 1992.
34. Williams, E. R. and Satori, G.: Lightning, thermodynamic and hydrological comparison of the two tropical continental chimneys, J. Atmos. S-P, 66, 1213-1231, 2004.
35. Wood, T. G. and Inan, U. S.: Long-range tracking of thunderstorms using sferic measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4553, 10.1029/2001JD002008, 2002.
36. Yair Y., Israelevich, P., Devir, A. D., Moalem, M., Price, C., Joseph, J. H., Levin, Z., Ziv, B., Sternlieb, A., and Teller, A.: New observations of sprites from the space shuttle, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D15201, doi: 10.1029/2003JD004497, 2004.