A proposed, evidence-based approach to the treatment of chronic hepatitis B

Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology

Volumn 45, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 259-266

  Han, Steven Huy B ^a,b   Durazo, Francisco A ^a   Saab, Sammy ^a   Tong, Myron J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

antiviral therapy; cirrhosis; hepatocellular carcinoma; interferon; nucleoside nucleotide analogs

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ALBUMIN; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; CARCINOGEN; HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN; SERUM ALBUMIN;

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ALBUMIN BLOOD LEVEL; ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE; DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE MARKER; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; GENOTYPE; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; LIVER BIOPSY; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MISSENSE MUTATION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SEROCONVERSION; THROMBOCYTE COUNT; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT PLANNING; VIRUS CORE; VIRUS INHIBITION; VIRUS MUTANT; VIRUS MUTATION;

ALANINE TRANSAMINASE; ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; CARCINOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR; DISEASE PROGRESSION; DNA, VIRAL; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATITIS B, CHRONIC; HUMANS; INTERFERONS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER NEOPLASMS; MUTATION; NUCLEOSIDES;

EID: 79951809485     PISSN: 01920790     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181f312f5     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. Lok AS, Wu PC, Lai CL, et al. A controlled trial of interferon with or without prednisone priming for chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology. 1992;102:2091-2097.
2. Lok AS, Lai CL, Wu PC, et al. Long-term follow-up in a randomised controlled trial of recombinant alpha 2-interferon in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Lancet. 1988;2:298-302.
3. Lau GK, Piratvisuth T, Luo KX, et al. Peginterferon Alfa-2a, lamivudine, and the combination for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2682-2695. (Pubitemid 41007823)
4. Chien RN, Liaw YF, Atkins M. Pretherapy alanine transaminase level as a determinant for hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion during lamivudine therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Asian Hepatitis Lamivudine Trial Group. Hepatology. 1999;30:770-774. (Pubitemid 29409422)
5. Perrillo RP, Lai CL, Liaw YF, et al. Predictors of HBeAg loss after lamivudine treatment for chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2002;36:186-194. (Pubitemid 34700777)
6. Marcellin P, Chang TT, Lim SG, et al. Baseline ALT predicts histologic and serological response in patients with HBeAg+ chronic hepatitis B treated with adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) [abstract]. J Hepatol. 2002;36:122-123.
7. Lai CL, Chien RN, Leung NW, et al. A one-year trial of lamivudine for chronic hepatitis B. Asia Hepatitis Lamivudine Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:61-68. (Pubitemid 28304879)
8. Wang C, Deubner H, Shuhart MC, et al. High prevalence of significant fibrosis in patients with immunotolerance to chronic hepatitis B infection [abstract]. Hepatology. 2005;42:573A.
9. Nguyen MH, Trinh H, Garcia RT, et al. Significant histologic disease in HBV-infected patients with normal to minimally elevated ALT levels at initial evaluation [abstract]. Hepatology. 2005;42:593A.
10. Lai M, Hyatt BJ, Afdhal NH, et al. Role of liver biopsy in patients with normal ALT and high HBV DNA [abstract]. Hepatology. 2005;42 :720A.
11. Prati D, Taioli E, Zanella A, et al. Updated definitions of healthy ranges for serum alanine aminotransferase levels. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:1-10.
12. Kim HC, Nam CM, Jee SH, et al. Normal serum aminotransferase concentration and risk of mortality from liver diseases: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2004;328:983.
13. Yim HJ, Lok AS. Natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: what we knew in 1981 and what we know in 2005. Hepatology. 2006;43:S173-S181.
14. Hui CK, Leung N, Yuen ST, et al. Natural history and disease progression in Chinese chronic hepatitis B patients in immunetolerant phase. Hepatology. 2007;46:395-401. (Pubitemid 47344774)
15. Sato A, Kato Y, Nakata K, et al. Relationship between sustained elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase and progression from cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison in patients with hepatitis B virus- and hepatitis C virus-associated cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1996;11: 944-948. (Pubitemid 26338282)
16. Okoshi S, Igarashi M, Suda T, et al. Remote development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with liver cirrhosis type B serologically cured for HBs antigenemia with long-standing normalization of ALT values. Dig Dis Sci. 2002;47:2002-2006. (Pubitemid 35024812)
17. Tsuboi Y, Ohkoshi S, Yano M, et al. Common clinicopathological features of the patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection who developed hepatocellular carcinoma after seroconversion to anti-HBs-a consideration of the pathogenesis of HBV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma and a strategy to inhibit it. Hepatogastroenterology. 2006;53:110-114. (Pubitemid 43287405)
18. Yuen MF, Yuan HJ, Wong DK, et al. Prognostic determinants for chronic hepatitis B in Asians: therapeutic implications. Gut. 2005;54:1610-1614. (Pubitemid 41531781)
19. Hoofnagle JH, Dusheiko GM, Seeff LB, et al. Seroconversion from hepatitis B e antigen to antibody in chronic type B hepatitis. Ann Intern Med. 1981;94:744-748. (Pubitemid 11123366)
20. Fattovich G, Rugge M, Brollo L, et al. Clinical, virologic and histologic outcome following seroconversion from HBeAg to anti-HBe in chronic hepatitis type B. Hepatology. 1986;6: 167-172. (Pubitemid 16144862)
21. Lok AS, Heathcote EJ, Hoofnagle JH. Management of hepatitis B: 2000-summary of a workshop. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:1828-1853.
22. Werle B, Wursthorn K, Petersen J, et al. Quantitative analysis of hepatic HBV cccDNA during the natural history of chronic hepatitis B and adefovir dipivoxil therapy: an international multicenter study [abstract]. Hepatology. 2002;36:296A.
23. Iloeje UH, Yang HI, Su J, et al. Predicting cirrhosis risk based on the level of circulating hepatitis B viral load. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:678-686. (Pubitemid 43374518)
24. Chen CJ, Yang HI, Su J, et al. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level. JAMA. 2006;295:65-73. (Pubitemid 43042691)
25. Karayiannis P, Fowler MJ, Lok AS, et al. Detection of serum HBV-DNA by molecular hybridization. Correlation with HBeAg/anti-HBe status, racial origin, liver histology and hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 1985;1:99-106. (Pubitemid 15038040)
26. Ishikawa T, Ichida T, Yamagiwa S, et al. High viral loads, serum alanine aminotransferase and gender are predictive factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma from viral compensated liver cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001;16:1274-1281. (Pubitemid 34088276)
27. Ikeda K, Arase Y, Kobayashi M, et al. Consistently low hepatitis B virus DNA saves patients from hepatocellular carcinogenesis in HBV-related cirrhosis. A nested case-control study using 96 untreated patients. Intervirology. 2003;46: 96-104. (Pubitemid 36407926)
28. Ohata K, Hamasaki K, Toriyama K, et al. High viral load is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;19:670-675. (Pubitemid 38858201)
29. Mahmood S, Niiyama G, Kamei A, et al. Influence of viral load and genotype in the progression of Hepatitis B-associated liver cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int. 2005;25: 220-225.
30. Ikeda K, Arase Y, Saitoh S, et al. Long-term outcome of HBV carriers with negative HBe antigen and normal aminotransferase. Am J Med. 2006;119:977-985. (Pubitemid 44634315)
31. Chan HL, Tse CH, Mo F, et al. High viral load and hepatitis B virus subgenotype ce are associated with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26: 177-182.
32. Liu TT, Fang Y, Xiong H, et al. A case-control study of the relationship between hepatitis B virus DNA level and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Qidong, China. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14:3059-3063.
33. Minami M, Poussin K, Kew M, et al. Precore/core mutations of hepatitis B virus in hepatocellular carcinomas developed on noncirrhotic livers. Gastroenterology. 1996;111:691-700. (Pubitemid 26293234)
34. Park YM, Kim BS, Tabor E. Precore codon 28 stop mutation in hepatitis B virus from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Korean J Intern Med. 1997;12:201-207.
35. Kramvis A, Kew MC, Bukofzer S. Hepatitis B virus precore mutants in serum and liver of Southern African Blacks with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 1998;28:132-141. (Pubitemid 28122510)
36. Cho SW, Shin YJ, Hahm KB, et al. Analysis of the precore and core promoter DNA sequence in liver tissues from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Korean Med Sci. 1999;14: 424-430.
37. Zhong S, Chan JY, Yeo W, et al. Frequent integration of precore/core mutants of hepatitis B virus in human hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. J Viral Hepat. 2000;7:115-123. (Pubitemid 30177101)
38. Wang XH, Wang PL. Relationship between mutation on precore region of integrated HBV DNA and p53 gene mutation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Ai Zheng. 2003;22:715-718.
39. Chen CH, Changchien CS, Lee CM, et al. Combined mutations in pre-s/surface and core promoter/precore regions of hepatitis B virus increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study. J Infect Dis. 2008;198:1634-1642.
40. Fang ZL, Yang J, Ge X, et al. Core promoter mutations [A(1762)T and G(1764)A] and viral genotype in chronic hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma in Guangxi, China. J Med Virol. 2002;68:33-40. (Pubitemid 34827169)
41. Lin CL, Liao LY, Wang CS, et al. Basal core-promoter mutant of hepatitis B virus and progression of liver disease in hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B. Liver Int. 2005;25: 564-570.
42. Liu CJ, Chen BF, Chen PJ, et al. Role of hepatitis B viral load and basal core promoter mutation in hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B carriers. J Infect Dis. 2006;193:1258-1265.
43. Liu CJ, Chen BF, Chen PJ, et al. Role of hepatitis B virus precore/core promoter mutations and serum viral load on noncirrhotic hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study. J Infect Dis. 2006;194:594-599.
44. Tong MJ, Blatt LM, Kao JH, et al. Precore/basal core promoter mutants and hepatitis B viral DNA levels as predictors for liver deaths and hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12:6620-6626. (Pubitemid 44794938)
45. Tong MJ, Blatt LM, Kao JH, et al. Basal core promoter T1762/ A1764 and precore A1896 gene mutations in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive hepatocellular carcinoma: a comparison with chronic carriers. Liver Int. 2007;27:1356-1363. (Pubitemid 350142249)
46. Yuen MF, Tanaka Y, Shinkai N, et al. Risk for hepatocellular carcinoma with respect to hepatitis B virus genotypes B/C, specific mutations of enhancer II/core promoter/precore regions and HBV DNA levels. Gut. 2008;57:98-102.
47. Tong MJ, Hsien C, Hsu L, et al. Treatment recommendations for chronic hepatitis B: an evaluation of current guidelines based on a natural history study in the United States. Hepatology. 2008;48:1070-1078.
48. Murata K, Sugimoto K, Shiraki K, et al. Relative predictive factors for hepatocellular carcinoma after HBeAg seroconversion in HBV infection. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11: 6848-6852. (Pubitemid 43092459)
49. Rodriguez-Diaz JL, Rosas-Camargo V, Vega-Vega O, et al. Clinical and pathological factors associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis virus-related cirrhosis: a long-term follow-up study. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2007;19:197-203.
50. Lin CS, Chang CS, Yang SS, et al. Retrospective evaluation of serum markers APRI and AST/ALT for assessing liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis B and C patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Intern Med. 2008;47:569-575.
51. Adinolfi LE, Giordano MG, Andreana A, et al. Hepatic fibrosis plays a central role in the pathogenesis of thrombocytopenia in patients with chronic viral hepatitis. Br J Haematol. 2001;113:590-595. (Pubitemid 32524375)
52. Lu SN, Wang JH, Liu SL, et al. Thrombocytopenia as a surrogate for cirrhosis and a marker for the identification of patients at high-risk for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2006;107:2212-2222.
53. Sarin SK. Summary and recommendations of single theme conferences on hepatitis B and C: Indian Association for Study of the Liver (INASL). J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002;17(suppl 3): S197-S203. (Pubitemid 35454285)
54. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol. 2009;50:227-242.
55. Liaw YF, Leung N, Guan R, et al. Asian-pacific consensus statement on the management of chronic hepatitis B: a 2005 update. Liver Int. 2005;25:472-489. (Pubitemid 40861895)
56. Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B: update 2009. Hepatology. 2009;50:661-662.
57. Keeffe EB, Dieterich DT, Han SH, et al. A treatment algorithm for the management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: 2008 update. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6:1315-1341.
58. Keeffe EB, Dieterich DT, Han SH, et al. A treatment algorithm for the management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: an update. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:936-962. (Pubitemid 44118844)