Remediation of Bacillus anthracis contamination in the U.S. Department of Justice Mail Facility

Biosecurity and Bioterrorism

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 119-127

  Canter, Dorothy A ^a   Gunning, Dawn ^b   Rodgers, Pamela ^c   O'Connor, Laurel ^c   Traunero, Carol ^c   Kempter, Carlton J ^a  

^a U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^b United States Department of Justice   (United States)

^c BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTHRAX; ARTICLE; BACILLUS ANTHRACIS; BIOLOGICAL WARFARE; ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; EPIDEMIC; EXPOSURE; GOVERNMENT; HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH; HUMAN; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; METHODOLOGY; MICROBIOLOGY; POSTAL MAIL; UNITED STATES; WASTE MANAGEMENT;

ANTHRAX; BACILLUS ANTHRACIS; BIOTERRORISM; DECONTAMINATION; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; HUMANS; INHALATION EXPOSURE; MARYLAND; ORGANIZATIONAL CASE STUDIES; POSTAL SERVICE; UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT AGENCIES;

EID: 24644484425     PISSN: 15387135     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/bsp.2005.3.119     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: investigation of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax-Connecticut. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001;50(47): 1049-1051.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Suspected cutaneous anthrax in a laboratory worker-Texas. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002;51(13):279-281.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Procedures for Collecting Surface Environmental Samples for Culturing Bacillus anthracis. Atlanta: CDC; 2001. (Updated April 2002 and renamed "Comprehensive Procedures for Collecting Environmental Samples for Culturing Bacillus anthracis") Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/unpenvsamp.html. Accessed April 20, 2005.
4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Memorandum: FIFRA Crisis Exemption for Anthrax Incidents. Washington. DC: EPA; November 9, 2001.
5. AEG. Revised Work Plan for Anthrax Decontamination. Appendix entitled Colloidal Micelles: A Technical Summary, by Markley O. Westminster. Md: AEG; December 31, 2001.
6. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Table Z-1 Limits for Air Contaminants. 1910.1000 Table Z-1. Washington, DC: OSHA; 2003. Available at: www.osha.gov/ pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9992. Accessed April 20, 2005.
7. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Memorandum: FIFRA Crisis Exemption for Anthrax Incidents. Washington, DC: EPA; January 7, 2002.
8. National Institutes of Health. Laboratory Safety Monograph: A Supplement to the NIH Guidelines for Recombinant DNA Research. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education, & Welfare; Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health; 1979.
9. National Science Foundation. NSF/ANSI 49-2002, Annex G-Recommended Microbiological Decontamination Procedure. Class II (Laminar Flow) Biosafety Cabinetry. Washington, DC: NSF; 2002.
10. United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases. Regulation 385-17, Decontamination of Containment Areas with Paraformaldehyde. Ft. Detrick, Md: USAMRIID; 1999.
11. Code of Federal Regulations. 29 CFR Ch. XVII. 1910.1048 (7-1-2003 Edition).
12. Tkach J. Landover Operations Center Anthrax Remediation Oversight Summary Report. Memorandum, 2002. To Ms. Dawn Gunning, Environmental Protection Safety Specialist, U.S. Department of Justice, from Mr. Joseph Tkach, Division of Federal Occupational Health. U.S. Public Health Service.
13. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Memorandum: FIFRA Crisis Exemption for Anthrax Incidents. Washington, DC: EPA; October 3, 2002.
14. Cheney JE, Collins CH. Formaldehyde disinfection in laboratories: limitations and hazards. Brit J Biomed Sci 1995: 52:195-201.
15. Schultz W. Personal communication. September 22, 2004.
16. Young LS, Feeley JC, Brachman PS. Vaporized formaldehyde treatment of a textile mill contaminated with Bacillus anthracis. Arch Environ Health 1970;20:400-403.
17. Institute for Defense Analysis. Decontaminating Civilian Facilities: Biological Agents and Toxins. IDA Paper P-3365, January 1998.
18. Hoffman RK, Spiner DR. Effect of relative humidity on the penetrability and sporicidal activity of formaldehyde. Appl Microbiol 1970;20:616-619.
19. Joslyn JL. Gaseous chemical sterilization. In: Block SS, ed. Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001: 340-341.
20. Songer JR, Braymen DT, Mathis RG, Monroe JW. The practical use of formaldehyde vapor for disinfection. Health Lab Sci 1972;9(1):46-55.
21. Ackland NR, Hinton MR, Denmeade KR. Controlled formaldehyde fumigation system. Appl Environ Microbiol 1980;39:480-487.
22. Munro K, Lanser J, Flower R. A comparative study of methods to validate formaldehyde decontamination of biological safety cabinets. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65(2):873-876.
23. National Response Team. Technical Assistance for Anthrax Response, Interim-Final Draft. Appendix C, p. 95. 2002. Available at: http://www.nrt.org/ Production/NRT/ NRTWeb.nsf/AllAttachmentsByTitle/A-47AnthraxTAD/ $File/Anthrax%20TAD%20citable%209_17_04.pdf?Open Element. Accessed May 9, 2005.
24. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Integrated Risk Information System on-line data base. Formaldehyde. Washington, DC: EPA; 2004. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/ iris/subst/0419.htm Accessed April 21, 2005.
25. International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Supplement No. 7. Lyon, France: IARC; 1987: 211-216.
26. Canter DA. Lessons learned: remediation of anthrax contamination. In: Kowalski JB, Morrissey RF, eds. International Kilmer Conference Proceedings, Vol. VIII. Champlain. NY: Polyscience Publications; 2004: 60-76.
27. Knapp JE, Battisti DL. Chlorine dioxide. In: Block SS, ed. Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001: 215-227.
28. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chlorine dioxide. Pesticides: Topical and Chemical Fact Sheets. Washington, DC: Office of Pesticide Programs, EPA; 2003. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/chemicals/ chlorinedioxidefactsheet.htm. Accessed April 21, 2005.
29. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Bleach. Pesticides: Topical and Chemical Fact Sheets. Washington, DC: Office of Pesticide Programs, EPA; 2003. Available at: http://www. epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/chemicals/ bleachfactsheet. htm Accessed April 21, 2005.
30. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Poster: "The Efficacy of Household Bleach Against Bacillus subtilis Endospores as Determined by the AOAC Sporicidal Activity Test of Disinfectants." Washington, DC: EPA; 2003.
31. U.S. Department of State. Remedial Action Report for Fumigation of Department of State's Diplomatic Pouch and Mail Facility (SA-32). Sterling, Va: U.S. Department of State; November 6, 2003.
32. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Summary Report: Peer Review Workshop on Environmental Sampling for Anthrax Spores at Morgan Postal Processing and Distribution Center. EPA 500-R-03-001. Washington, DC: EPA; February 2003.
33. Day T. Presentation to National Academies of Science Committee on How Clean Is Safe; January 28, 2004; Washington, DC.