Deterrents to tourism development in Iran

International Journal of Tourism Research

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 103-123

  Morakabati, Yeganeh ^a  

^a BOURNEMOUTH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Image; Iran; Middle East; Risk; Tourism

Indexed keywords

IMAGE; INTERNATIONAL TOURISM; QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY; RISK PERCEPTION; TOURISM DEVELOPMENT; TOURIST DESTINATION;

IRAN;

EID: 79951565126     PISSN: 10992340     EISSN: 15221970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jtr.802     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Aburish SK. 1997. A Brutal Friendship. The West and the Arab Elite. Victoria Gollancz: London.
2. Alavi J, Yasin MM. 2000. A systematic approach to tourism policy. Journal of Business Research 48: 147-156.
3. Atravesh A. 2008. The history of Iranian air transportation indstry. Available from:
4. Aziz XH. 2001. The journey: an overview of tourism and travel in the Arab/Islamic context. In Tourism and the Less Developed Countries, Harrison D (ed.). Belhaven Press: London; 151-158.
5. Balch T, Roblit M, McConnell T, Levine P. 1996.The Middle East Hospitality Industry: Reapingthe Benefit of Pace. Available at (accessed 7 July 2003).
6. Baloglu S, McCleary KW. 1999. Image segmentation: the case of a tourism destination. Journal of Travel Research 38(2): 144-152.
7. Baloglu S, Brinberg D. 1997. Affective images of tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research 35(4): 11-15.
8. Baum TG, O'Gorman KD. 2010. Iran or Persia: what's in a name, the decline and fall of a tourism industry? In Tourism and Political Change, Butler R, Suntikul W (eds). Goodfellow: Oxford. Available at
9. Bastide S, Moatti LP, Pages LP, Fagnani F. 1989. Risk perception and social acceptability of technologies: the French case. Risk Analysis 9: 215-223.
10. BBC 12. 02.02. 2002. Iran plane crash kills 117. Available from:
11. Bramwell B, Rawding L. 1996. Tourism marketing images of industrial cities. Annals of Tourism Research 23(1): 201-221.
12. Chon K. 1990. Traveler destination image modification process and its marketing implications. Developments in Marketing Science 13: 480-482.
13. Cooper C, Fletcher J, Fyall A, Gilbert D, Wanhill S. 2003. Tourism principles and practice. FT, Prentice Hall, London.
14. Crompton J. 1979. Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of Tourism Research 6(4): 408-424.
15. Dann G. 1996a. Tourist's images of destination: an alternative analysis. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing 5(1/2): 41-55.
16. Dann GMS. 1996b. Language of Tourism: A Sociolinguistic Perspective. CAB International: UK.
17. delbecq AL, Van De Ven AH, Gustafson DH. 1975. Group Techniques for Program Planning: A Guide to Nominal Group and Delphi Processes. Originally Published by Scott Foresman Company Glenview: Illinois. Reprinted in 1986. Green Briar Press: Middleton, Wisconsin. Reprint availableat .
18. Dobson AP, Marsh S. 2001. US Foreign Policy since 1945. Routledge: London.
19. Echtner CM, Ritchie JRB. 1993. The measurement of destination image: an empirical assessment. Journal of Travel Research 31(Spring): 3-13.
20. Fink A, Kosecoff J, Chassin M, Brook R. 1991. Consensus Methods: Characteristics and Guidelines for Use RAND, Santa Monica, California.
21. Gartner W. 1993. Image formation process. In Recent Advances Tourism Marketing Research, Fesenmaier DR, O'leary JT, Uysal M (eds). Haworth: New York; 191-215.
22. Gibbs W, Graves PR, Bernas RS. 2001. Evaluation guidelines for multimedia courseware. Journalof Research on Technology in Education 34(1): 2-17.
23. Gordon TJ. 1994. The Delphi Method. AC/UNUMillennium Project, Futures Research Methodology. Available at (accessed 6 July 2007).
24. Fakeye PC, Crompton JL. 1991. Image differences between prospective, first-time, and repeat visitors to the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Journal of Travel Research 30(Fall): 10-16.
25. Glaesser D., 2003. Crisis Management in the Tourism Industry. Butterworth Heinmann: Oxford.
26. Hall CM. 1994. Tourism Politic, Policy, Power and place. New York: John Wiley.
27. Hasson F, Keeney S, McKenna H. 2000. Research guidelines for the Delphi survey technique. Journal of Advanced Nursing 32(4): 1008-1015(8).
28. Harrison D. 1992. Tourism and the Less Developed Countries. Belhaven Press: London.
29. Hiro D. 1985. Iran under the Ayatollahs. Routledge & Kegan Paul: London.
30. Hiro D. 1991. The Longest War. Routledge & Kegan Paul: London.
31. Hoffman B. 1997. The confluence of international and domestic trends in terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence 9: 1-15.
32. Hughes DM. 2003. Islamic Fundamentalism and the Sex Slave Trade in Iran. Available at (accessed 10 January 2005).
33. Iran Daily 10.11.04. 2004. Hoteliers near bankruptcy. Available at: (accessed 10 May 2006).
34. Iran Daily 17.11.04. 2004. Tourism Generating $500m p.a. Available from; (cited 28 February 2006).
35. Iran daily 15.08.10. 2005. available from:
36. Iran Daily 17.03.05. 2005. Tourism neglected. Available at: (accessed 15 March 2006).
37. Iran Daily 25.05.05. 2005. Available from:
38. Iran Daily 28.02.06. 2006. Investing in tourism. Available at (accessed 28 February 2006).
39. Iran Daily 31.01.06. 2006. Iran: tourism needs more than cultural outlook. Available at (accessed 28 February 2006).
40. Iran Daily 17.11.04. 2004. Tourism generating$500m p.a. Available at (accessed 28 February 2006).
41. Iran country profile. 2006. Available from:
42. Keown CF. 1989. Risk perception of Hong Kongees vs. Americans. Risk Analysis 9: 401-405.
43. Kone D, Mullet E. 1994. Social risk perception and media coverage. Risk Analysis 14: 21-24.
44. Kanter A. 2003. Iran and Winning the Peace in Iraq. Available at .
45. Leiper N. 1995. Tourism Management. VIC. TAFE Publications: Collingwood.
46. Linstone HA, Turoff M. 1975. The Delphi Method: Techniques and Applications. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co: Reading, MA.
47. Lebrenz S. 1996. landerimages. Josef Eul: Josef Eul Verlag, Lohmar.
48. Marsh S, Dobson A. 2001. US Foreign Policy since 1945. Routledge: New York.
49. Mayerhofer W. 1995. Imagetransfer., Service Fachverlag, Wien.
50. Meyer W. 1981. 'Das Image von Dänemark als Urlaubsland'. In Reisemotive, Länderimages, Urlaubsverhalten (Studienkreis für Tourismus (ed.) Studienkreis für Tourismus und Entwicklung e.V., Ammerland/Starnberger See, pp. 141-157.
51. Milton-Edwards B, Hincheliffe P. 2001. Conflictsin Middle East since 1945, 3rd edn. Routledge: Oxford.
52. Morakabati Y. 2007. Tourism, travel risk and travel risk perceptions: a study of travel risk perceptionsand the effects of incidents on tourism. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Bournemouth University: School of Tourism.
53. Murphy MK, Black N, Lamping DL, McKee CM, Sanderson CFB, Askham J et al. 1998. Consensus development methods and their use in clinical guideline development. Health Technology Assessment 2(3).
54. Norris P, Ken M. 2003. Framing Terrorism. Routledge: London.
55. Oppermann M, Weaver D. 2000. Tourism Management. Wiley: Australia.
56. Pizam A, Mansfeld Y. 1996. Tourism, Crimeand International Security Issues. John Wiley and Sons.
57. Powell C. 2003. The Delphi technique: myths and realities. Methodological Issues in Nursing Research 41(4): 376-382.
58. Reid N. 1988. The Delphi technique: its contribution to the evaluation of professional practise. In Professional competence and quality assurance in the caring Profession. Ellis R (ed.). London: Croom Helm; 223-262.
59. Reisinger Y, Mavondo F. 2005. Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally :implications of travel risk perception. Journal of travel Research 43(3): 212-225.
60. Roehl WS, Fesenmaier DR. 1992. Risk perception and pleasure travel: an exploratory analysis. Journal of Travel Research 30(4): 17-26.
61. Rowe G, Wright G. 1999. The impact of task characteristics on the performance of structured group forecasting techniques. International Journal of Forecasting 12: 73-89.
62. Said E. 2000 Islam as news. In The EdwardSaid Reader, Bayoumi M, Rubin A (eds). Vintage: New York; 169-194. (Originally published1980).
63. Santana G. 2003. Crisis management and tourism: beyond the rhetoric. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing 15(4): 299-321.
64. Simpson J. 2006. What next in Iran nuclear stand-off? Available from: .
65. Smith SLJ. 1995 Tourism Analysis: a handbook, 2nd edn. Longman: Herlow, UK 320.
66. Smith V. 1998. War and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 25(1): 202-227.
67. Sonmez S, Graefe AR. 1998. Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions. Annals of Tourism Research 25: 112-144.
68. Stitt-Gohdes WL, Crews TB. 2004. The Delphi technique: a research strategy for career and technical education. Journal of Career and Technical Education 20(2): 53-65.
69. Tellier F. 2006. The Iranian Moment. Policy Focus 52. Available at (accessed 25February 2006).
70. Turoff M, Hiltz SR. 1996. Computer based Delphi processes. Invited book chapter in Adler M, Ziglio E. (eds.) Gazing into the oracle: The Deplhi method and its application to social policy and public health. London: Kingsley.
71. Trommsdorff V. 1990. Image als Einstellung zum angebot. In Wirtshaftspysychologie in Grundbegriffen, Hoyos C (ed.). Psychologie Verlags Union: München 117-128.
72. U.S. Department of state. 2005. Available from:
73. Walmsley DJ, Jenkins JM. 1993. Appraisive images of tourist areas: application of personal construct. Australian Geographer 24(2): 1-13.
74. Wheeler B, Hart T, Whysall P. 1990. Application of the Delphi technique: a reply to Green, Hunter and. Moore. Tourism Management 12(2): 121-122. World public opinion (2007). Available at .
75. Burke AA. 2007. UN Sanctions and Iranian Arms Imports. Available from: (15 August 2010).
76. World Bank. 2006. Available at (accessed 10 October 2007).
77. World tourism organisation. 2006. Available from:
78. WTO. 2009. International Tourism Up by 5.5%to 808 Million Arrivals in 2005 | UNWTO, available from: Reports.
79. WTTC. 2005. Middle East Travel & Tourism Poised for Robust Growth in 2005. Available from: