Gaseous and air decontamination technologies for Clostridium difficile in the healthcare environment

Journal of Hospital Infection

Volumn 77, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 199-203

  Davies, A ^a   Pottage, T ^a   Bennett, A ^a   Walker, J ^a  

^a PUBLIC HEALTH ENGLAND   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Aerosol; Cleaning; Clostridium difficile; Detergent; Disinfection

Indexed keywords

CHLORINE DIOXIDE; DETERGENT; DISINFECTANT AGENT; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; HYPOCHLORITE SODIUM; OZONE; SILVER DERIVATIVE;

BACILLUS SUBTILIS; BACTERIAL SPORE; BACTERIUM CONTAMINATION; CLEANING; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DISINFECTION; ESCHERICHIA COLI; FOOD INDUSTRY; GASEOUS DECONTAMINATION; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; HUMIDITY; IN VIVO STUDY; INFECTION RATE; INSTRUMENT STERILIZATION; LAUNDRY; LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION;

AIR MICROBIOLOGY; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; CROSS INFECTION; DECONTAMINATION; ENTEROCOLITIS, PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS; GASES; HUMANS; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; ULTRAVIOLET RAYS;

EID: 79951854245     PISSN: 01956701     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2010.08.012     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. National Audit Office Reducing healthcare associated infections in hospitals in England 2009, NAO, London.
2. Kaatz G.W., Gitlin S.D., Schaberg D.R., et al. Acquisition of Clostridium difficile from the hospital environment. Am J Epidemiol 1988, 127:1289-1294.
3. Gurley B. Ozone: pharmaceutical sterilant of the future?. J Parenter Sci Technol 1985, 39:256-261.
4. Griffith C.J., Cooper R.A., Gilmore J., Davies C., Lewis M. An evaluation of hospital cleaning regimes and standards. J Hosp Infect 2000, 45:19-28.
5. Otter J.A., French G.L. Survival of nosocomial bacteria and spores on surfaces and inactivation by hydrogen peroxide vapor. J Clin Microbiol 2009, 47:205-207.
6. Barbut F., Menuet D., Verachten M., Girou E. Comparison of the efficacy of a hydrogen peroxide dry-mist disinfection system and sodium hypochlorite solution for eradication of Clostridium difficile spores. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009, 30:507-514.
7. Dumford D.M., Nerandzic M.M., Eckstein B.C., Donskey C.J. What is on that keyboard? Detecting hidden environmental reservoirs of Clostridium difficile during an outbreak associated with North American pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type 1 strains. Am J Infect Control 2009, 37:15-19.
8. Eckstein B.C., Adams D.A., Eckstein E.C., et al. Reduction of Clostridium difficile and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus contamination of environmental surfaces after an intervention to improve cleaning methods. BMC Infect Dis 2007, 7:61.
9. Samore M.H., Venkataraman L., DeGirolami P.C., Arbeit R.D., Karchmer A.W. Clinical and molecular epidemiology of sporadic and clustered cases of nosocomial Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. Am J Med 1996, 100:32-40.
10. Shapey S., Machin K., Levi K., Boswell T.C. Activity of a dry mist hydrogen peroxide system against environmental Clostridium difficile contamination in elderly care wards. J Hosp Infect 2008, 70:136-141.
11. Wilcox M.H., Fawley W.N., Wigglesworth N., et al. Comparison of the effect of detergent versus hypochlorite cleaning on environmental contamination and incidence of Clostridium difficile infection. J Hosp Infect 2003, 54:109-114.
12. Andersen B.M., Rasch M., Hochlin K., et al. Decontamination of rooms, medical equipment and ambulances using an aerosol of hydrogen peroxide disinfectant. J Hosp Infect 2006, 62:149-155.
13. Boyce J.M. Environmental contamination makes an important contribution to hospital infection. J Hosp Infect 2007, 65(Suppl. 2):50-54.
14. Mayfield J.L., Leet T., Miller J., Mundy L.M. Environmental control to reduce transmission of Clostridium difficile. Clin Infect Dis 2000, 31:995-1000.
15. Fraise A.P. Decontamination of the environment. J Hosp Infect 2007, 65(Suppl. 2):58-59.
16. Wilcox M.H., Fawley W.N. Hospital disinfectants and spore formation by Clostridium difficile. Lancet 2000, 356:1324.
17. Fawley W.N., Underwood S., Freeman J., et al. Efficacy of hospital cleaning agents and germicides against epidemic Clostridium difficile strains. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007, 28:920-925.
18. Allerberger F., Ayliffe G., Bassetti M., et al. Routine surface disinfection in health care facilities: should we do it?. Am J Infect Control 2002, 30:318-319.
19. Dancer S.J., White L.F., Lamb J., Girvan E.K., Robertson C. Measuring the effect of enhanced cleaning in a UK hospital: a prospective cross-over study. BMC Med 2009, 7:28.
20. Boyce J.M. New approaches to decontamination of rooms after patients are discharged. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009, 30:515-517.
21. Pottage T., Richardson C., Parks S., Walker J.T., Bennett A.M. Evaluation of hydrogen peroxide gaseous disinfection systems to decontaminate viruses. J Hosp Infect 2010, 74:55-61.
22. Imlay J.A., Chin S.M., Linn S. Toxic DNA damage by hydrogen peroxide through the Fenton reaction in vivo and in vitro. Science 1988, 240:640-642.
23. Rutala W.A., Weber D.J. Low-temperature sterilization technologies: do we need to redefine "sterilization" ?. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996, 17:87-91.
24. Rogers J., Sabourin C., Choi Y., et al. Decontamination assessment of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus subtilis and Geothermophilus stearothermophilus spores on indoor surfaces using a hydrogen peroxide gas generator. J Appl Microbiol 2005, 99:739-748.
25. Boyce J.M., Havill N.L., Otter J.A., et al. Impact of hydrogen peroxide vapor room decontamination on Clostridium difficile environmental contamination and transmission in a healthcare setting. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008, 29:723-729.
26. Otter J.A., Puchowicz M., Ryan D., et al. Feasibility of routinely using hydrogen peroxide vapor to decontaminate rooms in a busy United States hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009, 30:574-577.
27. Ikarashi Y., Tsuchiya T., Nakamura A. Cytotoxicity of medical materials sterilized with vapour-phase hydrogen peroxide. Biomaterials 1995, 16:177-183.
28. Block S.S. Disinfection, sterilization and preservation 2001, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. 5th ed.
29. Department of Health/NHS Purchasing and Supply Agency The Healthcare Associated Infections (HCAI) technology innovation programme: showcase hospitals reports. The Bioquell Hydrogen Peroxide Vapour (HPV) decontamination system. The results: using technology to help fight infection 2009, DoH, London.
30. Jeng D.K., Woodworth A.G. Chlorine dioxide gas sterilization under square-wave conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990, 56:514-519.
31. Canter D. Addressing residual risk issues at anthrax cleanups: how clean is safe?. J Tox Environ Health Part A 2005, 68:1017-1032.
32. Canter D.A., Gunning D., Rodgers P., et al. Remediation of Bacillus anthracis contamination in the U.S. Department of Justice mail facility. Biosecur Bioterror 2005, 3:119-127.
33. Knapp J.E., Rosenblatt D.H. Chlorine dioxide as a gaseous sterilant. Med Device Diagn Ind 1986, 8:48-50.
34. Rastogi V.K., Wallace L., Smith L.S., Ryan S.P., Martin B. Quantitative method to determine sporicidal decontamination of building surfaces by gaseous fumigants, and issues related to laboratory-scale studies. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009, 75:3688-3694.
35. Rogers J., Sabourin C., Taylor M., et al. Environmental technology verification report: CDG research corporation bench-scale chlorine dioxide gas: solid generator September 2004, Batelle, Columbus, OH.
36. Jin R.Y., Hu S.Q., Zhang Y.G., Bo T. Concentration-dependence of the explosion characteristics of chlorine dioxide gas. J Hazard Mater 2009, 166:842-847.
37. Ingram M., Haines R.B. Inhibition of bacterial growth by pure ozone in the presence of nutrients. J Hyg (Lond) 1949, 47:146-158.
38. de Boer H.E., van Elzelingen-Dekker C.M., van Rheenen-Verberg C.M., Spanjaard L. Use of gaseous ozone for eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from the home environment of a colonized hospital employee. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006, 27:1120-1122.
39. Foegeding P. Ozone inactivation of Bacillus and Clostridium spore populations and the importance of spore coat to resistance. Food Microbiol 1985, 2:123-124.
40. Sharma M., Hudson J.B. Ozone gas is an effective and practical antibacterial agent. Am J Infect Control 2008, 36:559-563.
41. Health and Safety Executive EH40/2005 Workplace exposure limits 2007.
42. Berrington A.W., Pedler S.J. Investigation of gaseous ozone for MRSA decontamination of hospital side-rooms. J Hosp Infect 1998, 40:61-65.
43. Cardoso C.C., Fiorini J.E., Ferriera L.R., Gurjao J.W., Amaral L.A. Disinfection of hospital laundry using ozone: microbiological evaluation. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000, 21:248.
44. Moat J., Cargill J., Shone J., Upton M. Application of a novel decontamination process using gaseous ozone. Can J Microbiol 2009, 55:928-933.
45. Russell A.D. Principle and practice of disinfection, preservation and sterilization 1999, Blackwell, Oxford. 3rd ed.
46. Kujundzic E., Matalkah F., Howard C.J., Hernandez M., Miller S.L. UV air cleaners and upper-room air ultraviolet germicidal irradiation for controlling airborne bacteria and fungal spores. J Occup Environ Hyg 2006, 3:536-546.
47. Best E.L., Fawley W.N., Parnell P., Wilcox M.H. The potential for airborne dispersal of Clostridium difficile from symptomatic patients. Clin Infect Dis 2010, 50:1450-1457.
48. Roberts K., Smith C.F., Snelling A.M., et al. Aerial dissemination of Clostridium difficile spores. BMC Infect Dis 2008, 8:7.
49. Nardell E.A. Use and misuse of germicidal UV air disinfection for TB in high-prevalence settings. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2002, 6:647-648.
50. Nardell E.A. Environmental control of tuberculosis. Med Clin North Am 1993, 77:1315-1334.
51. Anon Guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in health-care facilities. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1994, 1994(43):97-104.
52. Morey A., McKee S.R., Dickson J.S., Singh M. Efficacy of ultraviolet light exposure against survival of Listeria monocytogenes on conveyor belts. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010, 7:737-740.
53. Sweeney C.P., Dancer S.J. Can hospital computers be disinfected using a hand-held UV light source?. J Hosp Infect 2009, 72:92-94.
54. Nicholson W.L., Galeano B. UV resistance of Bacillus anthracis spores revisited: validation of Bacillus subtilis spores as UV surrogates for spores of B. anthracis Sterne. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003, 69:1327-1330.
55. Bergeron V., Reboux G., Poirot J.L., Laudinet N. Decreasing airborne contamination levels in high-risk hospital areas using a novel mobile air-treatment unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007, 28:1181-1186.
56. Poirot J.L., Gangneux J.P., Fischer A., et al. Evaluation of a new mobile system for protecting immune-suppressed patients against airborne contamination. Am J Infect Control 2007, 35:460-466.
57. Warriner K., Rysstad G., Murden A., et al. Inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores on packaging surfaces by u.v. excimer laser irradiation. J Appl Microbiol 2000, 88:678-685.
58. NHS cleaning manual July 2009, National Patient Safety Agency.