Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions

Annals of Tourism Research

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 112-144

  Sönmez, Sevil F ^a   Graefe, Alan R ^b  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Destination choice; International vacation tourism; Political instability risk; Terrorism; Tourist decision making

Indexed keywords

PERCEPTION; POLITICAL INSTABILITY; SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS; TERRORISM RISK; TOURISM DECISIONS;

EID: 0031745267     PISSN: 01607383     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0160-7383(97)00072-8     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Abu Fadil, M. 1992 Special Feature: The Terrorists Won't Go Away. The Middle East 217:15-18.
2. Alexander, Y. 1977 Communications Aspects of International Terrorism. International Problems 16:55-60.
3. Allan, R. 1990 Terrorism: Pragmatic International Deterrence and Cooperation, Occasional Paper Series, 19. New York: Institute for East-West Security Studies.
4. Anderson, N. H. 1981 Foundations of Information Integration Theory. New York: Academic Press.
5. 1982 Methods of Information Integration Theory. New York: Academic Press.
6. Arch, E. C. 1993 Risk-taking: A Motivational Basis For Sex Differences. Psychological Reports 73(1):3-11.
7. Arendt, H. 1971 The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
8. Aziz, H. 1995 Understanding Attacks on Tourists in Egypt. Tourism Management 16:91-95.
9. Bar-On, R. R. 1996 Measuring the Effects on Tourism of Violence and of Promotion Following Violent Acts In Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues, A. Pizam and Y. Mansfeld, eds., pp. 159-171. New York: Wiley.
10. Bell, J. B. 1975 Transnational Terror. Washington DC: American Enterprise Institute.
11. 1978 A Time of Terror: How Democratic Societies Respond to Revolutionary Violence. New York: Basic Books.
12. Bolz, Jr., F., K.J. Dudonis and D. P. Schulz 1990 The Counter-Terrorism Handbook. New York: Elsevier Co., Inc.
13. Brady, J. and R. Widdows 1988 The Impact of World Events on Travel to Europe During the Summer of 1986. Journal of Travel Research 26(3):8-10.
14. Buchanan, T. 1985 Commitment and Leisure Behavior: A Theoretical Perspective. Leisure Sciences 7:401-420.
15. Buckley, P. J. and M. Klemm 1993 The Decline of Tourism in Northern Ireland: The Causes. Tourism Management 14:184-194.
16. Cheron, E. J. and J. R. B. Ritchie 1982 Leisure Activities and Perceived Risk. Journal of Leisure Research 14:139-154.
17. Conant, J. S., T. Clark, J. J. Burnett and G. Zank 1988 Terrorism and Travel: Managing the Unmanageable. Journal of Travel Research 26(4): 16-20.
18. Cook, R. L. and K. W. McCleary 1983 Redefining Vacation Distances in Consumer Minds. Journal of Travel Research 22(2):31-34.
19. Crenshaw, M. 1989 Terrorism and International Cooperation. Occasional paper series 11. New York: Institute for East-West Security Studies.
20. Crompton, J. L. 1977 A Systems Model of the Tourist's Destination Selection Decision Process with Particular Reference to the Role of Image and Perceived Constraints. Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
21. 1992 Structure of Vacation Destination Choice Sets. Annals of Tourism Research 19:420-434.
22. D'Amore, L. J. and T. E. Anuza 1986 International Terrorism: Implications and Challenge for Global Tourism. Business Quarterly 11:20-29.
23. Dillman, D. A. 1978 Mail and Telephone Surveys: The Total Design Method. New York: Wiley.
24. Economist, The 1986a East, West, Home's best 300(7455):28.
25. n1986b Europe Suffers from American Stayaways 299(7447):63-64.
26. Edgell, Sr., D. L. 1990 International Tourism Policy. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
27. Enders, W. and T. Sandler 1991 Causality Between Transnational Terrorism and Tourism: The Case of Spain. Terrorism 14(1):49-58.
28. Enders, W., T. Sandler and G. F. Parise 1992 An Econometric Analysis of the Impact of Terrorism on Tourism. Kyklos 45:531-554.
29. Engel, J. F., D. T. Kollat and R. D. Blackwell 1968 Consumer Behavior. New York: Holt.
30. Evans, J. R. and B. Berman 1992 Marketing (6th ed.). New York: MacMillan.
31. Fletcher, M. 1993 Egypt - Is This the Time to Visit? Travel and Leisure 23(6):60-64.
32. Gartner, W. C. and J. Shen 1992 The Impact of Tiananmen Square on China's Tourism Image. Journal of Travel Research 30(4): 17-52.
33. Goodrich, J. N. 1978 The Relationship between Preferences for and Perceptions of Vacation Destinations: Application of a Choice Model. Journal of Travel Research 17(2):8-13.
34. Goszczynska, M., T. Tyszka and P. Slovic 1991 Risk Perception in Poland: A Comparison With Three Other Countries. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 4(3):179-193.
35. Gu, Z. and T. L. Martin 1992 Terrorism, Seasonably, and International Air Tourist Arrivals in Central Florida: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing 1(1):3-15.
36. Hacker, F.J. 1978 Crusaders, Criminals, Crazies: Terror and Terrorism in Time. New York: Bantam.
37. Hall, C. M. 1994 Tourism and Politics: Policy, Power and Place. New York: Wiley.
38. Hall, C. M. and V. O'Sullivan 1996 Tourism, Political Stability and Violence In Tourism, Crime and International Security, Issues, A. Pizam and Y. Mansfeld, eds., pp. 105-121. New York: Wiley.
39. Horner, C. M. 1980 The Facts About Terrorism. Commentary 69(6):40-42.
40. Hollier, R. 1991 Conflict in the Gulf: Response of the Tourism Industry. Tourism Management 12:2-4.
41. Howard, J. A. 1963 Marketing Management Analysis and Planning. Homewood, II: Irwin Publishing Co.
42. 1977 Consumer Behavior: Application of Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
43. Hurley, J. A. 1988 The Hotels of Rome: Meeting the Marketing Challenge of Terrorism. The Cornell Quarterly 29(1):71-79.
44. Jenkins, B. 1987 The Future Course of International Terrorism In Contemporary Trends in World Terrorism, A. Kurz, ed., pp. 150-159. New York: Praeger.
45. 1988 Future Trends in International Terrorism In Current Perspectives on International Terrorism, R. O. Slater and M. Stohl, eds., pp. 246-266. London: Macmillan.
46. Johansson, A. and L. Nyberg 1996 Tourism Conference on Safety and Establishment of a Center. Annals of Tourism Research 23:724-725.
47. Karber, P. A. 1971 Terrorism as Social Protest. Unpublished paper.
48. Kahneman, D. and A. Tversky 1979 Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk. Econometrica 47:263-291.
49. Kent, P. 1991 Understanding Holiday Choices. In The Tourism Industry: An International Analysis, M. T. Sinclair and M. J. Stabler, eds., pp. 165-183. Oxon: CAB International.
50. Kupperman, R. H. and D. M. Trent 1979 Terrorism. Stanford CT: Hoover Institution Press.
51. Lai, A. W. 1991 Consumption Situation and Product Knowledge in the Adoption of a New Product. European Journal of Marketing 25(10):55-67.
52. LaTour, M. S. and S. D. Roberts 1992 Cultural Anchoring and Product Diffusion. Journal of Consumer Marketing 9:29-34.
53. Lea, J. P. 1996 Tourism, Realpolitik and Development in the South Pacific In Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues, A. Pizam and Y. Mansfeld, eds., pp. 123-142. New York: Wiley.
54. Lehrman, C. K. 1986 When Fact and Fantasy Collide: Crisis Management in the Travel Industry. Public Relations Journal 42:25-28.
55. Mansfeld, Y. 1992 From Motivation to Actual Travel. Annals of Tourism Research 19:399-419.
56. 1996 Wars, Tourism and the "Middle East" Factor In Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues, A. Pizam and Y. Mansfeld, eds., pp. 265-278. New York: Wiley.
57. Mansfeld, Y. and N. Kliot 1996 The Tourism Industry in the Partitioned Island of Cyprus In Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues, A. Pizam and Y. Mansfeld, eds., pp. 187-202. New York: Wiley.
58. Mathieson, A. and G. Wall 1982 Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts. London: Longman.
59. Mazursky, D. 1989 Past Experience and Future Tourism Decisions. Annals of Tourism Research 16:333-344.
60. May, W. F. 1974 Terrorism as Strategy and Ecstasy. Social Research 41:277.
61. Mechitov, A. I. and S. B. Rebrik 1990 Studies of Risk and Safety Perception in USSR. In Contemporary Issues in Decision Making, K. Borcherding, O. I. Larichev and D. M. Messick, eds., pp. 261-270. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
62. Mickolus, E. F. 1980 Transnational Terrorism: A Chronology of Events 1968-1979. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
63. Mid Sweden University 1995 Proceedings of Talk at the Top Conference - Research and Travel Trade Conference on Security and Risks in Travel and Tourism, June, 1995, Östersund, Sweden: Mid Sweden University.
64. Midgley, D. F. and G. R. Dowling 1993 A Longitudinal Study of Product Form Innovation: The Interaction Between Predispositions and Social Messages. Journal of Consumer Research and Social Messages 19:611-625.
65. Mihalič, T. 1996 Tourism and Warfare. The Case of Slovenia. In Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues, A. Pizam and Y. Mansfeld, eds., pp. 232-246. New York: Wiley.
66. National Travel and Tourism Strategy 1995 White House Conference on Travel and Tourism, October 30-31, 1995, Washington DC: US Department of State.
67. Osgood, C. E., G. J. Suci and P. H. Tannenbaum 1957 The Measurement of Meaning. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
68. Pennings, J. M. and F. Harianto 1992 The Diffusion of Technological Innovation in the Commercial Banking Industry. Strategic Management Journal 12:29-46.
69. Pitts, W. J. 1996 Uprising in Chiapas, Mexico: Zapata Lives: Tourism Falters In Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues, A. Pizam and Y. Mansfeld, eds., pp. 215-227. New York: Wiley.
70. Pizam, A. 1996 Does Tourism Promote Peace and Understanding Between Unfriendly Nations? In Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues, A. Pizam and Y. Mansfeld, eds., pp. 203-213. New York: Wiley.
71. Pizam, A. and Y. Mansfeld 1996 Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues. New York: Wiley.
72. Plog, S. C. 1974 Why Destination Areas Rise and Fall in Popularity. The Cornell Quarterly 14(9):55-58.
73. 1990 A Carpenter's Tools: An Answer to Stephen L. J. Smith's Review of Psychocentrism/Allocentrism. Journal of Travel Research 28:43-45.
74. Poland, J. M. 1988 Understanding Terrorism. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall.
75. Redlick, A. S. 1979 The Transnational Flow of Information as a Cause of Terrorism. In Terrorism: Theory and Practice, Y. Alexander, ed., Boulder CO: Westview Press.
76. Richter, L. K. 1980 The Political Uses of Tourism: A Philippine Case Study. The Journal of Developing Areas 14:237-257.
77. 1983 Tourism Politics and Political Science: A Case of Not So Benign Neglect. Annals of Tourism Research 10:313-315.
78. 1989 The Politics of Tourism in Asia, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
79. Richter, L. K. and W. L. Waugh, Jr. 1986 Terrorism and Tourism as Logical Companions. Tourism Management 7:230-238.
80. Roehl, W. S. and D. R. Fesenmaier 1992 Risk Perceptions and Pleasure Travel: An Exploratory Analysis. Journal of Travel Research 30(4): 17-26.
81. Rogers, R. W. 1975 A Protection Motivation Theory of Fear Appeals and Attitude Change. The Journal of Psychology 91:93-114.
82. Ryan, C. 1993 Crime, Violence, Terrorism and Tourism: An Accidental or Intrinsic Relationship? Tourism Management 14(3): 173-183.
83. Sandier, T. and H. E. Lapan 1988 The Calculus of Dissent: An Analysis of Terrorists' Choice of Targets. Synthese 76:244-261.
84. Schiffman, L. G. and L. L. Kanuk 1991 Consumer Behavior (4th ed.), Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall.
85. Schlagheck, D. M. 1988 International Terrorism. Lexington MA: Lexington Books.
86. Schmid, A. P. and A. J. Jongman 1988 Political Terrorism. New York: North-Holland.
87. Schmid, A. P. and J. deGraaf 1982 Violence as Communication: Insurgent Terrorism and the Western News Media. Beverly Hills CA: Sage.
88. Schwartz, R. D. 1991 Travelers Under Fire: Tourists in the Tibetan Uprising. Annals of Tourism Research 18(4):588-604.
89. Scott, R. 1988 Managing Crisis in Tourism: A Case Study of Fiji. Travel and Tourism Analyst 6:57-71.
90. Sharpley, R. and J. Sharpley 1995 Travel Advice - Security or Politics? In Security and Risks in Travel and Tourism. Proceedings of the Talk at the Top Conference, pp. 168-182. Östersund, Sweden: Mid-Sweden University.
91. Smith, V. L. 1996 War and its Tourist Attractions. In Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues, A. Pizam and Y. Mansfeld ed., pp. 247-264. New York: Wiley.
92. Snepenger, D., K. Meged, M. Snelling and K. Worrall 1990 Information Search Strategies by Destination-Naive Tourists. Journal of Travel Research 29(1): 13-16.
93. Sönmez, S. F. 1994 An Exploratory Analysis of the Influence of Personal Factors on International Vacation Decisions within the Context of Terrorism and/or Political Instability Risk. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University Park PA: The Pennsylvania State University.
94. Svyantek, D. J., R. P. Deshon and M. T. Siler 1991 The Illusion of Certainty: A Catastrophe Model of Decision Framing. Current Psychology: Research and Reviews 10:199-209.
95. Takemura, K. 1992 Effect of Decision Time on Framing of Decision: A Case of Risky Choice Behavior. Psychologia 35(3): 180-185.
96. Teye, V. B. 1986 Liberation Wars and Tourism Development in Africa: The Case of Zambia. Annals of Tourism Research 13:589-608.
97. 1988 Coups D'Etat and African Tourism: A Study of Ghana. Annals of Tourism Research 15:329-356.
98. The Economist 1990 Ambushing the Peace Bus 314(7641):41-42.
99. Thornton, T. P. 1968 Terror as a Weapon of Political Agitation. In Internal War, H. Eckstein, ed., New York: Free Press.
100. Tiegen, K. H., W. Brun and P. Slovic 1988 Societal Risks as Seen by a Norwegian Public. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 1 (2):111-130.
101. Toman, J. 1991 Developing an International Policy Against Terrorism. In International Terrorism: Policy Implications, S. Flood, ed., pp. 111-128. Chicago: The University of Illinois at Chicago, Office of International Criminal Justice.
102. Tremblay, P. 1989 Pooling International Tourism in Western Europe. Annals of Tourism Research 16(4):477-491.
103. Tversky, A. and D. Kahneman 1981 The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice. Science 211:453-458.
104. 1986 Rational Choice and the Framing of Decisions. Journal of Business 59:251-278.
105. US Department of State 1990 Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1989. Washington, DC: US Department of State.
106. 1991 Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1990. Washington, DC: US Department of State.
107. 1992 Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1991. Washington, DC: US Department of State.
108. 1993 Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1992. Washington, DC: US Department of State.
109. 1994 Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1993, Washington, DC: US Department of State.
110. 1995 Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1994. Washington, DC: US Department of State.
111. 1996 Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1995. Washington, DC: US Department of State.
112. US House of Representatives 1991 The Impact of the Threat of Terrorism and The Recession on the Travel and Tourism Industry. (Serial No. 102-6). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
113. Um, S. and J. L. Crompton 1990 Attitude Determinants in Tourism Destination Choice. Annals of Tourism Research 17:432-448.
114. 1992 The Roles of Perceived Inhibitors and Facilitators in Pleasure Travel Destination Decisions. Journal of Travel Research 30(3): 18-25.
115. vanRaaij, W. F. and D. A. Francken 1984 Vacation Decisions, Activities and Satisfactions. Annals of Tourism Research 11:101-112.
116. Wahab, S. 1996 Tourism and Terrorism: Synthesis of the Problem with Emphasis on Egypt In Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues,A. Pizam and Y. Mansfeld, eds., pp. 175-186. New York: Wiley.
117. 1995 Terrorism: A Challenge to Tourism In Security and Risks in Travel and Tourism, Proceedings of Talk at the Top Conference - Research and Travel Trade Conference on Security and Risks in Travel and Tourism Östersund, Sweden: Mid Sweden University.
118. Wall, G. 1996 Terrorism and Tourism: An Overview and an Irish Example In Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues, A. Pizam and Y. Mansfeld, eds., pp. 143-158. New York: Wiley.
119. Watson, F. M. 1976 Political Terrorism: The Threat and the Response. Washington DC: Robert B. Luce Co.
120. Weber, E. U. and W. P. Bottom 1987 Axiomatic Measures of Perceived Risk: Some Tests and Extensions. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 2(2): 113-131.
121. Wieviorka, M. 1994The Making of Terrorism. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
122. Wilkinson, P. 1976 Political Terrorism. London: Macmillan.
123. 1979 Terrorism and the Liberal State. New York: New York University Press.
124. Woodside, A. G. and D. Sherrell 1977 Traveler Evoked, Inept and Inert Sets of Vacation Destinations. Journal of Travel Research 16(10):14-18.
125. Woodside, A. G. and S. Lysonski 1989 A General Model of Traveler Destination Choice. Journal of Travel Research 27(4):8-14.
126. WTO 1991 Impact of the Gulf Crisis on International Tourism. World Tourism Organization Special Report. May, 1991. Madrid: WTO.