Heterogeneous ice nucleation on particles composed of humic-like substances impacted by O3

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 116, Issue 3, 2011, Pages

  Wang, Bingbing ^a   Knopf, Daniel A ^a  

^a STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY; BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS; CONTACT ANGLE; KAOLIN; KAOLINITE; NUCLEATION; ORGANIC ACIDS; OXIDATION;

ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS; CLOUD RESOLVING MODEL; DEPOSITION MODES; DIFFERENT MODES; FULVIC ACIDS; HIGHER T; HUMIC ACID; HUMIC-LIKE SUBSTANCES; ICE CRYSTALS; ICE NUCLEATION; ICE NUCLEATION RATES; ICE NUCLEI; LEONARDITES; MIXED-PHASE CLOUD; NUCLEATION EFFICIENCY; NUCLEATION MODES; ORGANIC PARTICLES; PARTICLE TEMPERATURE; RELATIVE HUMIDITIES; WATER SATURATIONS; WATER UPTAKE;

ICE;

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; FULVIC ACID; ICE CRYSTAL; KAOLINITE; LAUMONTITE; NUCLEATION; OZONE; PARAMETERIZATION; RELATIVE HUMIDITY;

SUWANNEE RIVER; UNITED STATES;

EID: 79951479643     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2010JD014964     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Albrecht, B. (1989), Aerosols, cloud microphysics and fractional cloudiness, Science, 245, 1227-1230 (Pubitemid 20402204)
2. Avramov, A., and J. Y. Harrington (2010), Influence of parameterized ice habit on simulated mixed phase Arctic clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D03205, doi:10.1029/2009JD012108.
3. Baduel, C., D. Voisin, and J. L. Jaffrezo (2009), Comparison of analytical methods for humic like substances (HULIS) measurements in atmospheric particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9(16), 5949-5962, doi:10.5194/acp-9-5949-2009.
4. Bailey, M., and J. Hallett (2002), Nucleation effects on the habit of vapour grown ice crystals from -18°C to -42°C, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 128, 1461-1483, doi:10.1002/qj.200212858304. (Pubitemid 34878067)
5. Bailey, M., and J. Hallett (2004), Growth rates and habits of ice crystals between -20°C and -70°C, J. Atmos. Sci., 61(5), 514-544, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061〈0514:GRAHOI〉2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 38504575)
6. Baker, M. B. (1997), Cloud microphysics and climate, Science, 276, 1072-1078, doi:10.1126/science.276.5315.1072. (Pubitemid 27218106)
7. Baker, M. B., and T. Peter (2008) Small-scale cloud processes and climate, Nature, 451, 299-300, doi:10.1038/nature06594.
8. Bergeron, T. (1935), On the physics of clouds and precipitation, paper presented at 5th Assembly, Int. Union of Geod. and Geophys., Lisbon.
9. Brooks, S. D., P. J. DeMott, and S. M. Kreidenweis (2004), Water uptake by particles containing humic materials and mixtures of humic materials with ammonium sulfate, Atmos. Environ., 38(13), 1859-1868, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv. 2004.01.009. (Pubitemid 38404282)
10. Cantrell, W., and A. Heymsfield (2005), Production of ice in tropospheric clouds, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 86(6), 795-807, doi:10.1175/BAMS-86-6-795. (Pubitemid 40951962)
11. Cavalli, F., et al. (2004), Advances in characterization of size-resolved organic matter in marine aerosol over the North Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D24215, doi:10.1029/2004JD005137. (Pubitemid 40335215)
12. Chan, M. N., and C. K. Chan (2003), Hygroscopic properties of two model humic-like substances and their mixtures with inorganics of atmospheric importance, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37(22), 5109-5115, doi:10.1021/es034272o. (Pubitemid 37429765)
13. Chen, J., A. Hazra, and Z. Levin (2008), Parameterizing ice nucleation rates using contact angle and activation energy derived from laboratory data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8(24), 7431-7449, doi:10.5194/acp-8-7431-2008.
14. Chen, T., W. B. Rossow, and Y. Zhang (2000), Radiative effects of cloudtype variations, J. Clim., 13, 264-286, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2000) 013〈0264:REOCTV〉2.0.CO;2.
15. Chen, Y., S. M. Kreidenweis, L. M. McInnes, D. C. Rogers, and P. J. DeMott (1998), Single particle analyses of ice nucleating aerosols in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25(9), 1391-1394, doi:10.1029/97GL03261. (Pubitemid 28437568)
16. Choi, Y. S., and C. H. Ho (2006), Radiative effect of cirrus with different optical properties over the tropics in MODIS and CERES observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L21811, doi:10.1029/2006GL027403. (Pubitemid 46747167)
17. Curry, J. A., J. L. Schramm, W. B. Rossow, and D. Randall (1996), Overview of arctic cloud and radiation characteristics, J. Clim., 9, 1731-1764, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009〈1731:OOACAR〉2.0.CO;2.
18. Cziczo, D. J., D. M. Murphy, P. K. Hudson, and D. S. Thomson (2004), Single particle measurements of the chemical composition of cirrus ice residue during CRYSTAL-FACE, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D04201, doi:10.1029/2003JD004032.
19. D'Anna, B., J. Adla, G. Christian, S. Konrad, F. Simon, A. Markus, and W. Armin (2009), Light-induced ozone depletion by humic acid films and submicron aerosol particles, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D12301, doi:10.1029/2008JD011237.
20. Decesari, S., M. C. Facchini, E. Matta, M. Mircea, S. Fuzzi, A. R. Chughtai, and D. M. Smith (2002), Water soluble organic compounds formed by oxidation of soot, Atmos. Environ., 36(11), 1827-1832, doi:10.1016/S1352- 2310(02)00141-3. (Pubitemid 34285562)
21. DeMott, P. J., D. J. Cziczo, A. J. Prenni, D. M. Murphy, S. M. Kreidenweis, D. S. Thomson, R. Borys, and D. C. Rogers (2003), Measurements of the concentration and composition of nuclei for cirrus formation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 100(25), 14,655-14,660, doi:10.1073/pnas.2532677100. (Pubitemid 37517946)
22. Dinar, E., I. Taraniuk, E. R. Graber, S. Katsman, T. Moise, T. Anttila, T. F. Mentel, and Y. Rudich (2006), Cloud condensation nuclei properties of model and atmospheric HULIS, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6(9), 2465-2482, doi:10.5194/acp-6-2465-2006. (Pubitemid 43980753)
23. Dymarska, M., B. J. Murray, L. M. Sun, M. L. Eastwood, D. A. Knopf, and A. K. Bertram (2006), Deposition ice nucleation on soot at temperatures relevant for the lower troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D04204, doi:10.1029/ 2005JD006627.
24. Eastwood, M. L., S. Cremel, C. Gehrke, E. Girard, and A. K. Bertram (2008), Ice nucleation on mineral dust particles: Onset conditions, nucleation rates and contact angles, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D22203, doi:10.1029/ 2008JD010639.
25. Eliason, T. L., S. Aloisio, D. J. Donaldson, D. J. Cziczo, and V. Vaida (2003), Processing of unsaturated organic acid films and aerosols by ozone, Atmos. Environ., 37(16), 2207-2219, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00149-3. (Pubitemid 36428942)
26. Facchini, M. C., M. Mircea, S. Fuzzi, and R. J. Charlson (1999), Cloud albedo enhancement by surface-active organic solutes in growing droplets, Nature, 401(6750), 257-259, doi:10.1038/45758. (Pubitemid 29444274)
27. Feczko, T., H. Puxbaum, A. Kasper-Giebl, M. Handler, A. Limbeck, A. Gelencsér, C. Pio, S. Preunkert, and M. Legrand (2007), Determination of water and alkanline extratable atmospheric humic-like substances with the TU Vienna HULIS analyzer in samples from six background sites in Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23S10, doi:10.1029/2006JD008331.
28. Findeisen, W. (1938), Die kolloidmeteorologischen Vorgänge bei der Niederschlagsbildung (colloidal meteorological processes in the formation of precipitation), Meteorol. Z., 55, 121-133.
29. Fletcher, N. (1958), Size effect in heterogeneous nucleation, J. Chem. Phys., 29, 572-576, doi:10.1063/1.1744540.
30. Fornea, A. P., S. D. Brooks, J. B. Dooley, and A. Saha (2009), Heterogeneous freezing of ice on atmospheric aerosols containing ash, soot, and soil, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D13201, doi:10.1029/2009JD011958.
31. Forster, P., et al. (2007), Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing, in Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by S. Solomon et al., pp. 131-234, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
32. Froyd, K. D., D. M. Murphy, P. Lawson, D. Baumgardner, and R. L. Herman (2010), Aerosols that form subvisible cirrus at the tropical tropopause, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(1), 209-218, doi:10.5194/acp-10-209-2010.
33. Garten, V. A., and R. B. Head (1964), Carbon particles and ice nucleation, Nature, 201, 1091-1092, doi:10.1038/2011091a0.
34. Graber, E. R., and Y. Rudich (2006), Atmospheric HULIS: How humiclike are they? A comprehensive and critical review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6(3), 729-753, doi:10.5194/acp-6-729-2006.
35. Gysel, M., E. Weingartner, S. Nyeki, D. Paulsen, U. Baltensperger, I. Galambos, and G. Kiss (2004), Hygroscopic properties of water-soluble matter and humic-like organics in atmospheric fine aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4(13), 35-50, doi:10.5194/acp-4-35-2004. (Pubitemid 39098305)
36. Haag, W., B. Kärcher, J. Ström, A. Minikin, U. Lohmann, J. Ovarlez, and A. Stohl (2003), Freezing thresholds and cirrus cloud formation mechanisms inferred from in situ measurements of relative humidity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3(5), 1791-1806, doi:10.5194/acp-3-1791-2003.
37. Hartmann, D. L., M. E. Ockert-Bell, and M. L. Michelsen (1992), The effect of cloud type on earth's energy balance: Global analysis, J. Clim., 5, 1281-1304, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1992)005〈1281:TEOCTO〉2.0.CO;2.
38. Heymsfield, A. J., and L. M. Miloshevich (1995), Relative humidity and temperature influences on cirrus formation and evolution: Observations from wave clouds and FIRE II, J. Atmos. Sci., 52(23), 4302-4326, doi:10.1175/1520- 0469(1995)052〈4302:RHATIO〉2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 27002271)
39. Hung, H. M., Y. Katrib, and S. T. Martin (2005), Products and mechanisms of the reaction of oleic acid with ozone and nitrate radical, J. Phys. Chem. A, 109(20), 4517-4530, doi:10.1021/jp0500900. (Pubitemid 40786032)
40. Jang, M. S., N. M. Czoschke, S. Lee, and R. M. Kamens (2002), Heterogeneous atmospheric aerosol production by acid-catalyzed particle-phase reactions, Science, 298, 814-817, doi:10.1126/science.1075798. (Pubitemid 35231531)
41. Jost, H. J., et al. (2004), In-situ observations of mid-latitude forest fire plumes deep in the stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L11101, doi:10.1029/2003GL019253. (Pubitemid 39103477)
42. Kanakidou, M., et al. (2005), Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: A review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5(4), 1053-1123, doi:10.5194/acp-5- 1053-2005. (Pubitemid 40560480)
43. Kanji, Z. A., and J. P. D. Abbatt (2006), Laboratory studies of ice formation via deposition mode nucleation onto mineral dust and n-hexane soot samples, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D16204, doi:10.1029/2005JD006766. (Pubitemid 46290733)
44. Kanji, Z. A., and J. P. D. Abbatt (2010), Ice nucleation onto Arizona test dust at cirrus temperatures: Effenct of temperature and aerosol size on onset relative humidity, J. Phys. Chem. A, 114, 935-941, doi:10.1021/jp908661m.
45. Kanji, Z. A., O. Florea, and J. P. D. Abbatt (2008), Ice formation via deposition nucleation on mineral dust and organics: Dependence of onset relative humidity on total particulate surface area, Environ. Res. Lett., 3(2), 025004, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/3/2/025004.
46. Kärcher, B. (1998), Physicochemistry of aircraft-generated liquid aerosols, soot, and ice particles: 1. Model description, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D14), 17,111-17,128, doi:10.1029/98JD01044.
47. Kärcher, B., and J. Ström (2003), The roles of dynamical variability and aerosols in cirrus cloud formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3(3), 823-838, doi:10.5194/acp-3-823-2003.
48. Kiss, G., E. Tombacz, and H. C. Hansson (2005), Surface tension effects of humic-like substances in the aqueous extract of tropospheric fine aerosol, J. Atmos. Chem., 50(3), 279-294, doi:10.1007/s10874-005-5079-5. (Pubitemid 40778804)
49. Knopf, D. A., and T. Koop (2006), Heterogeneous nucleation of ice on surrogates of mineral dust, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D12201, doi:10.1029/ 2005JD006894. (Pubitemid 44687625)
50. Knopf, D. A., and M. D. Lopez (2009) Homogeneous ice freezing temperatures and ice nucleation rates of aqueous ammonium sulfate and aqueous levoglucosan particles for relevant atmospheric conditions, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 11 8056-8068, doi:10.1039/b903750k.
51. Knopf D. A., T. Koop, B. P. Luo, U. G. Weers, and T. Peter (2002), Homogeneous nucleation of NAD and NAT in liquid stratospheric aerosols: Insufficient to explain denitrification, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2(3) 207-214, doi:10.5194/acp-2-207-2002.
52. 3 by multicomponent and multiphase mixtures containing oleic acid, J. Phys. Chem. A, 109, 5579-5589, doi:10.1021/jp0512513. (Pubitemid 41027878)
53. 3 lead to volatilization?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L17816, doi:10.1029/2006GL026884. (Pubitemid 44945687)
54. Knopf, D. A., B. Wang, A. Laskin, R. C. Moffet, and M. K. Gilles (2010), Heterogeneous nucleation of ice on anthropogenic organic particles collected in Mexico City, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L11803, doi:10.1029/2010GL043362.
55. Koehler, K. A., P. J. DeMott, S. M. Kreidenweis, O. B. Popovicheva, M. D. Petters, C. M. Carrico, E. D. Kireeva, T. D. Khokhlovac, and N. K. Shonijac (2009), Cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleation activity of hydrophobic and hydrophilic soot particles, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 11, 7906-7920, doi:10.1039/b905334b.
56. 2O solutions at stratospheric temperatures: Nucleation statistics and experiments, J. Phys. Chem. A, 101, 1117-1133. (Pubitemid 127578316)
57. 4 aerosols, J. Phys. Chem. A, 102, 8924-8931, doi:10.1021/jp9828078. (Pubitemid 128576432)
58. Koop, T., B. P. Luo, A. Tsias, and T. Peter (2000), Water activity as the determinant for homogeneous ice nucleation in aqueous solutions, Nature, 406, 611-614, doi:10.1038/35020537. (Pubitemid 30641044)
59. Krivacsy, Z., A. Hoffer, Z. Sarvari, D. Temesi, U. Baltensperger, S. Nyeki, E. Weingartner, S. Kleefeld, and S. G. Jennings (2001), Role of organic and black carbon in the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol at European background sites, Atmos. Environ., 35, 6231-6244, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(01) 00467-8. (Pubitemid 33072079)
60. i, in active fraction, nucleation time-lag, and the effect of active sites on contact angles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(1), 95-105, doi:10.5194/acp-10-95-2010.
61. Lee, J., P. Yang, A. E. Dessler, B.-C. Gao, and S. Platnick (2009), Distribution and radiative forcing of tropical thin cirrus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 66(12), 3721-3731, doi:10.1175/2009JAS3183.1.
62. Li, S. M., J. Tang, H. S. Xue, and D. Toom-Sauntry (2000), Size distribution and estimated optical properties of carbonate, water soluble organic carbon, and sulfate in aerosols at a remote high altitude site in western China, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1107-1110, doi:10.1029/1999GL010929. (Pubitemid 32035652)
63. Lin, P., X. Huang, L. He, and J. Z. Yu (2010a), Abundance and size distribution of HULIS in ambient aerosols at a rural site in south China, J. Aerosol. Sci., 41, 74-87, doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.09.001.
64. Lin, P., G. Engling, and J. Z. Yu (2010b), Humic-like substances in fresh emissions of rice straw burning and in ambient aerosols in the Pearl River delta region, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(14), 6487-6500, doi:10.5194/acp-10- 6487-2010.
65. Lohmann, U., and J. Feichter (2005), Global indirect aerosol effects: A review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5(3), 715-737, doi:10.5194/acp-5-715-2005. (Pubitemid 40479137)
66. Lukács, H., et al. (2007), Seasonal trends and possible sources of brown carbon based on 2-year aerosol measurements at six sites in Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D23S18, doi:10.1029/2006JD008151.
67. Lynch, D. K., K. Sassen, D. O. Starr, and G. Stephens (2002), Cirrus, Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
68. Mayol-Bracero, O. L., P. Guyon, B. Graham, G. Roberts, M. O. Andreae, S. Decesari, M. C. Facchini, S. Fuzzi, and P. Artaxo (2002), Watersoluble organic compounds in biomass burning aerosols over Amazonia: 2. Apportionment of the chemical composition and importance of the polyacidic fraction, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D20), 8091, doi:10.1029/2001JD000522.
69. McFarquhar, G. M., G. Zhang, M. R. Poellot, G. L. Kok, R. McCoy, T. Tooman, A. Fridlind, and A. J. Heymsfield (2007), Ice properties of single-layer stratocumulus during the Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment: 1. Observations, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D24201, doi:10.1029/2007jd008633.
70. McFiggans, G., et al. (2006), The effect of physical and chemical aerosol properties on warm cloud droplet activation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6(9), 2593-2649, doi:10.5194/acp-6-2593-2006. (Pubitemid 44022578)
71. Molina, M. J., A. V. Ivanov, S. Trakhtenberg, and L. T. Molina (2004), Atmospheric evolution of organic aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L22104, doi:10.1029/2004GL020910. (Pubitemid 40280908)
72. Morrison, H., J. Curry, and V. I. Khvorostyanov (2005), A new doublemoment microphysics parameterization for application in cloud and climate models. Part I: Description, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 1665-1677, doi:10.1175/JAS3446. 1. (Pubitemid 41135960)
73. Murphy, D. M., and T. Koop (2005), Review of the vapour pressures of ice and supercooled water for atmospheric applications, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 131(608), 1539-1565, doi:10.1256/qj.04.94. (Pubitemid 41568792)
74. Murphy, D. M., D. S. Thomson, and T. M. J. Mahoney (1998), In situ measurements of organics, meteoritic material, mercury, and other elements in aerosols at 5 to 19 kilometers, Science, 282, 1664-1669, doi:10.1126/science. 282.5394.1664. (Pubitemid 28549274)
75. Murphy, D. M., D. J. Cziczo, P. K. Hudson, and D. S. Thomson (2007), Carbonaceous material in aerosol particles in the lower stratosphere and tropopause region, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D04203, doi:10.1029/2006JD007297. (Pubitemid 47489835)
76. Parsons, M. T., J. Mak, S. R. Lipetz, and A. K. Bertram (2004), Deliquescence of malonic, succinic, glutaric, and adipic acid particles, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D06212, doi:10.1029/2003JD004075.
77. Prenni, A., P. J. DeMott, S. M. Kreidenweis, J. Y. Harrington, A. Avramov, J. Verlinde, M. Tjernström, C. N. Long, and P. Q. Olsson (2007), Can ice-nucleating aerosols affect arctic seasonal climate?, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 88(4), 541-550, doi:10.1175/BAMS-88-4-541. (Pubitemid 46784459)
78. Prenni, A. J., P. J. Demott, D. C. Rogers, S. M. Kreidenweis, G. M. McFarquhar, G. Zhang, and M. R. Poellot (2009), Ice nuclei characteristics from M-PACE and their relation to ice formation in clouds, Tellus, Ser. B, 61(2), 436-448, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2009.00415.x.
79. Pruppacher, R. H., and J. D. Klett (1997), Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, Kluwer Acad., Dordrecht, Netherlands.
80. Ramanathan, V., P. J. Crutzen, J. T. Kiehl, and D. Rosenfeld (2001), Aerosols, climate, and the hydrological cycle, Science, 294, 2119-2124, doi:10.1126/science.1064034. (Pubitemid 33150662)
81. Roberts, P., and J. Hallett (1968), A laboratory study of the ice nucleating properties of some mineral particulates, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 94, 25-34, doi:10.1002/qj.49709439904.
82. Rosenfeld, D. (2000), Suppression of rain and snow by urban and industrial air pollution, Science, 287, 1793-1796, doi:10.1126/science.287.5459. 1793. (Pubitemid 30143959)
83. Rudich, Y. (2003), Laboratory perspectives on the chemical transformations of organic matter in atmospheric particles, Chem. Rev., 103(12), 5097-5124, doi:10.1021/cr020508f.
84. Rudich, Y., N. M. Donahue, and T. F. Mentel (2007), Aging of organic aerosol: Bridging the gap between laboratory and field studies, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 58, 321-352, doi:10.1146/annurev.physchem.58. 032806.104432. (Pubitemid 46877593)
85. Salam, A., U. Lohmann, B. Crenna, G. Lesins, P. Klages, D. Rogers, R. Irani, A. MacGillivray, and M. Coffin (2006), Ice nucleation studies of mineral dust particles with a new continuous flow diffusion chamber, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 40(2), 134-143, doi:10.1080/02786820500444853. (Pubitemid 43220820)
86. Salma, I., R. Ocskay, and G. G. Láng (2008), Properties of atmospheric humic-like substances-Water system, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8(8), 2243-2254, doi:10.5194/acp-8-2243-2008.
87. Saunders, R. W., et al. (2010), An aerosol chamber investigation of the heterogeneous ice nucleating potential of refractory nanoparticles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10(3), 1227-1247, doi:10.5194/acp-10-1227-2010.
88. Schaller, R. C., and N. Fukuta (1979), Ice nucleation by aerosol particles: Experimental studies using a wedge-shaped ice thermal diffusion chamber, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1788-1802, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1979) 036〈1788:INBAPE〉2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 10416646)
89. 2O on soot coated with benzo[a]pyrene, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9(19), 7461-7479, doi:10.5194/acp-9-7461-2009.
90. Ström, J., et al. (2003), Cirrus cloud occurrence as function of ambient relative humidity: A comparison of observations obtained during the INCA experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3(5), 1807-1816, doi:10.5194/acp-3-1807-2003.
91. Svenningsson, B., J. Rissler, E. Swietlicki, M. Mircea, M. Bilde, M. C. Facchini, S. Decesari, S. Fuzzi, J. Zhou, J. Monster, and T. Rosenorn (2006), Hygroscopic growth and critical supersaturations for mixed aerosol particles of inorganic and organic compounds of atmospheric relevance, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6(9), 1937-1952, doi:10.5194/acp-6-1937-2006. (Pubitemid 44202041)
92. Thomas, E. R., G. J. Frost, and Y. Rudich (2001), Reactive uptake of ozone by proxies for organic aerosols: Surface-bound and gas-phase products, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D3), 3045-3056, doi:10.1029/2000JD900595.
93. Twomey, S. (1974), Pollution and planetary albedo, Atmos. Environ., 8(12), 1251-1256, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.10.062.
94. Vali, G. (1985), Nucleation terminology, J. Aerosol Sci., 16(6), 575-576, doi:10.1016/0021-8502(85)90009-6.
95. Vavrus, S. (2004), The impact of cloud feedbacks on arctic climate under greenhouse forcing, J. Clim., 17, 603-615, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004) 017〈0603:TIOCFO〉2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 38381890)
96. Verlinde, J., et al. (2007), The mixed-phase arctic cloud experiment, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 88(2), 205-221, doi:10.1175/BAMS-88-2-205. (Pubitemid 46501993)
97. Wegener, A. (1911), Thermodynamik der Atmosphäre, Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig, Germany.
98. Welti, A., F. Lüönd, and U. Lohmann (2009), Influence of particle size on the ice nucleating ability of mineral dusts, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9(18), 6705-6715, doi:10.5194/acp-9-6705-2009.
99. Wendisch, M., P. Yang, and P. Pilewskie (2007), Effects of ice crystal habit on thermal infrared radiative properties and forcing of cirrus, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D08201, doi:10.1029/2006JD007899. (Pubitemid 46939392)
100. Wylie, D. P., W. P. Jackson, W. P. Menzel, and J. J. Bates (2005), Trends in global cloud cover in two decades of HIRS observations, J. Clim., 18, 3021-3031, doi:10.1175/JCLI3461.1. (Pubitemid 41373037)
101. Ye, T., D. Wynn, R. Dudek, and E. Borguet (2001), Photoreactivity of alkylsiloxane self-assembled monolayers on silicon oxide surfaces, Langmuir, 17, 4497-4500, doi:10.1021/la010697h. (Pubitemid 35330250)
102. Zahardis, J., and G. A. Petrucci (2007), The oleic acid-ozone heterogeneous reaction system: Products, kinetics, secondary chemistry, and atmospheric implications of a model system-A review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1237-1274. (Pubitemid 46353436)
103. Zhang, Q., et al. (2007), Ubiquity and dominance of oxygenated species in organic aerosols in anthropogenically-influenced Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L13801, doi:10.1029/2007GL029979. (Pubitemid 47399659)
104. Zimmermann, F., M. Ebert, A. Worringen, L. Schutz, and S. Weinbruch (2007), Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) as a new technique to determine the ice nucleation capability of individual atmospheric aerosol particles, Atmos. Environ., 41(37), 8219-8227, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.06. 023. (Pubitemid 350101321)
105. Zobrist, B., T. Koop, B. P. Luo, C. Marcolli, and T. Peter (2007), Heterogeneous ice nucleation rate coefficient of water droplets coated by a nonadecanol monolayer, J. Phys. Chem. A, 111, 2149-2155. (Pubitemid 46346969)