Beer gushing

Beer

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 185-212

  Garbe, Leif Alexander ^a   Schwarz, Paul ^b   Ehmer, Alexander ^a  

^a TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

^b NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79951475857     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-669201-3.00006-3     Document Type: Chapter

References (142)

1. Aastrup S., Legind-Hansen P., Nielsen H. Enzymatischer Abbau der Gushing-Neigung im Bier. Brauwelt 1995, 135(28/29):1385-1387.
2. Aastrup S., Legind-Hansen P., Nielsen H. Enzymatic reduction of gushing tendencies in beer. Brauwelt International 1996, 14(20):136-137.
3. Allen B., Wu J., Doan H. Inactivation of fungi associated with barley grain by gaseous ozone. Journal of Environmental Science Health. Part B: Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes B 2003, 38(5):617-630.
4. Amaha M., Kitabatake K. Gushing in beer. Brewing Science 1981, Vol. 2:457-489. Academic Press, NY. J.R.A. Pollock (Ed.).
5. Amaha M., Kitabatake K., Nakagawa A., Yoshida J., Harada T. Gushing inducers produced by some mould strains. Proceedings of the European Brewery Convention Congress 1973, 14:381-398.
6. Amaha M., Horiuchi G., Yabuuchi S. Involvement of chill-proofing enzymes in the winter-type gushing of bottled beer. MBAA Tech. Quart. 1978, 15(1):15-22.
7. Beattie S., Schwarz P.B., Horsley R., Barr J., Casper H. The effect of grain storage conditions on the viability of Fusarium and deoxynivalenol production in infested malting barley. Journal of Food Protection 1997, 61(1):103-106.
8. Bellmer H.G. Forschungsprojekt Gushing. Brauwelt 1995, 24/25:1167-1170.
9. Bell-Pedersen D., Dunlap J.C., Loros J.J. The Neurospora circadian clock-controlled gene, ccg-2, is allelic to eas and encodes a fungal hydrophobin required for formation of the conidial rodlet layer. Genes and Development 1992, 6:2382-2394.
10. Boivin P., Malanda M. Improvement of malt quality and safety by adding starter culture during the malting process. MBAA Technical Quarterly 1997, 34(2):96-101.
11. Boivin, P. and Malanda, M. B. (1999) Inoculation by Geotrichum candidum during malting of cereals or other plants. United States Patent US5955070 (date issued: 21 September).
12. Brenner M.W. Gushing Beer II. Causes and some means of prevention. Proceedings of the European Brewery Convention Congress 1957, 6:349-362.
13. Burger, K. and Bach, H.-P. (2001a) Mixtures of enzymes containing an enzyme with β-glucanase activity, to be used for decreasing or preventing gushing. European Patent EP1164184 (date issued: 19 December).
14. Burger, K. and Bach, H.-P. (2001b) Mixtures of enzymes containing one enzyme with β-glucanase activity, their use to reduce or prevent gushing. European Patent EP1162259 (date issued: 12 December).
15. Burger M., Becker K. Oxalate studies on beer. Proceedings of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 1949, 102-115.
16. Carrington R., Collett C.R., Dunkin I.R., Halek G. Gushing promoters and suppressants in beer and hops. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 1972, 78:243-254.
17. Casey G. Primary versus secondary gushing and assay procedures used to assess malt/beer gushing potential. MBAA Technical Quarterly 1996, 33(4):229-235.
18. Dachs, E., Nitschke, R. (1977) Fallstudie zum Problem Gughing Brauwelt, 117, 129-131.
19. Desjardins A.E. Selected mycotoxigenic Fusarium species. Fusarium Mycotoxins: Chemistry, Genetics and Biology 2006, 145-194. American Phytopathological Society Press, St Paul, MN.
20. de Vocht M.L., Scholtmeijer K., van der Vegte E.W., de Vries O.M.H., Sonveaux N., Woesten H.A.B., Ruysschaert J.-M., Hadziioannou G., Wessels J.G.H., Robillard G.T. Biophysical. Journal 1998, 74:2059-2068.
21. De Vries O.M.H., Moore S., Arntz C., Wessels J.G.H., Tudzynski P. Identification and characterization of a tri-partite hydrophobin from Claviceps fusiformis. A novel type of class II hydrophobin. European Journal of Biochemistry 1999, 262:377-385.
22. Dexter J.E., Nowicki T.W. Safety assurance and quality assurance issues associated with Fusarium Head Blight in wheat. Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat and Barley 2003, 420-460. American Phytopathological Society Press, St Paul, MN. K.J. Leonard, W.R. Bushnell (Eds.).
23. Dilly P.G. Eine Bestandsaufnahme. Brauwelt 1988, 45:2062-2072.
24. Donhauser S., Weideneder A., Winnewisser W., Geiger E. Test zur Ermittlung der Gushingneigung von Rohfrucht, Malz, Würze und Bier. Brauwelt 1990, 32:1317-1320.
25. Donhauser S., Weideneder A., Winnewisser W., Geiger E. A test for determining the gushing propensity of raw grain, malt, wort and beer. Brauwelt International 1991, 9(4):294-297.
26. Draeger M. Physical observations on the subject of gushing. Brauwelt International 1996, 14(4):363-367.
27. Draeger M. Physikalische Ueberlegungen zum Thema Gushing. Brauwelt 1996, 136(6):259-264.
28. Fischer, S. (2000) Bestimmung Gushingverursachender Partikel in Versuchslösungen und Bier mittels Photonenkorrelationsspektroskopie. Schlussbericht für das Forschungsvorhaben R. (Wissenschaftsförderung der Deutschen Brauwirtschaft. Berlin, Germany), 314, 9-1,.
29. Fischer S., Schwill-Miedaner A., Illberg V., Sommer K. Untersuchung von Einflussfaktoren des Gushingphänomens. Brauwelt 1997, 137(6):210-214.
30. Franke D., Pahl M., Vesting M. Theorie zur Existenz von Mikroblasen in Getränken Brauwelt 1995, 38/39:1944-1949.
31. Gale L.R. Population biology of Fusarium species causing head blight of grain crops. Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat and Barley 2003, 120-143. American Phytopathological Society Press, St Paul, MN. K.J. Leonard, W.R. Bushnell (Eds.).
32. Garbe L.A.,, Nagel R.,, Rauschmann M.,, Lamers M.,, Ehmer A., Tressl R. Correlation of Deoxynivalenol, Hydrophobins and Gushing International European Brewing Convention Congress Proceedings, Venice, Italy, 06.-10. Mai 2007 only on CD-ROM, Fachverlag Hans Carl, 90268 Nürnberg, Germany. Proceedings of the European Brewery Convention Congress 2007, 31. in press.
33. Gardner R.J. Surface viscosity and gushing. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 1972, 78:391-399.
34. Gardner R.J. The mechanism of Gushing. A review. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 1973, 79:275-283.
35. Gardner R.J., Laws D.R.J., McGuinness J.D. The suppression of gushing by the use of the hop oil. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 1973, 79:209-211.
36. Gjersten P. Gushing in beer: It's nature, cause and prevention. Brewers Digest 1967, 42(5):80-84.
37. Gjertsen P., Trolle B., Andersen K. Weathered barley as a contributory cause of gushing in beer. Proceedings of the European Brewery Convention Congress 1963, 9:320-341.
38. Goh, H., Yabuuchi, S. and Amaha, M. (1980) Method of preventing gushing of packaged beer. United States Patent US4181742 (date issused: 1 Janaury).
39. Guggenberger J., Kleber W. über den Mechanismus des Wildwerdens von Bier. Proceedings of the European Brewery Convention Congress 1963, 9:299-319.
40. Gyllang H., Sätmark L., Martinson E. The influence of some fungi on malt quality. Proceedings of the European Brewery Convention 1977, 16:245-254.
41. Haikara, A. (1980) Gushing induced by fungi. European Brewery Convention Monograph VI; Relationship between malt and beer. European Brewery Convention Monograph IV, pp. 251-258.
42. Haikara A. Malt and beer from barley artificially contaminated with Fusarium in the field. Proceedings of the European Brewery Convention 1983, 19:401-408.
43. Haikara A., Laitila A. Influence of lactic acid star cultures on the quality of malt and beer. Proceedings of the European Brewery Convention Congress 1995, 25:249-256.
44. Haikara A., Uljas H., Suurnäkki Lactic starter cultures in malting: A novel solution to gushing problems. Proceedings of the European Brewery Convention Congress 1993, 24:163-172.
45. Haikara, A., Sarlin, T., Nakari-Setälä, T., and Pentillä, M. (1999) Method for determining a gushing factor for a beverage. PCT Patent WO 99/54725.
46. Haikara, A., Kleemola, T., Nakarai-Setälä, T. and Penttilä, M. (2006) Method for determining a gushing factor for a beverage. US Patent 7,041,464 B2 (date issued: 3 May).
47. Hakanpää J., Paananen A., Askolin S., Nakari-Setälä T., Parkkinen T., Penttilä M., Linder M.B., Rouvinen J. Atomic resolution structure of the HFB II hydrophobin, a self-assembling amphiphile. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2004, 279:534-539.
48. Helm E., Richardt O.C. Das überschäumen (Wildwerden) des Bieres. Wochenschrift für Brauerei 1938, 55:89-94.
49. Hill N.S., Schwarz P.B., Dahleen L.S., Neate S.M., Glenn A.E., O'Donnell K. ELISA analysis for Fusarium in barley: Development of methodology and field assessment. Crop Science 2006, 46:2636-2642.
50. Hippeli S., Elstner E.F. Are hydrophobins and/or non-specific lipid transfer proteins responsible for gushing in beer? New hypotheses on the chemical nature of gushing inducing factors. Zeitschrift. Für Naturforschung 2002, 57c:1-8.
51. Jacob F. Calcium oxalsäure: Technologische relevanz. Brauwelt 1998, 138(28/29):1286-1287.
52. Jambunathan, Kherdekar M.S., Pawan V. Ergosterol concentration in mold-susceptible and mold-resistant sorghum at different stages of grain development and its relationship to flavan-4-ols. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 1991, 39(10):1866-1870.
53. Kieninger H. Gushing des Flaschenbieres. Derzeitiger Forschungsstand. Brauwelt 1976, 116:1633-1636.
54. Kitabatake K. A wort component responsible for gushing in beer. Bulletin of Brewing Science (Tokyo) 1978, 24:21-32.
55. Kitabatake K., Amaha M. Effect of chemical modifications on the gushing-inducing activity of a hydrophobic protein produced by a Nigrospora sp. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 1977, 41(6):1011-1019.
56. Kitabatake K., Fukushima S., Kawasaki I., Amaha M. Gushing-active peptides in beer produced by Penicillium chrysogenum. Peptide Chemistry 1980 1980, 7-12. Protein Research Foundation, Osaka, Japan. H. Yonehara (Ed.).
57. Kottapalli B., Wolf-Hall C.E., Schwarz P., Schwarz J., Gillespie J. Evaluation of hot water and electron beam irradiation for reducing Fusarium infection in malting barley. Journal of Food Protection 2003, 66(7):1241-1246.
58. Kottapalli B., Wolf-Hall C.E., Schwarz P. Evaluation of gaseous ozone and hydrogen peroxide treatments for reducing Fusarium survival in malting barley. Journal of Food Protection 2005, 68(6):1236-1240.
59. Krause B. The stability of supersaturated carbonic acid solutions, especially that of beer. Svenska Bryggarreföreningens Manadsblad 1936, 5:221-236.
60. Laible B., Geiger B. Primary gushing and polar lipids. An important addition to gushing research. Proceedings of the Congress of the European Brewery Convention 2003, 30:915-922.
61. Laitila A., Alakomi H.-L., Rasca L., Mattila-Sandholm T., Haikara A. Antifungal activities of two Lactobacillus plantarum strains against moulds in vitro and in malting of barley. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2002, 93:566-576.
62. Laitila A., Sweins H., Vilpola A., Kotaviita E., Olkku J., Home S., Haikara A. Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus starter cultures as a tool for microflora management in malting and for enhancement of malt processability. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2006, 54(11):3840-3851.
63. Laws D.R.J., McGuinness J.D. Origin and estimation of the gushing potential of isomerized hop extracts. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 1972, 78:302-308.
64. Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat and Barley 2003, 512. American Phytopathological Society Press, St Paul, MN. K.J. Leonard, W.R. Bushnell (Eds.).
65. Linder M., Szilvay G.R., Nakari-Setälä T., Söderlund H., Penttilä M. Surface adhession of fusion proteins containing the hydrophobins HFBI and HFBII from Trichoderma reesei. Protein Science 2002, 11:2257-2266.
66. Linder M.B., Szilvay G.R., Nakari-Setälä T., Penttilä M.E. Hydrophobins: The protein-amphiphiles of filamentous fungi. FEMS Microbiology Review 2005, 29:877-896.
67. Linemann A. Gushing: Spontanes überschäumen von Flaschenbier. Brauerei Forum 1996, 11(14):217-219.
68. Lowe D.P., Arendt E.K. The use and effects of lactic acid bacteria in malting and brewing with their relationships to antifungal activity, mycotoxins and gushing: A review. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 2004, 110(3):163-180.
69. Madigan D.M., McMurrough I., Smyth M.R. Determination of oxalate in beer and beer sediments using ion chromatography. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 1994, 52(3):134-137.
70. McMullen M., Jones R., Gallenberg D. Scab of wheat and barley: A re-emerging disease of devastating impact. Plant Disease 1997, 81(12):1340-1348.
71. Mitteleuropäischen Brautechnischen Analysenkommission (MEBAK) (2006) Brautechnische Analysenmethoden. Rohstoffe. Gerste. 1.2.8. Mykologischer Status, and Malz 3.14.21. Gushing. MEBAK, Freising, Germany.
72. Moll M. Composition and properties of beer. Beers and Coolers. Definition, Manufacture, and Composition 1991, 270-345. Intercept Ltd., Andover, UK.
73. Müller C. Möglichkeiten zur Bewertung des Gesundheitszustandes von Braugerste und Malz. Brauwelt 1995, 21:1036-1054.
74. Munar M., Sebree B. Gushing - A maltster's view. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 1997, 55(3):119-122.
75. Narziss L., Back W., Reicheneder E., Simon A., Grandl R. Untersuchungen zum Gushing-Problem. Monatsschrift fur Brauwissenschaft 1990, 43(9):296-305.
76. Niessen, L. M. (1993) Entwicklung und Anwendung Immunchemischer Verfahren zum Nachweis Wichtiger Fusarium-Toxine bei der Bierbereitung sowie Mycologische Untersuchungen im Zusammenhang mit dem Wildwerden (Gushing) von Bieren. Doctoral thesis. Technical University Munich. Program for Technical Microbiology and Brewing Technology 2.
77. Niessen, R. (2002) Weiterentwicklung von DNA-gestützten Verfahren zur schnellen Detektion von Fusarium - Kontaminationen und deren Anwendung bei der Qualitätskontrolle in Brauereien. Schlussbericht für das Forschungsvorhaben. (Wissenschaftsförderung der Deutschen Brauwirtschaft. Berlin, Germany, www.aif.de) AiF 12163/N.
78. Niessen M.L., Vogel R.F. Moniotoring of trichothecene producing Fusarium species in brewing cereals using a group specific Polymerase Chain Reaction. Proceedings of the European Brewery Convention 1997, 26:61-67.
79. Niessen L., Donhauser S., Weideneder A., Geiger E., Vogel H. Möglichkeiten einer verbesserten visuellen Beurteilung des mikrobiologischen Status von Malzen. Brauwelt 1991, 131(37):1556-1561.
80. Niessen L., Donhauser S., Weideneder A., Geiger E., Vogel H. Mycologische Untersuchungen an Cerealien und Malzen im Zusammenhang mit Wildwerden (Gushing) des Bieres. Brauwelt 1992, 132(16/17). 702, 704-706, 709-712, 714.
81. Niessen L., Böhm-Schraml M., Vogel H., Donhauser S. Deoxynivalenol in commercial beer-screening for the toxin with an indirect competitive ELISA. Mycotoxin Research 1993, 9:99-109.
82. Niessen L., Hecht D., Zapf M., Theisen S., Vogel R.F., Elstner E., Hippeli S. Zur Rolle oberflächenaktiver Proteine Entstehung des Gushings sowie zu den Möglichkeiten ihrer Beeinflussung. Brauwelt 2006, 146(19/20):570-572.
83. Outtrup H. The relation between the molecular structure and gushing potential of dehydrated humulunic acid. Carlsberg Research Communication 1980, 45:381-388.
84. Paananen A., Vuorimaa E., Torkkeli M., Penttilä M., Kauranen M., Ikkala O., Lemmetyinen H., Serimaa R., Linder M. Structural hierarchy in molecular films of two class II hydrophobins. Biochemistry 2003, 42:5253-5258.
85. Peacock G.A. Separation of fungal sterols by normal-phase HPLC. Journal of Chromatographic Science 1989, 469:293-304.
86. Prentice N., Sloey W. Studies on barley microflora of possible importance to malting and brewing quality. I. The treatment of barley during malting with selected microorganisms. Proceedings of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 1960, 28-34.
87. Prom L.K., Horsley R.D., Steffenson B.J., Schwarz P.B. Development of Fusarium Head Blight and accumulation of deoxynivalenol in barley sampled at different growth stages. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 1999, 57(2):60-63.
88. Radau, B., Linemann, A., Krüger, E. (1995) Modifizierter Carlsberg-Test (MCT). Brauerei-Forum 10, 377-378.
89. Reinikainen P., Peltola P., Lampien R., Haikara A., Olkku J. Improving the quality of malting barley by employing microbial starter cultures in the field. Proceedings of the European Brewery Convention Congress 1997, 27:551-558.
90. Ritva S., Torkkeli M., Paananen A., Linder M., Kisko K., Knaapila M., Ikkala O., Vuorimaa E., Lemmetyinen H., Seeck O. Self-assembled structures of hydrophobins HFBI and HFBII. Journal of Applied Crystallography 2003, 36:499-502.
91. Rodriguez R.J., Parks W. HPLC of sterols: Yeast sterols. Meth. Enzym. 2002, 111:37-51.
92. Salas B., Steffenson B.J., Casper H.H., Tacke B., Prom L.K., Fetch T.G., Schwarz P.B. Fusarium species pathogenic to barley and their associated mycotoxins. Plant Disease 1999, 83:667-674.
93. Sarlin T., Laitila A., Pekkarinen A., Haikara A. Effects of three Fusarium species on the quality of barley and malt. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 2005, 63(2):43-49.
94. Sarlin T., Nakari-Setälä T., Linder M., Penttilä M., Haikara A. Fungal hydrophobins as predictors of the gushing activity of malt. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 2005, 111(2):105-111.
95. Sarlin T., Yli-Mattila T., Jestoi M., Rizzo A., Paavanen-Huhtala S., Haikara A. Real-time PCR for quantification of toxigenic Fusarium species in barley and malt. European Journal of Plant Pathology 2006, 114(4):371-380.
96. Schildbach R. Auswuchs der Gerste und überschäumen des Bieres. Brauwelt 1987, 127(36):1559-1567.
97. Schildbach R., Müller J. Einflüsse der Technologie auf den Oxalatgehalt des Bieres und seiner Rohstoffe. Brauwelt 1980, 120:1648.
98. Schilling A., Moeller E., Geiger H. Polymerase chain reaction based assays for species-specific detection of Fusarium culmorum, F. graminerum, and F. avenaceum. Phytopathology 1996, 86(5):515-522.
99. Schnerr H., Vogel R.F., Niessen L. Correlation between DNA of tricothecene producing Fusarium species and deoxynivalenol concentration in wheat species. Letters in Applied Microbiology 2002, 35(2):121-125.
100. Schumacher T. Gushing in Fruchtsaftschorlen. Ursachen und Gegenmaßnahmen. Flüssiges Obst 2002, 5:304-310.
101. Schur F., Anderegg P., Senften H., Pfenniger H. Brautechnologische Bedeutung von Oxalat. Brauerei Rundschau 1980, 91:201-207.
102. Schwabe M., Fenz R., Engels R., Krämer J., Rath F. Nachweis von Fusarium auf Braugerste mit dem EPS-Latex-Agglutinationstest. Monatsschrift fur Brauwissenschaft 1994, 5:160-164.
103. Schwarz P.B. Impact of head blight on the malting and brewing quality of barley. Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat and Barley 2003, 395-419. American Phytopathological Society Press, St Paul, MN. K.J. Leonard, W.R. Bushnell (Eds.).
104. Schwarz P.B., Casper H.H., Beattie S. Fate and development of naturally occurring Fusarium mycotoxins during malting and brewing. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 1995, 53(3):121-127.
105. Schwarz P.B., Beattie S., Casper H.H. Relationship between Fusarium infestation of barley and the gushing potential of malt. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 1996, 102:93-96.
106. Schwarz P.B., Casper H.H., Barr J., Musial M. Impact of Fusarium head blight on the malting and brewing quality of barley. Cereal Research Communication 1997, 25:813-814.
107. Schwarz P.B., Schwarz J.G., Zhou A., Prom L.K., Steffenson B.J. Effect of Fusarium graminearum and F. poae infection on barley and malt quality. Monatsschrift fur Brauwissenschaft 2001, 54(3/4):55-63.
108. Schwarz P.B., Jones B.L., Steffenson B.J. Enzymes associated with Fusarium infection of barley. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 2002, 60(3):130-134.
109. Schwarz P.B., Horsley R.D., Steffenson B.J., Salas B. Quality risks associated with the utilization of Fusarium Head Blight infected malting barley. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 2006, 64(1):1-7.
110. Simon R. Gushing: A never ending story. Brauwelt 1998, 138(27):1244-1245.
111. Sloey N., Prentice Effects of Fusarium isolates applied during malting on the properties of malt. Proceedings of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 1962, 25-29.
112. Steffenson B.J. Fusarium Head Blight of barley: Impact, epidemics, management strategies for identifying and utilizing genetic resistance. Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat and Barley 2003, 241-295. American Phytopathological Society Press, St Paul, MN. K.J. Leonard, W.R. Bushnell (Eds.).
113. Talbot N.J., Kershaw M., Wakley G.E., de Vries O.M.H., Wessels J.G.H., Hamer J.E. MPG1 encodes a fungal hydrophobin involved in surface interactions during infection-related development of the rice blast fungus Magnaporte grisea. Plant Cell 1996, 8:985-999.
114. Torkkeli M., Serimaa R., Ikkala O., Linder M. Aggregation and self-assembly of hydrophobins from Trichoderma reesei: Low-resolution structural models. Biophysics Journal 2002, 83:2240-2247.
115. Turner, J. E., Jennings, P. and Nicholson, P. (1999) Investigation of Fusarium infection and mycotoxin levels in harvested wheat grain. Home Grown Cereals Authority Project Report 207. HGCA, London, 15 pp.
116. Vaag P. Immunological detection of Fusarium in barley and malt. European Brewery Convention 1991, 23:553-560.
117. Vaag, P. and Pederson, S. (1992) Practical experiences with immunological techniques for the detection of Fusarium in barley and malt. European Brewery Convention Biochemistry and Microbiology Groups Bulletin. EBC, Zoeterwoude, Netherlands.
118. Vaag P., Preben R., Knudson A.-D., Pederson S., Meiling E.A. A simple and rapid test for gushing tendency in brewing materials. Proceedings of the European Brewery Convention Congress 1993, 24:155-162.
119. Vogel E.H. Some aspects of gushing beer. Communications. MBAA 1949, 10:6-7.
120. Waalwijk C., van der Heide R., de Vries I., van der Lee T., Schoen C., Costrel de Corainville G., Hauser-Hahn I., Kastelein P., Kohl J., Lonnet P., Demarquet T., Kema G.H.J. Quantitative detection of Fusarium species in wheat using TaqMan. European Journal of Plant Pathology 2004, 110(5/6):481-494.
121. Weideneder, A. (1992) Untersuchungen zum malzverursachten Wildwerden (Gushing) des Bieres. Doctoral thesis. Technical University Munich.
122. Wershofen T. Gushing Ein überschäumend spritziges Erlebnis. Brauwelt 2004, 35:1061-1063.
123. Wessels J.G.H. Developmental regulation of fungal cell wall formation. Annual Review of Phytopathology 1994, 32:413-437.
124. Wessels J.G.H. Fungal hydrophobins, protein that function at an interface. Trends Plant Science 1996, 1:9-15.
125. Wessels J.G.H. Hydrophobins: Proteins that change the nature of the fungal surface. Advances in Microbial Physiology 1997, 38:1-45.
126. Wessels J.G.H., de Vries O.M., Asgeirsdottir S.A., Schuren F.H.J. Hydrophobin genes involved in formation of aerial hyphae and fruit bodies in Schizophyllum. Plant Cell 1991, 3(8):793-799.
127. Wilt P. Nucleation rates and bubble stability in water-carbon dioxide solutions. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 1986, 112:530-538.
128. Winkelmann L. Das Gushing-Puzzle eine Erfolgsgeschichte. Brauwelt 2004, 25:749-750.
129. Woesten H.A.B., de Vocht M.L. Hydrophobins, the fungal coat unravelled Biochim. Biophysics Acta 2000, 1469:79-86.
130. Woesten H.A.B., Wessels J.G.H. Hydrophobins, from molecular structure to multiple functions in fungal development. Myoscience 1997, 38:363-374.
131. Woesten H.A.B., de Vries O.M.H., Wessels J.G.H. Interfacial self-assembly of a fungal hydrophobin into a hydrophobic rodlet layer. Plant Cell 1993, 5:1567-1574.
132. Woesten H.A.B., Schuren F.H.J., Wessels J.G.H. Interfacial self-assembly of a hydrophobin into an amphipathic protein membrane mediates fungal attachment to hydrophobic surfaces. EMBO Journal 1994, 13:5848-5854.
133. Woesten H.A.B., Ruardy T.G., van der Mei H.C., Busscher H.J., Wessels J.G.H. Interfacial self-assembly of a Schizophyllum commune hydrophobin into an insoluble amphiphatic membrane depends on surface hydrophobicity Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces 1995, 5:189-195.
134. Woesten H.A.B., van Wetter M-A., Lugones L.G., van der Mei H.C., Busscher H.J., Wessels J.G.H. How a fungus escapes the water to grow into the air. Current Biology 1999, 9:85-86.
135. Xu X.M., Parry D.W., Nicholson P., Thomsett M.A., Simpson D., Edwards S.G., Cooke B.M., Doohan F., van Maanen A., Moretti A., Tocco G., Mule G., Hornok L., Giczey G., Tatnell J., Ritieni A. Is the amount of mycotoxins in cereal grains related to the quantity of Fusarium DNA?. Aspects Applied Biology 2003, (68):101-108.
136. Yli-Mattila T., Paavanen-Huhtala S., Parikka P., Hietaniemi V., Jestoi M., Rizzo A. Real-time PCR detection and quantification of Fusarium poae as compared to mycotoxin production in grains in Finland. Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium on Fusarium Head Blight 2004, 2:422-425.
137. Yount D.E., Gillary E.W., Hoffmann D.C. A microscopic investigation of bubble formation nuclei. Journal of Acoustical Society of America 1984, 76:1511-1521.
138. Zepf, M. (1998) Gushing. Ursachenfindung anhand von Modellversuchen. Doctoral thesis. Technical University Munich.
139. Zepf M., Geiger E. Gushing problems with calcium oxalate I. Brauwelt 1999, 139(48):2302-2304.
140. Zepf M., Geiger E. Gushing problems with calcium oxalate II. Brauwelt 2000, 140(6/7):222-223.
141. Zapf M.W., Theisen S., Vogel R.F., Nieseen L. Cloning of wheat LTP1500 and two Fusarium culmorum hydrophobins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and assessment of their gushing inducing potential in experimental work fermentation. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 2006, 112(3):237-245.
142. Zarnkow M., Back W. Neue Erkenntnisse über gushingauslösende Substanzen. Brauwelt 2001, 141(9/10). 363-367, 370.