Servant leadership versus transformational leadership in voluntary service organizations

Leadership and Organization Development Journal

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 60-77

  Schneider, Sherry K ^a   George, Winnette M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WEST FLORIDA   (United States)

^b Point Fortin ^*  (Trinidad and Tobago)

Author keywords

Empowerment; Leadership; Transformational leadership; Voluntary organizations

Indexed keywords

EID: 79951518425     PISSN: 01437739     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/01437731111099283     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Alatrista, J. and Arrowsmith, J. (2004), "Managing employee commitment in the not-for-profit sector" in Personnel Review, Vol. 33, Nos 5/6, pp. 536-48.
2. Avolio, B.J., Zhu, W., Koh, W. and Bhatia, P. (2004), "Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of structural distance" in Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 25, pp. 951-68.
3. Baldwin, W. (2000), "Information no one else knows: the value of self-report" in Stone, A.A. (Ed.), The Science of Self-report: Implications for Research and Practice, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 3-7.
4. Baron, R.M. and Kenny, D.A. (1986), "The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations" in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 51, No. 6, pp. 1173-82.
5. Bass, B.M. and Avolio, B.J. (1997), Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Manual, Mind Garden, Palo Alto, CA.
6. Berson, Y. and Avolio, B.J. (2004), "Transformational leadership and the dissemination of organizational goals: a case study of a telecommunication firm" in Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 625-46.
7. Bliss, J.P. and Fallon, C.K. (2003), "The effects of leadership style and primary task workload on team performance and follower satisfaction" in International Journal of Applied Aviation, Vol. 3, pp. 259-76.
8. Bono, J.E. and Judge, T.A. (2003), "Self-concordance at work: toward understanding the motivational effects of transformational leaders" in Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 46, pp. 554-71.
9. Brown, W.A. and Yoshioka, C.F. (2003), "Mission attachment and satisfaction as factors in employee retention" in Nonprofit Management & Leadership, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 5-18.
10. Cammann, C., Fichman, M., Jenkins, D. and Klesh, J. (1983), "Assessing the attitudes and perceptions of organizational members" in Seashore, S., Lawler, E., Mirvis, P. and Cammann, C. (Eds.), Assessing Organizational Change: A Guide to Methods, Measures and Practices, Wiley, New York, NY, pp. 5-6.
11. Carlo, G., Okun, M.A., Knight, G.P. and de Guzman, M.T. (2005), "The interplay of traits and motives on volunteering: agreeableness, extraversion and prosocial value motivation" in Personality and Individual Differences, Vol. 38, pp. 1293-305.
12. Chen, G. and Bliese, P.D. (2002), "The role of different levels of leadership in predicting self and collective efficacy: evidence for discontinuity" in Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 87, No. 3, pp. 549-56.
13. Clary, E.G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R.D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A.A., Haugen, J. and Miene, P. (1998), "Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: a functional approach" in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 74, No. 6, pp. 1516-30.
14. Cook, J.D., Hepworth, S.J., Wall, T.D. and Warr, P.B. (1981), The Experience of Work, Academic Press, London.
15. Dionne, S.D., Yammarino, F.J., Atwater, L.E. and Spangler, W.D. (2004), "Transformational leadership and team performance" in Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 177-93.
16. Dvir, T. and Shamir, B. (2003), "Follower developmental characteristics as predicting transformational leadership: a longitudinal field study" in The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 14, pp. 327-44.
17. Dvir, T., Eden, E., Avolio, B.J. and Shamir, B. (2002), "Impact of transformational leadership on follower development and performance: a field experiment" in Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 735-44.
18. Ehrhart, M.G. (2004), "Leadership and procedural justice climate as antecedents of unit-level organizational citizenship behavior" in Personnel Psychology, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 61-94.
19. Epitropaki, O. and Martin, R. (2005), "From ideal to real: a longitudinal study of the role of implicit leadership theories on leader-member exchanges and employee outcomes" in Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 90, No. 4, pp. 659-76.
20. Farling, M.L., Stone, A.G. and Winston, B.E. (1999), "Servant leadership: setting the stage for empirical research" in The Journal of Leadership Studies, Vol. 6, Nos 1/2, pp. 49-72.
21. Fleishman, E.A. (1998), "Patterns of leadership behavior related to employee grievances and turnover: some post hoc reflections" in Personnel Psychology, Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 825-34.
22. Gillespie, N.A. and Mann, L. (2004), "Transformational leadership and shared values: the building-blocks of trust" in Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 19, No. 6, pp. 588-607.
23. Graham, J.W. (1991), "Servant-leadership in organizations: inspirational and moral" in Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 2, pp. 105-19.
24. Greenleaf, R.K. (1977), Servant Leadership, Paulist Press, New York, NY.
25. Greenleaf, R.K. (1997), "The servant as leader" in Vecchio, R.P. (Ed.), Understanding the Dynamics of Power and Influence in Organizations, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IN, pp. 429-38.
26. Greenleaf, R.K. and Spears, L.C. (2002), Servant Leadership: A Journey into the Nature of Legitimate Power and Greatness, 25th anniversary edition, Paulist Press, Mahwah, NJ.
27. Hager, M.A. and Brudney, J.L. (2004), Volunteer Management Practices and Retention of Volunteers, The Urban Institute, Washington, DC.
28. Jaskyte, K. (2003), "Assessing changes in employees' perceptions of leadership behavior, job design, and organizational arrangements and their job satisfaction and commitment" in Administration in Social Work, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 25-39.
29. Jung, D.I. and Sosik, J.J. (2002), "Transformational leadership in work groups, the role of empowerment, cohesiveness and collective-efficacy on perceived group performance" in Small Group Research, Vol. 33, pp. 313-36.
30. Kark, R., Shamir, B. and Chen, G. (2003), "The two faces of transformational leadership: empowerment and dependency" in Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 88, No. 2, pp. 246-55.
31. Kenny, D.A. and La Voie, L. (1985), "Separating individual and group effects" in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 339-48.
32. Liden, R.C., Wayne, S.J. and Sparrowe, R.T. (2000), "An examination of the mediating role of psychological empowerment on the relations between the job, interpersonal relationships, and work outcomes" in Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 85, No. 3, pp. 407-16.
33. Loehlin, J.C. (1992), Latent Variable Models: An Introduction to Factor, Path and Structural Analysis, 2nd ed., Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ.
34. McColl-Kennedy, J.R. and Anderson, R.D. (2005), "Subordinate-manager gender combination and perceived leadership-style influence on emotions, self-esteem and organizational commitment" in Journal of Business Research, Vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 115-25.
35. Martinez, T.A. and McMullin, S.L. (2004), "Factors affecting decisions to volunteer in nongovernmental organizations" in Environment and Behavior, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 112-26.
36. Masi, R.J. and Cooke, R.A. (2000), "Effects of transformational leadership on subordinate motivation, empowering norms, and organizational productivity" in International Journal of Organizational Analysis, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 16-47.
37. Menon, S.T. (1999), "Psychological empowerment: definition, measurement, and validation" in Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 161-4.
38. Mowday, R.T., Steers, R.M. and Porter, L.W. (1979), "The measurement of organizational commitment" in Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 14, pp. 224-47.
39. Parolini, J., Patterson, K. and Winston, B. (2009), "Distinguishing between transformational leadership and servant leadership" in Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 274-91.
40. Podsakoff, P.M., Mackenzie, S.B., Lee, J. and Podsakoff, N.P. (2003), "Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies" in Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 88, No. 5, pp. 879-903.
41. Rafferty, A.E. and Griffin, M.A. (2004), "Dimensions of transformational leadership: conceptual and empirical extensions" in The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 329-54.
42. Richardson, H.A. and Vandenberg, R.J. (2005), "Integrating managerial perceptions and transformational leadership into a work-unit level model of employee involvement" in Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 26, No. 5, pp. 561-89.
43. Robbins, T.L., Crino, M.D. and Fredendall, L.D. (2002), "An integrative model of the empowerment process" in Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 12, pp. 419-43.
44. Russell, R.F. and Stone, A.G. (2002), "A review of servant leadership attributes: developing a practical model" in Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 23, pp. 145-57.
45. Scandura, T.A. and Williams, E.A. (2004), "Mentoring and transformational leadership: the role of supervisor career mentoring" in Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 65, No. 3, pp. 448-68.
46. Sendjaya, S., Sarros, J.C. and Santora, J.C. (2008), "Defining and measuring servant leadership behaviour in organizations" in Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 402-24.
47. Smith, B.N., Montagno, R.V. and Kuzmenko, T.N. (2004), "Transformational and servant leadership: content and contextual comparisons" in Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, Vol. 10, pp. 80-91.
48. Spears, L.C. (1998), "Tracing the growing impact of servant leadership" in Block, P., Blanchard, P.K., Wheatley, M. and Autry, J.A. (Eds.), Insights on Leadership: Service, Stewardship, Spirit, and Servant-leadership, Wiley, New York, NY, pp. 1-12.
49. Stone, A.G., Russell, R.F. and Patterson, K. (2003), "Transformational versus servant leadership: a difference in leader focus" in Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 349-61.
50. Turner, N., Barling, J., Epitropaki, O., Butcher, V. and Milner, C. (2002), "Transformational leadership and moral reasoning" in Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 87, No. 2, pp. 304-11.
51. Walumbwa, F.O. and Lawler, J.J. (2003), "Building effective organizations: transformational leadership, collective orientation, work-related attitudes and withdrawal behaviours in three emerging economies" in International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 14, No. 7, pp. 1083-101.
52. Whetstone, J.T. (2002), "Personalism and moral leadership: the servant leader with a transforming vision" in Business Ethics: A European Review, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 385-92.
53. Wisner, P.S., Stringfellow, A., Youngdahal, W.E. and Parker, L. (2005), "The service volunteer-loyalty chain: an exploratory study of charitable not-for-profit service organizations" in Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 143-61.