Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 362-368

  Yamagishi, Sho ichi ^a   Matsui, Takanori ^a  

^a KURUME UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

AGEs; Diabetic retinopathy; Oxidative stress; PEDF; RAGE

Indexed keywords

ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT; BERAPROST; FORSKOLIN; PIGMENT EPITHELIUM DERIVED FACTOR; PYRIDOXAL 5 PHOSPHATE; PYRIDOXAMINE;

ARTICLE; BLOOD VESSEL PERMEABILITY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; DRUG INHIBITION; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; LEUKOSTASIS; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; RETINA DISEASE; RETINAL LEUKOSTASIS; STREPTOZOCIN DIABETES;

CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; EYE PROTEINS; GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS, ADVANCED; HUMANS; NERVE GROWTH FACTORS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; SERPINS;

EID: 79551662071     PISSN: 13892010     EISSN: 18734316     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138920111794480534     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Brownlee, M. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature, 2001, 414(6865), 813-820.
2. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N. Engl. J. Med., 1993, 329(14), 977-986.
3. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet, 1998, 352(9131), 837-853.
4. Yamagishi, S.; Imaizumi, T. Diabetic vascular complications: pathophysiology, biochemical basis and potential therapeutic strategy. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2005, 11(18), 2279-2299.
5. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group. Retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes four years after a trial of intensive therapy. N. Engl. J. Med., 2000, 342(6), 381-389.
6. Holman, R.R.; Paul, S.K.; Bethel, M.A.; Matthews, D.R.; Neil, H.A. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med., 2008, 359(15), 1577-1589.
7. Takenaka, K.; Yamagishi, S.; Matsui, T.; Nakamura, K.; Imaizumi, T. Role of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in throm-bogenic abnormalities in diabetes. Curr. Neurovasc. Res., 2006, 3(1), 73-77.
8. Yamagishi, S.; Ueda, S.; Okuda, S. Food-derived advanced glycation end products (AGEs): a novel therapeutic target for various disorders. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2007, 13(27), 2832-2836.
9. Sato, T.; Iwaki, M.; Shimogaito, N.; Wu, X.; Yamagishi, S.; Takeuchi, M. TAGE (toxic AGEs) theory in diabetic complications. TAGE (toxic AGEs) theory in diabetic complications. Curr. Mol. Med., 2006, 6(3), 351-358.
10. Stitt, A.W. The role of advanced glycation in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Exp. Mol. Pathol., 2003, 75(1), 95-108.
11. Bierhaus, A.; Hofmann, M.A.; Ziegler, R.; Nawroth, P.P. AGEs and their interaction with AGE-receptors in vascular disease and diabetes mellitus. I. The AGE concept. Cardiovasc. Res., 1998, 37(3), 586-600.
12. Barile, G.R,; Pachydaki, S.I.; Tari, S.R.; Lee, S.E.; Donmoyer, C.M.; Ma, W.; Rong, L.L.; Buciarelli, L.G.; Wendt, T.; Hörig, H.; Hudson, B.I.; Qu, W.; Weinberg, A.D.; Yan, S.F.; Schmidt, A.M. The RAGE axis in early diabetic retinopathy. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 2005, 46(8), 2916-2924.
13. Yamagishi, S.; Matsui, T.; Nakamura, K. Kinetics, role and therapeutic implications of endogenous soluble form of receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) in diabetes. Curr. Drug Targets, 2007, 8(10), 1138-1143.
14. Yamagishi, S.; Inagaki, Y.; Amano, S.; Okamoto, T.; Takeuchi, M.; Makita, Z. Pigment epithelium-derived factor protects cultured retinal pericytes from advanced glycation end product-induced injury through its antioxidative properties. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2002, 296(4), 877-882.
15. Yamagishi, S.; Nakamura, K.; Takenaka, K.; Matsui, T.; Jinnouchi, Y.; Imaizumi T. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) promotes growth of pericytes through autocrine production of platelet-derived growth factor-B. Microvas. Res., 2005, 69(3), 128-134.
16. Yamagishi, S.; Matsu, T.; Nakamura, K.; Inoue H. Pigment epithelium-derived factor is a pericyte mitogen secreted by microvascular endothelial cells: possible participation of angiotensin II-elicited PEDF downregulation in diabetic retinopathy. Int. J. Tissue React., 2005, 27(4), 197-202.
17. Boehm, B.O.; Lang, G.; Volpert, O.; Jehle, P.M.; Kurkhaus, A.; Rosinger, S.; Lang, G.K.; Bouck, N. Low content of the natural ocular anti-angiogenic agent pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in aqueous humor predicts progression of diabetic reti-nopathy. Diabetologia, 2003, 46(3), 394-400.
18. Yamagishi, S.; Matsui, T.; Nakamura, K.; Ueda, S.; Noda, Y.; Imaizumi, T. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF): its potential therapeutic implication in diabetic vascular complications. Curr. Drug Targets, 2008, 9(11), 1025-1029.
19. Yamagishi, S.; Matsui, T.; Ueda, S.; Fukami, K.; Okuda, S. Clinical utility of acarbose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor in cardiome-tabolic disorders. Curr. Drug Metab., 2008, 10(2), 159-163.
20. Frank, R.N. On the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. A 1990 update. Ophthalmology, 1991, 98(5), 586-593.
21. Yamagishi, S.; Kobayashi, K.; Yamamoto, H. Vascular pericytes not only regulate growth, but also preserve prostacyclin-producing ability and protect against lipid peroxide-induced injury of co-cultured endothelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1993, 190(2), 418-425.
22. Yamagishi, S.; Hsu, C.C.; Kobayashi, K.; Yamamoto, H. Endothe-lin 1 mediates endothelial cell-dependent proliferation of vascular pericytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1993, 191(3), 840-846.
23. Antonelli-Orlidge, A.; Saunders, K.B.; Smith, S.R.; D'Amore, P.A. An activated form of transforming growth factor beta is produced by cocultures of endothelial cells and pericytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86(12), 4544-4548.
24. Hammes, H.P.; Lin, J.; Renner, O.; Shani, M.; Lundqvist, A.; Bet-sholtz, C.; Brownlee, M.; Deutsch, U. Pericytes and the pathogene-sis of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes, 2002, 51(10), 3107-3112.
25. Stitt, A. W.; Li, Y. M.; Gardiner, T. A.; Bucala, R.; Archer, D. B.; Vlassara H. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) co-localize with AGE receptors in the retinal vasculature of diabetic and of AGE-infused rats. Am. J. Pathol., 1997, 150(2), 523-531.
26. Yamagishi, S.; Hsu, C. C.; Taniguchi, M.; Harada, S.; Yamamoto, Y.; Ohsawa, K.; Kobayashi, K.; Yamamoto H. Receptor-mediated toxicity to pericytes of advanced glycosylation end products: a possible mechanism of pericyte loss in diabetic microangiopathy. Bio-chem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1995, 213(2), 681-687.
27. Yamagishi, S.; Amano, S.; Inagaki, Y.; Okamoto, T.; Koga, K.; Sasaki, N.; Yamamoto, H.; Takeuchi, M.; Makita, Z. Advanced glycation end products-induced apoptosis and overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor in bovine retinal pericytes. Bio-chem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2002, 290(3), 973-978.
28. Yamagishi, S.; Inagaki, Y.; Amano, S.; Okamoto, T.; Takeuchi, M.; Makita, Z. Pigment epithelium-derived factor protects cultured retinal pericytes from advanced glycation end product-induced injury through its antioxidative properties. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2002, 296(4), 877-882.
29. Yamagishi, S.; Okamoto, T.; Amano, S.; Inagaki, Y.; Koga, K.; Koga, M.; Choei, H.; Sasaki, N.; Kikuchi, S.; Takeuchi, M.; Makita Z. Nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker, inhibits inflammatory and fibrogenic gene expressions in advanced glycation end product (AGE)-exposed fibroblasts via mineralocorticoid receptor antagonistic activity. Mol. Med., 2002, 8(4), 178-183.
30. Ottonello, L.; Morone, M.P.; Dapino, P.; Dallegri, F. Tumour necrosis factor alpha-induced oxidative burst in neutrophils adherent to fibronectin: effects of cyclic AMP-elevating agents. Br. J. Hae-matol., 1995, 91(3), 566-570.
31. Denis, U.; Lecomte, M.; Paget, C.; Ruggiero, D.; Wiernsperger, N. Lagarde, M. Advanced glycation end-products induce apoptosis of bovine retinal pericytes in culture: involvement of diacylglyc-erol/ceramide production and oxidative stress induction. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2002, 33(2), 236-247.
32. Hammes, H.P.; Martin, S.; Federlin, K.; Geisen, K.; Brownlee M. Aminoguanidine treatment inhibits the development of experimental diabetic retinopathy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1991, 88(24), 11555-11558.
33. Stitt, A.; Gardiner, T.A.; Alderson, N.L.; Canning, P.; Frizzell, N.; Duffy, N.; Boyle, C,; Januszewski AS,; Chachich, M,; Baynes, JW; Thorpe SR. The AGE inhibitor pyridoxamine inhibits development of retinopathy in experimental diabetes. Diabetes, 2002, 51(9), 2826-2832.
34. Kowluru, R.A. Effect of advanced glycation end products on accelerated apoptosis of retinal capillary cells under in vitro conditions. Life Sci., 2005, 76(9), 1051-1060.
35. Adamis, A. P.; Miller, J. W.; Bernal, M. T.; D'Amico, D. J.; Folk-man, J.; Yeo, T. K.; Yeo, K. T. Increased vascular endothelial growth factor levels in the vitreous of eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 1994, 118(4), 445-450.
36. Aiello, L.P.; Avery, R.L.; Arrigg, P.G.; Keyt, B.A.; Jampel, H.D.; Shah, S.T.; Shah, S.T.; Pasquale, L.R.; Thieme, H.; Iwamoto, M.A.; Park, J.E.; Nguyen, H.V.; Aiello, L.M.; Ferrara, N.; Ging, G.L. Vascular endothelial growth factor in ocular fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders. N. Engl. J. Med., 1994, 331(22), 1480-1487.
37. Murata, T.; Ishibashi, T.; Khalil, A.; Hata, Y.; Yoshikawa, H.; Inomata, H. Vascular endothelial growth factor plays a role in hyperpermeability of diabetic retinal vessels. Ophthalmic. Res., 1995, 27(1), 48-52.
38. Segawa, Y.; Shirao, Y.; Yamagishi, S.; Higashide, T.; Kobayashi, M.; Katsuno, K.; Iyobe, A.; Harada, H.; Sato, F.; Miyata, H; Asai, H.; Nishimura, A.; Takahira, M.; Souno, T.; Segawa, Y.; Maeda, K.; Shima, K.; Mizuno, A.; Yamamoto, H.; Kawasaki, K. Upregulation of retinal vascular endothelial growth factor mRNAs in spontaneously diabetic rats without ophthalmoscopic retinopathy. A possible participation of advanced glycation end products in the development of the early phase of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmic. Res., 1998, 30(6), 333-339.
39. Yamagishi, S.; Nakamura, K.; Matsui, T.; Inagaki, Y.; Takenaka, K.; Jinnouchi, Y.; Yoshida, Y.; Matsuura, T.; Narama, I.; Mo-tomiya, Y.; Takeuchi, M.; Inoue, H.; Yoshimura, A.; Bucala, R.; Imaizumi, T. Pigment epithelium-derived factor inhibits advanced glycation end product-induced retinal vascular hyperpermeability by blocking reactive oxygen species-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor expression. J. Biol. Chem., 2006, 281(29), 20213-20220.
40. Amano, S.; Yamagishi, S.; Kato, N.; Inagaki, Y.; Okamoto, T.; Makino, M.; Hirooka, H.; Jomori, T.; Takeuchi, M. Pigment epithelium-derived factor inhibits oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and dysfunction of cultured retinal pericytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2002, 299(2), 183-188.
41. Amano, S.; Yamagishi, S.; Inagaki, Y.; Nakamura, K.; Takeuchi, M.; Inoue, H.; Imaizumi, T. Pigment epithelium-derived factor inhibits oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and dysfunction of cultured retinal pericytes. Microvasc. Res., 2005, 69(1-2), 45-55.
42. Boehm, B.O.; Lang, G.; Volpert, O.; Jehle, P.M.; Kurkhaus, A.; Rosinger, S.; Lang, G.K.; Bouck, N. Low content of the natural ocular anti-angiogenic agent pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in aqueous humor predicts progression of diabetic reti-nopathy. Diabetologia, 2003, 46(3), 394-400.
43. Schroder, S.; Palinski, W.; Schmid-Schonbein, G. W. Activated monocytes and granulocytes, capillary nonperfusion, and neovascu-larization in diabetic retinopathy. Am. J. Pathol., 1991, 139(1), 81-100.
44. Moore, T. C.; Moore, J. E.; Kaji, Y.; Frizzell, N.; Usui, T.; Pou-laki, V.; Campbell, I. L.; Stitt, A. W.; Gardiner, T. A.; Archer, D. B.; Adamis, A. P. The role of advanced glycation end products in retinal microvascular leukostasis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 2003, 44(10), 4457-4464.
45. Lu, M.; Perez, V. L.; Ma, N.; Miyamoto, K.; Peng, H. B.; Liao, J. K.; Adamis, A. P. VEGF increases retinal vascular ICAM-1 expression in vivo. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 1999, 40(8), 1808-1812.
46. Joussen, A.M.; Poulaki, V.; Qin, W.; Kirchhof, B.; Mitsiades, N.; Wiegand, S.J.; Rudge, J.; Yancopoulos, G.D.; Adamis, A.P. Retinal vascular endothelial growth factor induces intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and initiates early diabetic retinal leukocyte adhesion in vivo. Am. J. Pathol., 2002, 160(2), 501-509.
47. Ishida, S.; Usui, T.; Yamashiro, K.; Kaji, Y.; Ahmed, E.; Carras-quillo, K. G.; Amano, S.; Hida, T.; Oguchi, Y.; Adamis, A. P. VEGF164 is proinflammatory in the diabetic retina. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 2003, 44(5), 2155-2162.
48. Yamagishi, S.; Matsui, T.; Nakamura, K.; Inoue, H.; Takeuchi, M.; Ueda, S.; Okuda, S.; Imaizumi, T. Olmesartan blocks inflammatory reactions in endothelial cells evoked by advanced glycation end products by suppressing generation of reactive oxygen species. Ophthalmic. Res., 2007, 40(1), 10-15.
49. Inagaki, Y.; Yamagishi, S.; Okamoto, T.; Takeuchi, M.; Amano, S. Pigment epithelium-derived factor prevents advanced glycation end products-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production in microvascular endothelial cells by suppressing intracellular reactive oxygen species generation. Diabetologia, 2003, 46(2), 284-287.
50. Mitamura, Y.; Takeuchi, S.; Matsuda, A.; Tagawa, Y.; Mizue, Y.; Nishihira, J. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in the vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmologica, 2001, 215(6), 415-418.
51. Yamagishi, S.; Ueda, S.; Matsui, T.; Nakamura, K.; Imaizumi, T.; Takeuchi, M.; Okuda, S. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in the vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Protein Pept. Lett., 2007, 14(8), 832-835.
52. Harrison, D.G.; Widder, J.; Grumbach, I.; Chen, W.; Weber, M.; Searles, C. J. Endothelial mechanotransduction, nitric oxide and vascular inflammation. Intern. Med., 2006, 259(4), 351-363.
53. Inagaki, Y.; Yamagishi, S.; Okamoto, T.; Takeuchi, M.; Amano, S. Pigment epithelium-derived factor prevents advanced glycation end products-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production in microvascular endothelial cells by suppressing intracellular reactive oxygen species generation. Diabetologia., 2003, 46(2), 284-287.
54. Yamagishi, S.; Matsui, T.; Nakamura, K.; Takeuchi, M.; Imaizumi, T. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) prevents diabetesor advanced glycation end products (AGE)-elicited retinal leukostasis. Microvasc. Res., 2006, 72(1-2), 86-90.
55. Yamagishi, S.; Matsui, T.; Nakamura, K.; Yoshida, T.; Takeuchi, M; Inoue, H.; Yoshida, Y.; Imaizumi, T. Pigment-epithelium-derived factor suppresses expression of receptor for advanced glycation end products in the eye of diabetic rats. Ophthalmic. Res., 2007, 39(2), 92-97.
56. Zhang, S.X.; Wang, J.J.; Gao, G.; Shao, C.; Mott, R.; Ma, J.X. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is an endogenous antiin-flammatory factor. FASEB J., 2006, 20(2), 323-325.
57. Yoshida, Y.; Yamagishi, S.; Matsui, T.;, Jinnouchi, Y.; Fukami, K.; Imaizumi, T.; Yamakawa, R. Protective role of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in early phase of experimental diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev., 2009, 25(7),678-686.
58. Liu, H.; Ren, J.G.; Cooper, W.L.; Hawkins, C.E.; Cowan, M.R.; Tong, P.Y. Identification of the antivasopermeability effect of pigment epithelium-derived factor and its active site. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2004, 101(17), 6605-6610.
59. Zhang, S.X.; Wang, J.J.; Gao, G.; Parke, K.; Ma, J.X. Pigment epithelium-derived factor downregulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and inhibits VEGF-VEGF receptor 2 binding in diabetic retinopathy. J. Mol. Endocrinol., 2006, 37(1), 1-12.
60. Yamagishi, S.; Abe, R.; Jinnouchi, Y.; Matsui, T.; Imaizumi, T.; Inoue, H. Pigment epithelium-derived factor inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor-induced vascular hyperpermeability both in vitro and in vivo. J. Int. Med. Res., 2007, 35(6), 896-899.
61. Jinnouchi, Y.; Yamagishi, S.; Matsui, T.; Takenaka, K.; Yoshida, Y.; Nakamura, K.; Ueda, S.; Imaizumi, T. Pigment epithelium-derived factor inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor-induced vascular hyperpermeability both in vitro and in vivo. Brain Res., 2007, 1167, 92-100.
62. Funatsu, H.; Yamashita, H.; Nakamura, S.; Miura, T.; Eguchi, S.; Noma, H.; Hori, S. Vitreous levels of pigment epithelium-derived factor and vascular endothelial growth factor are related to diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology, 2006, 113(2), 294-301.
63. Boeri, D.; Maiello, M.; Lorenzi, M. Increased prevalence of mi-crothromboses in retinal capillaries of diabetic individuals. Diabetes, 2001, 50(6), 1432-1439.
64. Hasegawa, Y.; Suehiro, A.; Higasa, S.; Namba, M.; Kakishita, E. Enhancing effect of advanced glycation end products on serotonin-induced platelet aggregation in patients with diabetes mellitus. Thromb. Res., 2002, 107(6), 319-323.
65. Hangaishi, M.; Taguchi, J.; Miyata, T.; Ikari, Y.; Togo, M.; Hashimoto, Y.; Increased aggregation of human platelets produced by advanced glycation end products in vitro. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1998, 248(2), 285-292.
66. Zoltowska, M.; Delvin, E., Ziv, E.; Peretti, N.; Chartre, M.; Levy, E. Impact of in vivo glycation of LDL on platelet aggregation and monocyte chemotaxis in diabetic psammomys obesus. Lipids, 2004, 39(1), 81-85.
67. Yamagishi, S.; Fujimori, H.; Yonekura, H.; Yamamoto, Y.; Ya-mamoto, H. Advanced glycation endproducts inhibit prostacyclin production and induce plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in human microvascular endothelial cells. Diabetologia, 1998, 41(12), 1435-1441.
68. Yamagishi, S.; Yamamoto, Y.; Harada, S.; Hsu, C.C.; Yamamoto, H. Advanced glycosylation end products stimulate the growth but inhibit the prostacyclin-producing ability of endothelial cells through interactions with their receptors. FEBS Lett., 1996, 384(1), 103-106.
69. Nomura, M.; Yamagishi, S.; Harada, S.; Hayashi, Y.; Yamas-hima, T.; Yamashita, J.; Yamamoto, H. Possible participation of autocrine and paracrine vascular endothelial growth factors in hy-poxia-induced proliferation of endothelial cells and pericytes. J. Biol. Chem., 1995, 270(47), 28316-28324.
70. Yamagishi, S.; Kawakami, T.; Fujimori, H.; Yonekura, H.; Tanaka, N.; Yamamoto, Y.;. Urayama, H.; Watanabe, Y.; Yamamoto, H. Insulin stimulates the growth and tube formation of human microvascular endothelial cells through autocrine vascular endothelial growth factor. Microvasc. Res., 1999, 57(3), 329-339.
71. Yamagishi, S.; Yonekura, H.; Yamamoto, Y.; Fujimori, H.; Saku-rai, S.; Tanaka, N.; Yamamoto, H. Placenta growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor B and C expression in microvascular endothelial cells and pericytes. Implication in autocrine and paracrine regulation of angiogenesis. Lab. Invest., 1999, 79(4), 501-509.
72. Yamagishi, S.; Yonekura, H.; Yamamoto, Y.; Katsuno, K.; Sato, F.; Mita, I.; Ooka, H.; Satozawa, N.; Kawakami, T.; Nomura, M.; Yamamoto, H. Advanced glycation end products-driven angio-genesis in vitro. Induction of the growth and tube formation of human microvascular endothelial cells through autocrine vascular en-dothelial growth factor. J. Biol. Chem., 1997, 272(13), 8723-8730.
73. Okamoto, T.; Yamagishi, S.; Inagaki, Y.; Amano, S.; Koga, K.; Abe, R.; Takeuchi, M.; Ohno, S.; Yoshimura, A.; Makita, Z. Angiogenesis induced by advanced glycation end products and its prevention by cerivastatin. FASEB J., 2002, 16(14), 1928-1930.
74. Okamoto, T.; Yamagishi, S.; Inagaki, Y.; Amano, S.; Takeuchi, M.; Kikuchi, S.; Ohno, S.; Yoshimura, A. Incadronate disodium inhibits advanced glycation end products-induced angiogenesis in vitro. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2002, 297(2), 419-424.
75. Folkman, J.; D'Amore, P.A. Blood vessel formation: what is its molecular basis? Cell, 1996, 87(7), 1153-1155.
76. Maisonpierre, P.C.; Suri, C.; Jones, P.F.; Bartunkova, S.; Wie-gand, S.J.; Radziejewski, C. Angiopoietin-2, a natural antagonist for Tie2 that disrupts in vivo angiogenesis. Science, 1997, 277(5322), 55-60.
77. Jonnes, N.; Iljin, K.; Dumont, D.J.; Alitalo, K.T. Angiopoietin-2, a natural antagonist for Tie2 that disrupts in vivo angiogenesis. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 2001, 2(4), 257-267.
78. Benjamin, L.E.; Hemo, I.; Keshet, E. A plasticity window for blood vessel remodelling is defined by pericyte coverage of the preformed endothelial network and is regulated by PDGF-B and VEGF. Development, 1998, 125(9), 1591-1598.
79. Dawson, D.W.; Volpert, O.V.; Gillis, P.; Crawford, S.E.; Xu, H.J.; Benedict, W.; Bouck, N.P. Pigment epithelium-derived factor: a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Science, 1999, 285(5425), 245-248.
80. Duh, E.J.; Yang, H.S.; Suzuma, I.; Miyagi, M.; Youngman, E.; Mori, K.; Katai, M.; Yan, L.; Suzuma, K.; West, K.; Davarya, S.; Tong, P.; Gehlbach, P.; Pearlman, J.; Crabb, J.W.; Aiello, L.P.; Campochiaro, P.A.; Zack, D.J. Pigment epithelium-derived factor suppresses ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization and VEGF-induced migration and growth. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 2002, 43(3), 821-829.
81. Yamagishi, S.I.; Nakamura, K.; Matsui, T.; Yoshida, T.; Takeuchi, M.; Imaizumi, T. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) blocks advanced glycation end product (AGE)-induced angiogenesis in vitro. Horm. Metab. Res., 2007, 39(3), 233-235.
82. Spranger, J.; Osterhoff, M.; Reimann, M.; Mohlig, M.; Ristow, M.; Francis, M.K.; Cristofalo, V.; Hammes, H.P.; Smith, G.; Boulton, M.; Pfeiffer, F.H. Loss of the antiangiogenic pigment epithelium-derived factor in patients with angiogenic eye disease. Diabetes, 2001, 50(12), 2641-2645.
83. Yokoi, M.; Yamagishi, S.I.; Takeuchi, M.; Ohgami, K.; Okamoto, T.; Saito, W.; Muramatsu, M.; Imaizumi, T.; Ohno, S. Elevations of AGE and vascular endothelial growth factor with decreased total antioxidant status in the vitreous fluid of diabetic patients with reti-nopathy. Br. J. Ophthalmol., 2005, 89(6), 673-675.
84. Yokoi, M.; Yamagishi, S.I.; Saito, A.; Yoshida, Y.; Matsui, T.; Saito, W.; Hirose, S.; Ohgami, K.; Kase, M.; Ohno, S. Positive association of pigment epithelium-derived factor with total antioxi-dant capacity in the vitreous fluid of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Br. J. Ophthalmol., 2007, 91(76), 885-887.