Long-term complications of critical care

Critical Care Medicine

Volumn 39, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 371-379

  Desai, Sanjay V ^a   Law, Tyler J ^b   Needham, Dale M ^c  

^a WASHINGTON HOSPITAL CENTER   (United States)

^b QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

adult; critical care; mental disorders; neuromuscular diseases; outcome assessment (health care); quality of life; respiratory distress syndrome; respiratory function tests

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DELIRIUM; DELUSION; DEPRESSION; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE; LONG TERM CARE; MORTALITY; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT EDUCATION; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; REHABILITATION CARE; RESPIRATORY FAILURE; RISK FACTOR;

EID: 79251609700     PISSN: 00903493     EISSN: 15300293     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181fd66e5     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. Needham DM, Bronskill SE, Calinawan JR, et al: Projected incidence of mechanical ventilation in Ontario to 2026: Preparing for the aging baby boomers. Crit Care Med 2005; 33:574-579
2. Spragg RG, Bernard GR, Checkley W, et al: Beyond mortality: Future clinical research in acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181:1121-1127
3. Angus DC, Carlet J, 2002 Brussels Roundtable Participants: Surviving intensive care: A report from the 2002 Brussels Roundtable. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29:368-377
4. Williams TA, Dobb GJ, Finn JC, et al: Longterm survival from intensive care: A review. Intensive Care Med 2005; 31:1306-1315
5. Wunsch H, Guerra C, Barnato AE, et al: Three-year outcomes for Medicare benefi- ciaries who survive intensive care. JAMA 2010; 303:849-856
6. Keenan SP, Dodek P, Chan K, et al: Intensive care unit admission has minimal impact on long-term mortality. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:501-507
7. Williams TA, Dobb GJ, Finn JC, et al: Determinants of long-term survival after intensive care. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: 1523-1530
8. Niskanen M, Kari A, Halonen P: Five-year survival after intensive care-comparison of 12,180 patients with the general population. Finnish ICU Study Group. Crit Care Med 1996; 24:1962-1967
9. Pisani MA, Kong SY, Kasl SV, et al: Days of delirium are associated with 1-year mortality in an older intensive care unit population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180: 1092-1097
10. Ely EW, Shintani A, Truman B, et al: Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. JAMA 2004; 291:1753-1762
11. Winters BD, Eberlein M, Leung J, et al: Long-term mortality and quality of life in sepsis: A systematic review. Crit Care Med 2010; 38:1276-1283
12. Taori G, Ho KM, George C, et al: Landmark survival as an end-point for trials in critically ill patients-Comparison of alternative durations of follow-up: An exploratory analysis. Crit Care 2009; 13:R128
13. Schelling G, Stoll C, Vogelmeier C, et al: Pulmonary function and health-related quality of life in a sample of long-term survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26: 1304-1311
14. Neff TA, Stocker R, Frey HR, et al: Longterm assessment of lung function in survivors of severe ARDS. Chest 2003; 123: 845-853
15. Orme J Jr, Romney JS, Hopkins RO, et al: Pulmonary function and health-related quality of life in survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167:690-694
16. Herridge MS, Cheung AM, Tansey CM, et al: One-year outcomes in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:683-693
17. Cheung AM, Tansey CM, Tomlinson G, et al: Two-year outcomes, health care use, and costs of survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:538-544
18. Herridge MS, Tansey CM, Matte-Martyn A, et al: Five-year pulmonary, functional and QOL outcomes in ARDS survivors [abstract]. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006; 3:A831
19. Heyland DK, Groll D, Caeser M: Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome: Relationship between pulmonary dysfunction and long-term health-related quality of life. Crit Care Med 2005; 33:1549-1556
20. Cooper AB, Ferguson ND, Hanly PJ, et al: Long-term follow-up of survivors of acute lung injury: Lack of effect of a ventilation strategy to prevent barotrauma. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:2616-2621
21. Hudson LD, Lee CM: Neuromuscular sequelae of critical illness. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:745-747
22. De Jonghe B, Sharshar T, Lefaucheur JP, et al: Paresis acquired in the intensive care unit: A prospective multicenter study. JAMA 2002; 288:2859-2867
23. Hough CL, Steinberg KP, Taylor Thompson BT, et al: Intensive care unit-acquired neuromyopathy and corticosteroids in survivors of persistent ARDS. Intensive Care Med 2009; 63-68
24. Intensive care unit-acquired weakness: Proceedings of a Round Table Conference in Brussels, Belgium, March 2009: Crit Care Med 2009; 37(Suppl 10); S295-S461.
25. Stevens RD, Marshall SA, Cornblath DR, et al: A framework for diagnosing and classifying intensive care unit-acquired weakness. Crit Care Med 2009; 37(Suppl 10): S299-S308
26. Stevens RD, Dowdy DW, Michaels RK, et al: Neuromuscular dysfunction acquired in critical illness: A systematic review. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33:1876-1891
27. Latronico N, Shehu I, Seghelini E: Neuromuscular sequelae of critical illness. Curr Opin Crit Care 2005; 11:381-390
28. Zifko UA: Long-term outcome of critical illness polyneuropathy. Muscle Nerve Suppl 2000; 9:S49-S52
29. Fletcher SN, Kennedy DD, Ghosh IR, et al: Persistent neuromuscular and neurophysiologic abnormalities in long-term survivors of prolonged critical illness. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:1012-1016
30. Young GB, Hammond RR: A stronger approach to weakness in the intensive care unit. Crit Care 2004; 8:416-418
31. Guarneri B, Bertolini G, Latronico N: Longterm outcome in patients with critical illness myopathy or neuropathy: The Italian multicentre CRIMYNE study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79:838-841
32. Leijten FS, Harinck-de Weerd JE, Poortvliet DC, et al: The role of polyneuropathy in motor convalescence after prolonged mechanical ventilation. JAMA 1995; 274: 1221-1225
33. Fan E, Zanni JM, Dennison CR, et al: Critical illness neuromyopathy and muscle weakness in patients in the intensive care unit. AACN Adv Crit Care 2009; 20:243-253
34. Gruther W, Benesch T, Zorn C, et al: Muscle wasting in intensive care patients: Ultrasound observation of the M. quadriceps femoris muscle layer. J Rehabil Med 2008; 40:185-189
35. Reid CL, Campbell IT, Little RA: Muscle wasting and energy balance in critical illness. Clin Nutr 2004; 23:273-280
36. Hough CL, Needham DM: The role of future longitudinal studies in ICU survivors: Understanding determinants and pathophysiology of weakness and neuromuscular dysfunction. Curr Opin Crit Care 2007; 13: 489-496
37. Bolton CF, Young BG, Zochodne DW: Neurological changes during severe sepsis. In: Current Topics in Intensive Care. Vol. 1. Dobb GJ, Burehardi H, Dellinger RP (Eds). London, UK, Saunders, 1994, pp 180-217
38. Latronico N, Bertolini G, Guarneri B, et al: Simplified electrophysiological evaluation of peripheral nerves in critically ill patients: The Italian multi-centre CRIMYNE study. Crit Care 2007; 11:R11
39. Novak KR, Nardelli P, Cope TC, et al: Inactivation of sodium channels underlies reversible neuropathy during critical illness in rats. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:1150-1158
40. Hermans G, De Jonghe B, Bruyninckx F, et al: Interventions for preventing critical illness polyneuropathy and critical illness myopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; (1):CD006832
41. Levine S, Nguyen T, Taylor N, et al: Rapid disuse atrophy of diaphragm fibers in mechanically ventilated humans. N Engl J Med 2008; 358:1327-1335
42. Hermans G, Wilmer A, Meersseman W, et al: Impact of intensive insulin therapy on neuromuscular complications and ventilator dependency in the medical intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175:480-489
43. Van den Berghe G, Schoonheydt K, Becx P, et al: Insulin therapy protects the central and peripheral nervous system of intensive care patients. Neurology 2005; 64: 1348-1353
44. Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bloos F, et al: Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2008; 358:125-139
45. NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators, Finfer S, Chittock DR, et al: Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2009; 360:1283-1297
46. Schweickert WD, Hall J: ICU-acquired weakness. Chest 2007; 131:1541-1549
47. van der Schaaf M, Dettling DS, Beelen A, et al: Poor functional status immediately after discharge from an intensive care unit. Disabil Rehabil 2008; 30:1812-1818
48. Angus DC, Clermont G, Linde-Zwirble WT, et al: Healthcare costs and long-term outcomes after acute respiratory distress syndrome: A phase III trial of inhaled nitric oxide. Crit Care Med 2006; 34:2883-2890
49. van der Schaaf M, Beelen A, Dongelmans DA, et al: Functional status after intensive care: A challenge for rehabilitation professionals to improve outcome. J Rehabil Med 2009; 41:360-366
50. Chaboyer W, Grace J: Following the path of ICU survivors: A quality-improvement activity. Nurs Crit Care 2003; 8:149-155
51. van der Schaaf M, Beelen A, Dongelmans DA, et al: Poor functional recovery after a critical illness: A longitudinal study. J Rehabil Med 2009; 41:1041-1048
52. Chelluri L, Im KA, Belle SH, et al: Longterm mortality and quality of life after prolonged mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:61-69
53. Boumendil A, Maury E, Reinhard I, et al: Prognosis of patients aged 80 years and over admitted in medical intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30:647-654
54. Herridge MS, Tansey CM, Matte-Martyn A, et al: Four-year pulmonary, functional and QOL outcomes in ARDS survivors [abstract]. Proc Am Thor Soc 2005; A45
55. Morris PE, Goad A, Thompson C, et al: Early intensive care unit mobility therapy in the treatment of acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:2238-2243
56. McWilliams DJ, Atkinson D, Carter A, et al: Feasibility and impact of a structured, exercise- based rehabilitation programme for intensive care survivors. Physiother Theory Pract 2009; 25:566-571
57. Needham DM: Mobilizing patients in the intensive care unit: Improving neuromuscular weakness and physical function. JAMA 2008; 300:1685-1690
58. Bailey P, Thomsen GE, Spuhler VJ, et al: Early activity is feasible and safe in respiratory failure patients. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:139-145
59. Needham DM, Korupolu R, Zanni JM, et al: Early physical medicine and rehabilitation for patients with acute respiratory failure: A quality improvement project. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010; 91:536-542
60. Bourdin G, Barbier J, Burle JF, et al: The feasibility of early physical activity in intensive care unit patients: A prospective observational one-center study. Respir Care 2010; 55:400-407
61. Schweickert WD, Pohlman MC, Pohlman AS, et al: Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009; 373:1874-1882
62. Burtin C, Clerckx B, Robbeets C, et al: Early exercise in critically ill patients enhances short-term functional recovery. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:2499-2505
63. Trees DW, Ketelsen CA, Hobbs JA: Use of a modified tilt table for preambulation strength training as an adjunct to burn rehabilitation: A case series. J Burn Care Rehabil 2003; 24:97-103
64. Needham DM, Truong AD, Fan E: Technology to enhance physical rehabilitation of critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2009; 37(Suppl 10):S436-S441
65. Routsi C, Gerovasili V, Vasileiadis I, et al: Electrical muscle stimulation prevents critical illness polyneuromyopathy: A randomized parallel intervention trial. Critical Care 2010; 14:R74
66. Chang AT, Boots R, Hodges PW, et al: Standing with assistance of a tilt table in intensive care: A survey of Australian physiotherapy practice. Aust J Physiother 2004; 50:51-54
67. Gerovasili V, Stefanidis K, Vitzilaios K, et al: Electrical muscle stimulation preserves the muscle mass of critically ill patients: A randomized study. Crit Care 2009; 13:R161
68. Elliott D, McKinley S, Alison JA, et al: Effects of home-based rehabilitation on physical recovery for survivors of a critical illness. In: Programme of the 10th Congress, World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine, Florence, Italy, 2009, p 161
69. Clavet H, Hébert PC, Fergusson D, et al: Joint contracture following prolonged stay in the intensive care unit. CMAJ 2008; 178: 691-697
70. Truong AD, Fan E, Brower RG, et al: Benchto- bedside review: Mobilizing patients in the intensive care unit-from pathophysiology to clinical trials. Crit Care 2009; 13:216
71. Brower RG: Consequences of bed rest. Crit Care Med 2010; 37(Suppl 10):S422-S428
72. Zanni JM, Korupolu R, Fan E, et al: Rehabilitation therapy and outcomes in acute respiratory failure: An observational pilot project. J Crit Care 2010; 25:254-262
73. Herridge MS: Mobile, awake and critically ill. CMAJ 2008; 178:725-726
74. Tan T, Brett SJ, Stokes T: Rehabilitation after critical illness: Summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 2009; 338:767-769
75. Gosselink R, Bott J, Johnson M, et al: Physiotherapy for adult patients with critical illness: Recommendations of the European Respiratory Society and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine Task Force on Physiotherapy for Critically Ill Patients. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34:1188-1199
76. Davydow DS, Gifford JM, Desai SV, et al: Depression in general intensive care unit survivors: A systematic review. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35:796-809
77. Davydow DS, Desai SV, Needham DM, et al: Psychiatric morbidity in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome: A systematic review. Psychosom Med 2008; 70: 512-519
78. Adhikari NK, McAndrews MP, Tansey CM, et al: Self-reported symptoms of depression and memory dysfunction in survivors of ARDS. Chest 2009; 135:678-687
79. Dowdy DW, Dinglas V, Mendez-Tellez PA, et al: Intensive care unit hypoglycemia predicts depression during early recovery from acute lung injury. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: 2726-2733
80. Myhren H, Ekeberg O, Tøien K, et al: Posttraumatic stress, anxiety and depression symptoms in patients during the first year post intensive care unit discharge. Crit Care 2010; 14:R14
81. Hopkins RO, Key CW, Suchyta MR, et al: Risk factors for depression and anxiety in survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2010; 32: 147-155
82. Dowdy DW, Bienvenu OJ, Dinglas VD, et al: Are intensive care factors associated with depressive symptoms 6 months after acute lung injury? Crit Care Med 2009; 37: 1702-1707
83. Crawford JR, Henry JD, Crombie C, et al: Normative data for the HADS from a large non-clinical sample. Br J Clin Psychol 2001; 40:429-434
84. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, et al: Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12- month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62:617-627 (Pubitemid 40973437)
85. Thombs BD, Bass EB, Ford DE, et al: Prevalence of depression in survivors of acute myocardial infarction. J Gen Intern Med 2006; 21:30-38
86. Boyle M, Murgo M, Adamson H, et al: The effect of chronic pain on health related quality of life amongst intensive care survivors. Aust Crit Care 2004; 17:104-113
87. Samuelson KA, Lundberg D, Fridlund B: Stressful memories and psychological distress in adult mechanically ventilated intensive care patients - a 2-month follow-up study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007; 51: 671-678
88. Rattray JE, Johnston M, Wildsmith JA: Predictors of emotional outcomes of intensive care. Anaesthesia 2005; 60:1085-1092
89. Hopkins RO, Weaver LK, Pope D, et al: Neuropsychological sequelae and impaired health status in survivors of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160:50-56
90. Davydow DS, Gifford JM, Desai SV, et al: Posttraumatic stress disorder in general intensive care unit survivors: A systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2008; 30: 421-434
91. Kapfhammer HP, Rothenhä usler HB, Krauseneck T, et al: Posttraumatic stress disorder and health-related quality of life in long-term survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:45-52
92. Spindler H, Pedersen SS: Posttraumatic stress disorder in the wake of heart disease: Prevalence, risk factors, and future research directions. Psychosom Med 2005; 67: 715-723
93. Wallen K, Chaboyer W, Thalib L, et al: Symptoms of acute posttraumatic stress disorder after intensive care. Am J Crit Care 2008; 17:534-543
94. Hauer D, Weis F, Krauseneck T, et al: Traumatic memories, post-traumatic stress disorder and serum cortisol levels in longterm survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Brain Res 2009; 1293: 114-120
95. Weinert C, Meller W: Epidemiology of depression and antidepressant therapy after acute respiratory failure. Psychosomatics 2006; 47:399-407
96. O'Donnell ML, Creamer M, Holmes AC, et al: Posttraumatic stress disorder after injury: Does admission to intensive care unit increase risk? J Trauma 2010; 69:627-632
97. Jones C, Bäckman C, Capuzzo M, et al: Precipitants of post-traumatic stress disorder following intensive care: A hypothesis generating study of diversity in care. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33:978-985 (Pubitemid 46835399)
98. Pandharipande P, Shintani A, Peterson J, et al: Lorazepam is an independent risk factor for transitioning to delirium in intensive care unit patients. Anesthesiology 2006; 104:21-26
99. Kress JP, Gehlbach B, Lacy M, et al: The long-term psychological effects of daily sedative interruption on critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168: 1457-1461
100. Treggiari MM, Romand JA, Yanez ND, et al: Randomized trial of light versus deep sedation on mental health after critical illness. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:2527-2534
101. Jackson JC, Girard TD, Gordon SM, et al: Long-term cognitive and psychological outcomes in the awakening and breathing controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182:183-191
102. Schelling G, Stoll C, Kapfhammer HP, et al: The effect of stress doses of hydrocortisone during septic shock on posttraumatic stress disorder and health-related quality of life in survivors. Crit Care Med 1999; 27: 2678-2683
103. Schelling G, Briegel J, Roozendaal B, et al: The effect of stress doses of hydrocortisone during septic shock on posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 50:978-985
104. Pandharipande PP, Pun BT, Herr DL, et al: Effect of sedation with dexmedetomidine vs lorazepam on acute brain dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients: The MENDS randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007; 298:2644-2653
105. Riker RR, Shehabi Y, Bokesch PM, et al: Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam for sedation of critically ill patients: A randomized trial. JAMA 2009; 301:489-499
106. Pandharipande PP, Sanders RD, Girard TD, et al: Effect of dexmedetomidine versus lorazepam on outcome in patients with sepsis: An a priori-designed analysis of the MENDS randomized controlled trial. Crit Care 2010; 14:R38
107. Fan E, Shahid S, Kondreddi VP, et al: Informed consent in the critically ill: A twostep approach incorporating delirium screening. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:94-99
108. Ely EW, Margolin R, Francis J, et al: Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients: Validation of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAMICU). Crit Care Med 2001; 29:1370-1379 (Pubitemid 32641799)
109. Hopkins RO, Weaver LK, Collingridge D, et al: Two-year cognitive, emotional, and quality- of-life outcomes in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171:340-347
110. Girard TD, Jackson JC, Pandharipande PP, et al: Delirium as a predictor of long-term cognitive impairment in survivors of critical illness. Crit Care Med 2010; 38: 1513-1520
111. Sukantarat KT, Burgess PW, Williamson RC, et al: Prolonged cognitive dysfunction in survivors of critical illness. Anaesthesia 2005; 60:847-853
112. Rothenhäusler HB, Ehrentraut S, Stoll C, et al: The relationship between cognitive performance and employment and health status in long-term survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome: Results of an exploratory study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2001; 23:90-96
113. Iwashyna TJ, Ely EW, Smith DM, et al: Long-term cognitive impairment and functional disability among survivors of severe sepsis. JAMA 2010; 304:1787-1794
114. Jones C, Griffiths RD, Slater T, et al: Significant cognitive dysfunction in nondelirious patients identified during and persisting following critical illness. Intensive Care Med 2006; 32:923-926
115. Mikkelsen ME, Shull WH, Biester RC, et al: Cognitive, mood and quality of life impairments in a select population of ARDS survivors. Respirology 2009; 14:76-82
116. Jackson JC, Hart RP, Gordon SM, et al: Six-month neuropsychological outcome of medical intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:1226-1234
117. Ehlenbach WJ, Hough CL, Crane PK, et al: Association between acute care and critical illness hospitalization and cognitive function in older adults. JAMA 2010; 303: 763-770
118. Gunther ML, Beck CJ, Morandi A, et al: Quantitative brain MRI findings in critically ill patients with delirium [abstract]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181:A5354
119. Hopkins RO, Gale SD, Weaver LK: Brain atrophy and cognitive impairment in survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Brain Inj 2006; 20:263-271
120. Larson MJ, Weaver LK, Hopkins RO: Cognitive sequelae in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients with and without recall of the intensive care unit. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2007; 13:595-605
121. Duning T, van den Heuvel I, Dickmann A, et al: Hypoglycemia aggravates critical illnessinduced neurocognitive dysfunction. Diabetes Care 2010; 33:639-644
122. Cuthbertson BH, Roughton S, Jenkinson D, et al: Quality of life in the five years after intensive care: A cohort study. Crit Care 2010; 14:R6
123. Gifford JM, Husain N, Dinglas VD, et al: Baseline quality of life before intensive care: A comparison of patient versus proxy responses. Crit Care Med 2010; 38:855-860
124. Dowdy DW, Eid MP, Sedrakyan A, et al: Quality of life in adult survivors of critical illness: A systematic review of the literature. Intensive Care Med 2005; 31:611-620
125. Dowdy DW, Eid MP, Dennison CR, et al: Quality of life after acute respiratory distress syndrome: A meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2006; 32:1115-1124
126. Sukantarat K, Greer S, Brett S, et al: Physical and psychological sequelae of critical illness. Br J Health Psychol 2007; 12:65-74
127. Scales DC, Tansey CM, Matte A, et al: Difference in reported pre-morbid healthrelated quality of life between ARDS survivors and their substitute decision makers. Intensive Care Med 2006; 32:1826-1831
128. Orwelius L, Nordlund A, Nordlund P, et al: Pre-existing disease: The most important factor for health related quality of life longterm after critical illness: A prospective, longitudinal, multicentre trial. Crit Care 2010; 14:R67
129. Poulsen JB, Møller K, Kehlet H, et al: Longterm physical outcome in patients with septic shock. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53:724-730
130. Ringdal M, Plos K, Lundberg D, et al: Outcome after injury: Memories, health-related quality of life, anxiety, and symptoms of depression after intensive care. J Trauma 2009; 66:1226-1233
131. Ringdal M, Plos K, Ortenwall P, et al: Memories and health-related quality of life after intensive care: A follow-up study. Crit Care Med 2010; 38:38-44
132. Jones C, Skirrow P, Griffiths RD, et al: Rehabilitation after critical illness: A randomized, controlled trial. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:2456-2461
133. Cuthbertson BH, Rattray JE, Gager M, et al: The PRaCTICaL study of nurse led, intensive care follow-up programmes for improving long term outcomes from critical illness: A pragmatic randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2009; 339:b3723
134. Kahn JM, Benson NM, Appleby D, et al: Long-term acute care hospital utilization after critical illness. JAMA 2010; 303: 2253-2259
135. Douglas SL, Daly BJ, Kelley CG, et al: Impact of a disease management program upon caregivers of chronically critically ill patients. Chest 2005; 128:3925-3936
136. Van Pelt DC, Milbrandt EB, Qin L, et al: Informal caregiver burden among survivors of prolonged mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175:167-173
137. Cameron JI, Herridge MS, Tansey CM, et al: Well-being in informal caregivers of survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 2006; 34:81-86
138. Nelson JE, Cox CE, Hope AA, et al: Chronic critical illness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182:446-454
139. Engoren M, Arslanian-Engoren C, Fenn- Buderer N: Hospital and long-term outcome after tracheostomy for respiratory failure. Chest 2004; 125:220-227
140. Bigatello LM, Stelfox HT, Berra L, et al: Outcome of patients undergoing prolonged mechanical ventilation after critical illness. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:2491-2497
141. Douglas SL, Daly BJ, Gordon N, et al: Survival and quality of life: Short-term versus long-term ventilator patients. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:2655-2662
142. Nelson JE, Tandon N, Mercado AF, et al: Brain dysfunction: Another burden for the chronically critically ill. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166:1993-1999
143. Carson SS, Bach PB, Brzozowski L, et al: Outcomes after long-term acute care. An analysis of 133 mechanically ventilated patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159:1568-1573
144. Unroe M, Kahn JM, Carson SS, et al: Oneyear trajectories of care and resource utilization for recipients of prolonged mechanical ventilation: A cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2010; 153:167-175
145. Herridge MS: Legacy of intensive care unitacquired weakness. Crit Care Med 2010; 37(Suppl 10):S457-S461