Potential role of statins for the management of immune reconstitution syndrome

Medical Hypotheses

Volumn 76, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 307-310

  Sun, Hsin Yun ^a,b   Singh, Nina ^a,c  

^a VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; GAMMA INTERFERON; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 2; INTERLEUKIN 6; THALIDOMIDE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ARTICLE; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; GRAFT VERSUS HOST REACTION; HUMAN; IMMUNE RECONSTITUTION INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME; IMMUNITY; NONHUMAN; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; IMMUNE RECONSTITUTION INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME; INFLAMMATION; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS;

EID: 79751538032     PISSN: 03069877     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.09.019     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Casadevall A., Pirofski L.A. The damage-response framework of microbial pathogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol 2003, 1:17-24.
2. Singh N., Perfect J.R. Immune reconstitution syndrome associated with opportunistic mycoses. Lancet Infect Dis 2007, 7:395-401.
3. Singh N. Novel immune regulatory pathways and their role in immune reconstitution syndrome in organ transplant recipients with invasive mycoses. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008, 27:403-408.
4. Sun H.Y., Singh N. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in non-HIV immunocompromised patients. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2009, 22:394-402.
5. Price P., Murdoch D.M., Agarwal U., Lewin S.R., Elliott J.H., French M.A. Immune restoration diseases reflect diverse immunopathological mechanisms. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009, 22:651-663.
6. Meintjes G., Lawn S.D., Scano F., et al. Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: case definitions for use in resource-limited settings. Lancet Infect Dis 2008, 8:516-523.
7. Shelburne S.A., Darcourt J., White A.C., et al. The role of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in AIDS-related Cryptococcus neoformans disease in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 40:1049-1052.
8. Meintjes G., Rabie H., Wilkinson R.J., Cotton M.F. Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and unmasking of tuberculosis by antiretroviral therapy. Clin Chest Med 2009, 30:797-810.
9. Singh N, Forrest G, Sifri C, et al. Cryptococcus-associated immune reconstitution syndrome (IRS) in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients: results from a prospective, multicenter study. In: The 48th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC)/Infectious Diseases Society Association (IDSA) 46th Annual Meeting Abstract no M-2148. Washington, DC; 2008.
10. Garcia Vidal C., Rodriguez Fernandez S., Martinez Lacasa J., et al. Paradoxical response to antituberculous therapy in infliximab-treated patients with disseminated tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 40:756-759.
11. Cheng V.C., Yam W.C., Woo P.C., et al. Risk factors for development of paradoxical response during antituberculosis therapy in HIV-negative patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003, 22:597-602.
12. Singh N., Perfect J.R. Immune reconstitution syndrome and exacerbation of infections after pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 45:1192-1199.
13. Hawkey C.R., Yap T., Pereira J., et al. Characterization and management of paradoxical upgrading reactions in HIV-uninfected patients with lymph node tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 40:1368-1371.
14. Legrand F., Lecuit M., Dupont B., et al. Adjuvant corticosteroid therapy for chronic disseminated candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 46:696-702.
15. Belknap R., Reves R., Burman W. Immune reconstitution to Mycobacterium tuberculosis after discontinuing infliximab. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2005, 9:1057-1058.
16. Arend S.M., Leyten E.M., Franken W.P., Huisman E.M., van Dissel J.T. A patient with de novo tuberculosis during anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy illustrating diagnostic pitfalls and paradoxical response to treatment. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 45:1470-1475.
17. Belkaid Y., Tarbell K. Regulatory T cells in the control of host-microorganism interactions. Annu Rev Immunol 2009, 27:551-589.
18. French M.A. HIV/AIDS: immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: a reappraisal. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 48:101-107.
19. Lawn S.D., Bekker L.G., Miller R.F. Immune reconstitution disease associated with mycobacterial infections in HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretrovirals. Lancet Infect Dis 2005, 5:361-373.
20. Bourgarit A., Carcelain G., Samri A., et al. Tuberculosis-associated immune restoration syndrome in HIV-1-infected patients involves tuberculin-specific CD4 Th1 cells and KIR-negative gammadelta T cells. J Immunol 2009, 183:3915-3923.
21. Tan D.B., Yong Y.K., Tan H.Y., et al. Immunological profiles of immune restoration disease presenting as mycobacterial lymphadenitis and cryptococcal meningitis. HIV Med 2008, 9:307-316.
22. Bourgarit A., Carcelain G., Martinez V., et al. Explosion of tuberculin-specific Th1-responses induces immune restoration syndrome in tuberculosis and HIV co-infected patients. AIDS 2006, 20:F1-F7.
23. Elliott J.H., Vohith K., Saramony S., et al. Immunopathogenesis and diagnosis of tuberculosis and tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome during early antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 2009, 200:1736-1745.
24. Belkaid Y. Regulatory T cells and infection: a dangerous necessity. Nat Rev Immunol 2007, 7:875-888.
25. Tang Q., Bluestone J.A. The Foxp3+ regulatory T cell: a jack of all trades, master of regulation. Nat Immunol 2008, 9:239-244.
26. Sakaguchi S. Naturally arising CD4+ regulatory t cells for immunologic self-tolerance and negative control of immune responses. Annu Rev Immunol 2004, 22:531-562.
27. Oswald-Richter K., Grill S.M., Shariat N., IV H., et al. infection of naturally occurring, genetically reprogrammed human regulatory T-cells. PLoS Biol 2004, 2:E198.
28. Lim A., D'Orsogna L., Price P., French M.A. Imbalanced effector and regulatory cytokine responses may underlie mycobacterial immune restoration disease. AIDS Res Ther 2008, 5:9.
29. Autran B., Carcelain G., Li T.S., et al. Positive effects of combined antiretroviral therapy on CD4+ T cell homeostasis and function in advanced HIV disease. Science 1997, 277:112-116.
30. Carcelain G., Debre P., Autran B. Reconstitution of CD4+ T lymphocytes in HIV-infected individuals following antiretroviral therapy. Curr Opin Immunol 2001, 13:483-488.
31. Ruhwald M., Ravn P. Immune reconstitution syndrome in tuberculosis and HIV-co-infected patients: Th1 explosion or cytokine storm?. AIDS 2007, 21:882-884.
32. Shankar E.M., Vignesh R., Velu V., et al. Does CD4+CD25+foxp3+ cell (Treg) and IL-10 profile determine susceptibility to immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in HIV disease?. J Inflamm (Lond) 2008, 5:2.
33. Meintjes G., Wilkinson K.A., Rangaka M.X., et al. Type 1 helper T cells and FoxP3-positive T cells in HIV-tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008, 178:1083-1089.
34. Seddiki N., Sasson S.C., Santner-Nanan B., et al. Proliferation of weakly suppressive regulatory CD4+ T cells is associated with over-active CD4+ T-cell responses in HIV-positive patients with mycobacterial immune restoration disease. Eur J Immunol 2009, 39:391-403.
35. Terblanche M., Almog Y., Rosenson R.S., Smith T.S., Hackam D.G. Statins and sepsis: multiple modifications at multiple levels. Lancet Infect Dis 2007, 7:358-368.
36. Istvan E.S., Deisenhofer J. Structural mechanism for statin inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase. Science 2001, 292:1160-1164.
37. Takai Y., Sasaki T., Matozaki T. Small GTP-binding proteins. Physiol Rev 2001, 81:153-208.
38. Greenwood J., Steinman L., Zamvil S.S. Statin therapy and autoimmune disease: from protein prenylation to immunomodulation. Nat Rev Immunol 2006, 6:358-370.
39. Dustin M.L., Shaw A.S. Costimulation: building an immunological synapse. Science 1999, 283:649-650.
40. Weber M.S., Zamvil S.S. Statins and demyelination. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2008, 318:313-324.
41. Mausner-Fainberg K., Luboshits G., Mor A., et al. The effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ T cells. Atherosclerosis 2008, 197:829-839.
42. Broady R., Levings M.K. Graft-versus-host disease: suppression by statins. Nat Med 2008, 14:1155-1156.
43. Chow S.C. Immunomodulation by statins: mechanisms and potential impact on autoimmune diseases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2009, 57:243-251.
44. Paintlia A.S., Paintlia M.K., Singh I., Singh A.K. Combined medication of lovastatin with rolipram suppresses severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Exp Neurol 2008, 214:168-180.
45. Paintlia A.S., Paintlia M.K., Singh I., Singh A.K. Immunomodulatory effect of combination therapy with lovastatin and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside alleviates neurodegeneration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Am J Pathol 2006, 169:1012-1025.
46. Neuhaus O., Strasser-Fuchs S., Fazekas F., et al. Statins as immunomodulators: comparison with interferon-beta 1b in MS. Neurology 2002, 59:990-997.
47. Chen X., Vodanovic-Jankovic S., Johnson B., Keller M., Komorowski R., Drobyski W.R. Absence of regulatory T-cell control of TH1 and TH17 cells is responsible for the autoimmune-mediated pathology in chronic graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2007, 110:3804-3813.
48. Zeiser R., Leveson-Gower D.B., Zambricki E.A., et al. Differential impact of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition on CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells compared with conventional CD4+ T cells. Blood 2008, 111:453-462.
49. Mestas J., Hughes C.C. Of mice and not men: differences between mouse and human immunology. J Immunol 2004, 172:2731-2738.
50. Novack V., Eisinger M., Frenkel A., et al. The effects of statin therapy on inflammatory cytokines in patients with bacterial infections: a randomized double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 2009, 35:1255-1260.
51. McCarey D.W., McInnes I.B., Madhok R., et al. Trial of Atorvastatin in Rheumatoid Arthritis (TARA): double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004, 363:2015-2021.
52. Hamadani M., Awan F.T., Devine S.M. The impact of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition on the incidence and severity of graft-versus-host disease in patients with acute leukemia undergoing allogeneic transplantation. Blood 2008, 111:3901-3902.
53. Perfect J.R., Dismukes W.E., Dromer F., et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the infectious diseases society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2010, 50:291-322.
54. Tleyjeh I.M., Kashour T., Hakim F.A., et al. Statins for the prevention and treatment of infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2009, 169:1658-1667.
55. Gonyeau M.J., Yuen D.W. A clinical review of statins and cancer: helpful or harmful?. Pharmacotherapy 2010, 30:177-194.