Developments in radiocarbon technologies: From the libby counter to compound-specific ams analyses

Radiocarbon

Volumn 51, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 45-78

  Povinec, Pavel P ^a   Litherland, A E ^b   von Reden, Karl F ^c  

^a Physics and Informatics   (Slovakia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMETRY; CARBON ISOTOPE; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; LITERATURE REVIEW; MEASUREMENT METHOD; RADIOCARBON DATING;

LIBBY; MONTANA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 79251576725     PISSN: 00338222     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0033822200033701     Document Type: Review

References (271)

1. Aberth W, Peterson JR. 1967. Characteristics of a low energy duoplasmatron negative ion source. Review of Scientific Instruments 38:745-8.
2. 14C abundance in a low-background liquid scintillator. Physics Letters B 422(1-4):349-58.
3. Aller RC, Blair NE. 2004. Early diagenetic remineralization of sedimentary organic C in the Gulf of Papua deltaic complex (Papua New Guinea): net loss of terrestrial C and diagenetic fractionation of C isotopes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68(8):1815-25.
4. Aller RC, Blair NE. 2006. Carbon remineralization in the Amazon-Guianas mobile mudbelt: a sedimentary incinerator. Continental Shelf Research 26:2241-59.
5. 3 in helium. Physical Review 56:379.
6. Alvarez LW, Cornog R. 1939b. Helium and hydrogen of mass 3. Physical Review 56:613.
7. Alvarez LW. 1951. Energy doubling in dc accelerators. Review of Scientific Instruments 22:705-6.
8. Alvarez LW. 1981. The early days of accelerator mass spectrometry. In: Henning W, Kutschera W, Smitherand R, Yntema JL, editors. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on AMS. Argonne National Laboratory, Physics Division, ANL/PHY-81-1. Available at http://homepage.univie.ac.at/walter.kutschera/AMS/AMS-2.pdf.
9. Anbar M. 1975. Mass Spectrometric Determination of Carbon 14. US Patent 3,885,155.
10. Anbar M. 1978. The limitations of mass spectrometric radiocarbon dating using CN ions. In: HE Gove, editor. Proceedings of the First Conference on Radiocarbon Dating with Accelerators. Rochester: University of Rochester. p 152-6. Available at http://homepage.univie.ac.at/walter.kutschera/AMS/AMS-1.pdf.
11. Anderson EC, Libby WF. 1951. World-wide distribution of natural radiocarbon. Physical Review 81:64-9.
12. Anderson EC, Libby WF, Weinhouse S, Reid AF, Kirschenbaum AD, Grosse AV. 1947. Radiocarbon from cosmic radiation. Science 105(2735):576-7.
13. Anderson EC, Arnold JR, Libby WF. 1951. Measurements of low level radiocarbon. Review of Scientific Instruments 22:225-30.
14. Arnold JR. 1954. Scintillation counting of radiocarbon: I. The counting method. Science 119(3083):155-7.
15. Arnold JR. 1987. Decay counting in the age of AMS. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 29(1-2):424-6.
16. Arnold JR, Libby WF. 1949. Age determination by radiocarbon content: checks with samples of known age. Science 110(2869):678-80.
17. Arpesella C, Borexino collaboration. 2008. Direct measurement of the 7Be solar neutrino flux with 192 days of Borexino data. Physical Review Letters 101: 091302.
18. Asi A. 2001. Ion source modeling with Lorentz-2D. Available at http://www.integratedsoft.com/Papers/research/ICIS2001.pdf.
19. Audric BN, Long JVP. 1954. Use of dissolved acetylene in liquid scintillation counters for the measurement of carbon-14 of low specific activity. Nature 173(4412): 992-3.
20. Baker PA, Rigsby CA, Seltzer GO, Fritz SC, Lowenstein TK, Bacher NP, Veliz C. 2001a. Tropical climate changes at millennial and orbital timescales on the Bolivian Altiplano. Nature 409(6821):698-701.
21. Baker PA, Seltzer GO, Fritz SC, Dunbar RB, Grove MJ, Tapia PM, Cross SL, Rowe HD, Broda JP. 2001b. The history of South American tropical precipitation for the past 25,000 years. Science 291(5504):640-3.
22. Ballard RD, Coleman DF, Rosenberg GD. 2000. Further evidence of abrupt Holocene drowning of the Black Sea shelf. Marine Geology 170(3-4):253-61.
23. Bandura DR, Baranov VI, Litherland AE, Tanner SD. 2006. Gas-phase ion-molecule reactions for resolution of atomic isobars: AMS and ICP-MS perspectives. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 255-256: 312-27.
24. Bard E, Ménot-Combes G, Rostek F. 2004a. Present status of radiocarbon calibration and comparison records based on Polynesian corals and Iberian Margin sediments. Radiocarbon 46(3):1189-202.
25. Bard E, Rostek F, Ménot-Combes G. 2004b. Paleoclimate: a better radiocarbon clock. Science 303(5655): 178-9.
26. Barendsen GW. 1957. Radiocarbon dating with liquid CO2 as diluent in a scintillation solution. Review of Scientific Instruments 28:430-2.
27. Bell CG, Hayes FN, editors. 1958. Liquid Scintillation Counting. London: Pergamon Press.
28. Bennett CL, Beukens RP, Clover MR, Elmore D, Gove HE, Kilius L, Litherland AE, Purser KH. 1978. Radiocarbon dating with electrostatic accelerators: dating of milligram samples. Science 201(4353):345-7.
29. Bennett WH. 1940. High Voltage Vacuum Tube. US Patent No. 2,206,558.
30. Berger R, Suess HE, editors. 1979. Radiocarbon Dating. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference. Los Angeles and La Jolla 1976. Berkeley: University of California Press.
31. Berkovits D, Boaretto E, Hollos G, Kutschera W, Naaman R, Paul M, Vager Z. 1989. Selective suppression of negative ions by lasers. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 281(3):663-6.
32. Bertsche KJ, Karadi CA, Muller RA, Paulson GC. 1990. Detection of radiocarbon in the cyclotrino. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 52(3-4):398-404.
33. Beukens RP. 1992. Radiocarbon accelerator mass spectrometry: background, precision and accuracy. In: Taylor RE, Long A, Kra RS, editors. Radiocarbon After Four Decades. An Interdisciplinary Perspective. New York: Springer Verlag. p 230-9.
34. Beukens RP. 1993. Radiocarbon accelerator mass spectrometry: background and contamination. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 79(1-4):620-3.
35. Beukens RP, Gove HE, Litherland AE, Kieser WE, Zhao X-L. 2004. The old carbon project: how old is old? Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 223-224:333-8.
36. Biondi F, Strachan SDJ, Mensing S, Piovesan G. 2007. Radiocarbon analysis confirms the annual nature of sagebrush growth rings. Radiocarbon 49(3):1231-40.
37. Blackett PMS, Occhialini GPS. 1933. Some photographs of the tracks of penetrating radiation. Proceedings of the Royal Society A 139(839):699-726.
38. Blair NE, Leithold EL, Ford ST, Peeler KA, Holmes JC, Perkey DW. 2003. The persistence of memory: the fate of ancient sedimentary organic carbon in a modern sedimentary system. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 67(1):63-73.
39. Bond G, Kromer B, Beer J, Muscheler R, Evans MN, Showers W, Hoffmann S, Lotti-Bond R, Hajdas I, Bonani G. 2001. Persistent solar influence on north Atlantic climate during the Holocene. Science 294(5549):2130-6.
40. Bonner TW, Brubaker WM. 1936. The disintegration of nitrogen by neutrons. Physical Review 49:223-9.
41. Brannon HR, Taggart Jr MS, Williams M. 1955. Proportional counting of carbon dioxide for radiocarbon dating. Review of Scientific Instruments 26:269-73.
42. Broecker WS, Tucek CS, Olson EA. 1959. Radio-carbon analysis of oceanic CO2. International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes 7(1):1-10.
43. Broecker WS, Sutherland S, Smethie W, Peng T-H, Ostlund G. 1995. Oceanic radiocarbon: separation of the natural and bomb components. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 9(2):263-88.
44. Bromley DA, editor. 1974. Large electrostatic accelerators. Nuclear Instruments and Methods 122:1-285.
45. Brooks FD. 1958. In: Bell CG, Hayes FN, editors. Liquid Scintillation Counting. London: Pergamon. p 268.
46. Burcham WE, Goldhaber M. 1936. The disintegration of nitrogen by slow neutrons. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 32(4):632-6.
47. Burchuladze AA, Pagava SV, Povinec P, Togonidze GI, Usačev S. 1980. Radiocarbon variations with the 11- year solar cycle during the last century. Nature 287(5780):320-2.
48. 14 dating with a methane proportional counter. Review of Scientific Instruments 26:1137-40.
49. Bush MB, Silman MR, Urrego DH. 2004. 48,000 years of climate and forest change in a biodiversity hot spot. Science 303(5659):827-9.
50. Buynevich IV, FitzGerald DM, Goble RJ. 2007. A 1500 yr record of North Atlantic storm activity based on optically dated relict beach scarps. Geology 35(6):543-6.
51. Çaǧatay MN, Görür N, Polonia A, Demirbaǧ E, Saknç M, Cormier M-H, Capotondi L, McHugh C, Emre Ö, Eriş K. 2003. Sea-level changes and depositional environments in the İzmir Gulf, eastern Marmara Sea, during the late glacial-Holocene period. Marine Geology 202(3-4):159-73.
52. Came RE, Oppo DW, Curry WB. 2003. Atlantic Ocean circulation during the Younger Dryas: insights from a new Cd/Ca record from the western subtropical South Atlantic. Paleoceanography 18(4): 1086, doi: 10.1029/2003PA000888.
53. Came RE, Oppo DW, Curry WB, Lynch-Stieglitz J. 2008. Deglacial variability in the surface return flow of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Paleoceanography 23: PA1217, doi: 10.1029/ 2007PA001450.
54. Chapman K, editor. 1972. Proceedings of the Symposium of North East Accelerator Personnel. Tallahassee: Florida State University. (See particularly p 100-4.)
55. Charalambus S, Goebel K. 1963. Low level proportional counter for tritium. Nuclear Instruments and Methods 25:109-17.
56. 14C measurements. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 172(1-4):193-200.
57. Cohen AL, Hart SR. 2004. Deglacial sea surface temperatures of the western tropical Pacific: a new look at old coral. Paleoceanography 19: PA4031, doi: 10.1029/2004PA001084.
58. Collon P, Kutschera W, Loosli HH, Lehmann BE, Purtschert R, Love A, Sampson L, Anthony D, Cole D, Davids B, Morrisey DJ, Sherrill BM, Steiner M, Pardo RC, Paul M. 2000. 81Kr in the Great Artesian Basin, Australia: a new method for dating very old groundwater. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 182(1):103-13.
59. Crathorn AR. 1953. Use of an acetylene-filled counter for natural radiocarbon. Nature 172(4379):632-3.
60. Curran SC, Angus J, Cockroft AL. 1949. Investigation of soft radiations by proportional counters. I. Philosophical Magazine 40:36-52.
61. Currie LA, Noakes JE, Breiter DN. 1978. Measurement of small radiocarbon samples: power of alternative methods for tracing atmospheric hydrocarbons. In: Berger R, Suess HE, editors. Radiocarbon Dating. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference Los Angeles and La Jolla, 1976. Berkeley: University of California Press. p 158-75.
62. Currie LA, Gerlach RW, Klouda GA, Ruegg FC, Tompkins GB. 1983. Miniature signals and miniature counters: accuracy assurance via microprocessors and multiparameter control techniques. Radiocarbon 25(2):553-64.
63. 14 during the last six millennia. Journal of Geophysical Research 71(4):1055-63.
64. Davis Jr R, Harmer DS, Hoffman KC. 1968. Search for neutrinos from the Sun. Physical Review Letters 20(21):1205-9.
65. 14C age measurements. Nuclear Physics 1(6):477-9.
66. de Vries H, Barendsen GW. 1952. A new technique for the measurement of age by radiocarbon. Physica 18: 652-9.
67. de Vries H, Barendsen GW. 1953. Radiocarbon dating by a proportional counter filled with carbon dioxide. Physica 19:987-1003.
68. Donnelly JP, Woodruff JD. 2007. Intense hurricane activity over the past 5,000 years controlled by El Niño and the West African monsoon. Nature 447(7143):465-8.
69. Donnelly JP, Butler J, Roll S, Wengren M, Webb III T. 2004a. A backbarrier overwash record of intense storms from Brigantine, New Jersey. Marine Geology 210(1-4):107-21.
70. Donnelly JP, Cleary P, Newby P, Ettinger R. 2004b. Coupling instrumental and geological records of sea-level change: evidence from southern New England of an increase in the rate of sea-level rise in the late 19th century. Geophysical Research Letters 31: L05203, doi: 10.1029/2003GL018933.
71. 14C measurements. Marine Chemistry 103(1-2):146-62.
72. Drever RWP, Moljk A, Curran SC. 1957. A proportional counter system with small wall effect. Nuclear Instruments 1:41-5.
73. Eglinton TI, Benitez-Nelson BC, Pearson A, McNichol AP, Bauer JE, Druffel ERM. 1997. Variability in radiocarbon ages of individual organic compounds from marine sediments. Science 277(5327):796-9.
74. Elmore D, Kubik PW, Tubbs LE, Gove HE, Teng R, Hemmick T, Chrunyk B, Conard N. 1984. The Rochester tandem accelerator mass spectrometer program. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 5(2):109-16.
75. 14C). Physical Review 75:1825-33.
76. Eriş KK, Ryan WBF, Çaǧatay MN, Sancar U, Lericolais G, Ménot G, Bard E. 2007. The timing and evolution of the post-glacial transgression across the Sea of Marmara shelf south of Istanbul. Marine Geology 243(1-4):57-76.
77. Fallon SJ, Guilderson TP, Brown TA. 2007. CAMS/ LLNL ion source efficiency revisited. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 259(1): 106-10.
78. 14C-Aktivitäten in proportionalzähler. Naturwissenschaften 39: 378-9. In German.
79. Fergusson GJ. 1955. Radiocarbon dating system. Nucleonics 13:18-23.
80. Fifield LK. 2000. Advances in AMS. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 172(1-4): 134-43.
81. Forstner O, Andersson P, Diehl C, Golser R, Hanstorp D, Kutschera W, Lindahl A, Priller A, Steier P, Wallner A. 2008. Isobar suppression in AMS using laser photodetachment. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 266(19-20):4565-8.
82. Geiger H, Müller W. 1929. Technische Bemerkungen zum Elektronenzäherohr. Zeitschrift für Physik 30: 489. In German.
83. 14C events from a microwave gas ion source, recorded with the NOSAMS AMS gas detector (18 January 2002).
84. Geyh MA. 1967. Experience gathered in the construction of low-level counters. In: Radioactive Dating and Methods of Low-Level Counting. Vienna: IAEA. p 575-91.
85. Giosan L, Donnelly JP, Constantinescu S, Filip F, Ovejanu I, Vespremeanu-Stroe A, Vespremeanu E, Duller GAT. 2006. Young Danube delta documents stable Black Sea level since the middle Holocene: morphodynamic, paleogeographic, and archaeological implications. Geology 34(9):757-60.
86. Gnaser H. 1997. Formation of metastable N2 - and CO- anions in sputtering. Physical Review A 56(4):R2518-21.
87. Gnaser H. 2008. Isotopic fractionation of sputtered anions: C- and C-2. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 266(1):37-43.
88. Gove HE. 1999. From Hiroshima to the Iceman: The Development and Applications of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing. 226 p.
89. Gregory ST, Shea D, Guthrie-Nichols E. 2005. Impact of vegetation on sedimentary organic matter composition and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon attenuation. Environmental Science & Technology 39(14):5285-92.
90. Grootes PM. 1977. Enrichment of radiocarbon for dating samples up to 75,000 years. In: Povinec P, Usačev S, editors. Low-Radioactivity Measurements and Applications. Proceedings of the International Conference, High Tatras, 1975. Bratislava: Slovenské Pedagogické Nakladatestvo. p 93-7.
91. 14C record of a central equatorial Pacific coral. Radiocarbon 45(1):91-9.
92. 14C at Oxford. In: Gove HE, editor. Proceedings of the First Conference on Radiocarbon Dating with Accelerators. Rochester: University of Rochester. p 257-65. Available at http://homepage.univie.ac.at/walter.kutschera/AMS/AMS-1.pdf.
93. Han BX, von Reden KF, Roberts ML, Schneider RJ, Hayes JM, Jenkins WJ. 2007. Electromagnetic field modeling and ion optics calculations for a continuousflow AMS system. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 259(1):111-7.
94. Harbottle G, Sayre EV, Stoenner RW. 1979. Carbon-14 dating of small samples by proportional counting. Science 206(4419):683-5.
95. Hellborg R, editor. 2005. Electrostatic Accelerators: Fundamentals and Applications. Berlin: Springer. 620 p.
96. Henning W. 1987. Accelerator mass spectrometry of the heavy elements: 36Cl to 205Pb. Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society of London A 323(1569):87-99.
97. Hesshaimer V, Heimann M, Levin I. 1994. Radiocarbon evidence for a smaller oceanic carbon dioxide sink than previously believed. Nature 370(6486):201-3.
98. 14C counting of benzene. In: Ross H, Noakes JE, Spaulding JD, editors. Liquid Scintillation Counting and Organic Scintillators. Chelsea: Lewis Publishers. p 123-31.
99. Horrocks DL. 1974. Applications of Liquid Scintillation Counting. New York: Academic Press. 346 p.
100. Houtermans FG, Oeschger H. 1955. Proportionszählrohr zur Messung schwacher Aktivitäten weicher -Strahlung. Helvetica Physica Acta 28:464-6. In German.
101. 14C counter system for milligram-sized samples. 1983. Radiocarbon 25(2):547-52.
102. Hwang J, Druffel ERM. 2003. Lipid-like material as the source of the uncharacterized organic carbon in the ocean? Science 299(5608):881-4.
103. Ishikawa J. 1995. Negative ion sources. In: Wolf B, editor. Handbook of Ion Sources. Chapter 2, section 16. New York: CRC Press. p 289-312.
104. Ivanova EV, Murdmaa IO, Chepalyga AL, Cronin TM, Pasechnik IV, Levchenko OV, Howe SS, Manushkina AV, Platonova EA. 2007. Holocene sea-level oscillations and environmental changes on the eastern Black Sea shelf. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 246(2-4):228-59.
105. Jones GA, McNichol AP, von Reden KF, Schneider RJ. 1990. The National Ocean Sciences AMS facility at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 52(3-4):278-84.
106. Jones GA, Gagnon AR, von Reden KF, McNichol AP, Schneider RJ. 1994. High-precision AMS radiocarbon measurements of central Arctic-Ocean sea waters. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 92(1-4):426-30.
107. Jull AJT, Burr GS, Beck JW, Hodgins GWL, Biddulph DL, McHargue LR, Lange TE. 2008. Accelerator mass spectrometry of long-lived light radionuclides. In: Povinec P, editor. Analysis of Environmental Radionuclides. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p 241-62.
108. Kalin RM, Devine JM, Long A. 1991. Performance of small quartz vials in a low-level, high resolution liquid scintillation spectrometer. In: Ross H, Noakes JE, Spaulding JD, editors. Liquid Scintillation Counting and Organic Scintillators. Chelsea: Lewis Publishers. p 471-9.
109. Kallmann HI, Kuhn E. 1940. Device for Generating a Beam of Ions of High Velocity. US Patent No. 2,213,140.
110. Keigwin LD. 1996. The little ice age and medieval warm period in the Sargasso Sea. Science 274(5292):1504-8.
111. Keigwin LD. 2004. Radiocarbon and stable isotope constraints on Last Glacial Maximum and Younger Dryas ventilation in the western North Atlantic. Paleoceanography 19(4): PA4012, doi: 10.1029/ 2004PA001029.
112. Keigwin LD, Boyle EA. 2008. Did North Atlantic overturning halt 17,000 years ago? Paleoceanography 23(1): PA1101, doi: 10.1029/2007PA001500.
113. Keigwin LD, Pickart RS. 1999. Slope water current over the Laurentian fan on interannual to millennial time scales. Science 286(5439):520-3.
114. Keigwin LD, Sachs JP, Rosenthal Y, Boyle EA. 2005. The 8200 year BP event in the slope water system, western subpolar North Atlantic. Paleoceanography 20(2): PA2003, doi: 10.1029/2004PA001074.
115. Keigwin LD, Donnelly JP, Cook MS, Driscoll NW, Brigham-Grette J. 2006. Rapid sea-level rise and Holocene climate in the Chukchi Sea. Geology 34(10): 861-4.
116. Key R. 1996. WOCE Pacific Ocean radiocarbon program. Radiocarbon 38(3):415-23.
117. Key RM, Quay PD, Jones G, McNichol AP, von Reden KF, Schneider RJ. 1996. WOCE AMS radiocarbon I: Pacific Ocean results (P6, P16 and P17). Radiocarbon 38(3):425-518.
118. 14C, P18, P19 & S4P. Radiocarbon 44(1):239-392.
119. Key RM, Kozyr A, Sabine CL, Lee K, Wanninkhof R, Bullister JL, Feely RA, Millero FJ, Mordy C, Peng TH. 2004. A global ocean carbon climatology: results from Global Data Analysis Project (GLODAP). Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18(4): GB4031, doi: 10.1029/2004GB002247.
120. Kilius LR, Rucklidge JC, Litherland AE. 1987. Accelerator mass spectrometry of 129I at IsoTrace. Nuclear Instruments and Methods B 29(1-2):72-6.
121. Kim S-W, Schneider RJ, von Reden KF, Hayes JM, Wills JSC. 2002. Test of negative ion beams from a microwave ion source with a charge exchange canal for accelerator mass spectrometry applications. Review of Scientific Instruments 73:846-8.
122. Kitagawa H, van der Plicht J. 1998. Atmospheric radiocarbon calibration to 45,000 yr B.P.: late glacial fluctuations and cosmogenic isotope production. Science 279(5354):1187-90.
123. Kubik PW, Elmore D. 1989. AMS of 41Ca using the CaF3 negative ion. Radiocarbon 31(3):324-6.
124. Kuehner JA, Almqvist E, Bromley DA. 1960. In: Bromley DA, Vogt EW, editors. Proceedings of the 1960 International Conference on Nuclear Structure. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p 280.
125. Kurie FND. 1934. A new mode of disintegration induced by neutrons. Physical Review 45:904-5.
126. Kutschera W. 2005. Progress in isotope analysis of at ultra- trace level by AMS. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 242(2-3):145-60.
127. Lal D. 1965. In: Chatters RM, editor. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference Radiocarbon and Tritium Dating. Pullman, Washington, 7-11 June 1965 (Conf. 650652). p 487.
128. Laney BH. 1971. Electronic rejection of optical crosstalk in a twin phototube scintillation counter. In: Organic Scintillator and Liquid Scintillation Counting. New York: Academic Press. p 991-1003.
129. Lee HW, Galindo-Uribarri A, Chang KH, Kilius LR, Litherland AE. 1984. The 12CH2 2+ molecule and radiocarbon dating by accelerator mass spectrometry. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 5(2):208-10.
130. Libby WF. 1934. Radioactivity of neodymium and samarium. Physical Review 46:196-204.
131. Libby WF. 1946. Atmospheric helium three and radiocarbon from cosmic radiation. Physical Review 69: 671-2.
132. Libby WF. 1955. Radiocarbon Dating. 2nd edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 175 p.
133. Libby WF. 1967. History of radiocarbon dating. In: Radioactive Dating and Methods of Low-Level Counting. Proceedings of the Symposium Vienna, 1967. Vienna: IAEA. p 3-26.
134. Libby WF, Lee DD. 1939. Energies of soft beta-radiations of rubidium and other bodies. Method for their determination. Physical Review 55:245-51.
135. Litherland AE. 1962. Negative Ion Production Studies. Progress Report of the Physics Division. Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, PR-P-56, p 2.7.
136. Litherland AE. 1978. Radiocarbon dating with accelerators. In: Gove HE, editor. Proceedings of the First Conference on Radiocarbon Dating with Accelerators. Rochester: University of Rochester. p 70-113. Available at http://homepage.univie.ac.at/walter.kutschera/AMS/AMS-1.pdf.
137. Litherland AE. 1984. Accelerator mass spectrometry. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 5(2):100-8.
138. Litherland AE, Kilius LR. 1990. A recombinator for radiocarbon accelerator mass spectrometry. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 52(3-4):375-7.
139. Litherland AE, Kuehner JA, Gove HE, Clark MA, Almqvist E. 1961. Rotational bands in 20Ne. Physical Review Letters 7:98-100.
140. 14C measurements and accelerator mass spectrometry. In: Cleveland B, Ford R, Chen M, editors. Topical Workshop on Low Radioactivity Techniques, Conference Proceedings of the AIP. CP 785. p 48-56. (Note: in the published paper there is a typographical error in line 15 of the introduction. The exponent should be 18 not 16.).
141. Litherland AE, Tomski I, Zhao X-L, Cousins LM, Doupé JP, Javahery G, Kieser WE. 2007. Isobar separation at very low energy for AMS. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 259(1):230-5.
142. Long A, Kalin RM. 1992. Radiocarbon dating in the 50,000 to 65,000 year range without isotopic enrichment. In: Povinec P, editor. Rare Nuclear Processes. Proceedings of the 14th Europhysics Conference on Nuclear Physics. Bratislava: Veda Publishers. p 256-63.
143. Loosli HH, Oeschger H. 1982. Low-level gas proportional counting in an underground laboratory. In: Povinec P, editor. Low-Level Counting. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference Low Radioactivities High Tatras, 1980. Bratislava: Veda Publishers. Volume 1. p 117-25.
144. Loosli HH, Möll M, Oeschger H, Scotterer U. 1986. Ten years low-level counting in the underground laboratory in Bern, Switzerland. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 17(5-6):402-5.
145. Lu Z-T, Wendt KDA. 2003. Laser-based methods for ultrasensitive trace-isotope analyses. Review of Scientific Instruments 74:1169-79.
146. Lynch-Stieglitz J, Adkins JF, Curry WB, Dokken T, Hall IR, Herguera JC, Hirschi J-M, Ivanova EV, Kissel C, Marchal O, Marchitto TM, McCave IN, McManus JF, Mulitza S, Ninnemann U, Peeters F, Yu E-F, Zahn R. 2007. Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during the last glacial maximum. Science 316(5821):66-9.
147. Mandalakis M, Gustafsson Ö, Reddy CM, Xu L. 2004. Radiocarbon apportionment of fossil versus biofuel combustion sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Stockholm metropolitan area. Environmental Science & Technology 38(20):5344-9.
148. Mäntynen P, Aikää O, Kankainen T, Kaihola L. 1987. Application of pulse-shape discrimination to improve the precision of the carbon-14 gas-proportional-counting method. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 38(10): 869-73.
149. Marrodán Undagoitia T, von Feilitzsch F, Göger-Neff M, Hochmuth KA, Oberauer L, Potzel W, Wurm M. 2006. Low energy neutrino astronomy with the large liquid-scintillation detector LENA. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 57:283-9.
150. Matsumoto K. 2007. Radiocarbon-based circulation age of the world oceans. Journal of Geophysical Research 112(C9): C09004.
151. McCormac FG. 1992. Liquid scintillation counter characterization, optimization and benzene purity correction. Radiocarbon 34(1):37-45.
152. McIntyre C, Sylva S. 2008. Gas chromatograph-combustion system and method for mass spectrometry. Provisional Patent US 61/197,047.
153. McManus JF, Francois R, Gherardi J-M, Keigwin LD, Brown-Leger S. 2004. Collapse and rapid resumption of Atlantic meridional circulation linked to deglacial climate changes. Nature 428(6985):834-7.
154. McNichol AP, Schneider RJ, von Reden KF, Gagnon AR, Elder KL, Key RM, Quay PD. 2000. Ten years after the WOCE AMS radiocarbon program. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 172(1-4):479-84.
155. Middleton R, Adams CT. 1974. A close to universal negative ion source. Nuclear Instruments and Methods 118(2):329-36.
156. Middleton R, Klein J. 1999. Production of metastable negative ions in a caesium sputter source: verification of the existence of N2 - and CO-. Physical Review A 60(5):3786-99.
157. Mollenhauer G, Eglinton TI, Ohkouchi N, Schneider RR, Müller PJ, Grootes PM, Rullkötter J. 2003. Asynchronous alkenone and foraminifera records from the Benguela Upwelling System. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 67(12):2157-71.
158. 14C age relationships between co-occurring foraminifera, alkenones, and total organic carbon in continental margin sediments. Paleoceanography 20(1): PA1016, doi: 10.1029/2004PA001103.
159. Mollenhauer G, Montluçon D, Eglinton TI. 2005b. Radiocarbon dating of alkenones from marine sediments: II. Assessment of carbon process blanks. Radiocarbon 47(3):413-24.
160. 14C and 230Thxs evidence. Deep-Sea Research Part I 53(7):1224-43.
161. 14C activity measurements. Radiocarbon 25(2):475-84.
162. 14C laboratory. In: Povi nec P, Usačev S, editors. Low-Radioactivity Measurements and Applications. Proceedings of the International Conference, High Tatras, 1975. Bratislava: Slovenské Pedagogické Nakladatestvo. p 91-2.
163. Muller RA. 1977. Radioisotope dating with a cyclotron. Science 196(4289):489-94.
164. Muller RA. 1978. Radioisotope dating with the LBL 88" Cyclotron. In: Gove HE, editor. Proceedings of the First Conference on Radiocarbon Dating with Accelerators. Rochester: University of Rochester. p 33-7. Available at http://homepage.univie.ac.at/walter.kutschera/AMS/AMS-1.pdf.
165. Muller RA, Alvarez LW, Holley WR, Stephenson ER. 1977. Quarks with unit charge: a search for anomalous hydrogen. Science 196(4289):521-52.
166. Muller RA, Tans PP, Mast TS, Welch JJ. 1981. Mass spectrometry with a very small cyclotron. In: Henning W, Kutschera W, Smitherand R, Yntema JL, editors. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on AMS. Argonne National Laboratory, Physics Division, ANL/PHY-81-1. p 342-5. Available at http://homepage.univie.ac.at/walter.kutschera/AMS/AMS-2.pdf.
167. Münnich KO, Vogel JC. 1958. Durch Atomexplosionen erzeugter Radiokohlenstoff in der Atmosphäre. Naturwissenschaften 45(14):327-9. In German.
168. 14C analysis with subattomole sensitivity. Analytical Chemistry 80(13):4820-4.
169. Naegler T, Levin I. 2006. Closing the global radiocarbon budget 1945-2005. Journal of Geophysical Research 111(D12): doi: 10.1029/2005JD006758.
170. Nelson DE, Korteling RG, Stott WR. 1977. Carbon-14: direct detection at natural concentrations. Science 198(4316):507-8.
171. Noakes JE, Isbell AF, Stipp JJ, Hood DW. 1963. Benzene synthesis by low temperature catalysis for radiocarbon dating. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 27(7): 797-804.
172. Noakes JE, Kim SM, Stipp JJ. 1965. Chemical and counting advances in liquid scintillation radiocarbon dating. In: Chatters RM, editor. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference Radiocarbon and Tritium Dating. Pullman, Washington, 7-11 June 1965 (Conf. 650652). p 68-98.
173. Noakes JE, Neary MP, Spaulding JD. 1973. Tritium measurement with a new liquid scintillation counter. Nuclear Instruments and Methods 109(1):177-87.
174. Nydal R. 1962. Proportional counting technique for radiocarbon measurements. Review of Scientific Instruments 33:1313-20.
175. Nydal R, Lövseth K. 1965. Distribution of radiocarbon from nuclear tests. Nature 206(4988):1029-31.
176. Nydal R, Sigmond RS. 1957. Radiocarbon dating in Trondheim. Applied Scientific Research B 6:393-400.
177. Nydal R, Gulliksen S, Lövseth K. 1977. Proportional counters and shielding for low-level gas counting. In: Povinec P, Usačev S, editors. Low-Radioactivity Measurements and Applications. Proceedings of the International Conference Bratislava, 1975. Bratislava: Slovenské Pedagogické Nakladatestvo. p 13-22.
178. Oeschger H. 1963. Low level counting methods. In: Radioactive Dating. Vienna: IAEA. p 13.
179. Oeschger H, Loosli HH. 1977. New developments in sampling and low level counting of natural radioactivity. In: Povinec P, Usačev S, editors. Low-Radioactivity Measurements and Applications. Proceedings of the International Conference High Tatras, 1975. Bratislava: Slovenské Pedagogické Nakladatestvo. p 13-22.
180. Oeschger H, Wahlen M. 1975. Low-level counting techniques. Annual Review of Nuclear Science 25:423-63.
181. Ohkouchi N, Eglinton T, Hayes J. 2003. Radiocarbon dating of individual fatty acids as a tool for refining Antarctic margin sediment chronologies. Radiocarbon 45(1):17-24.
182. 14 dating station using the CO2 proportional counting method. Arkiv för Fysik 13:37-60.
183. Olsson IU, editor. 1970. Radiocarbon Variations and Absolute Chronology. Nobel Symposium 12, Uppsala, 11-15 August 1969. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
184. 14C with a proportional counter. Arkiv för Fysik 22:237-55.
185. Oppo DW, McManus JF, Cullen JL. 2003. Palaeo-oceanography: deepwater variability in the Holocene epoch. Nature 422(6929):277-8.
186. Östlund HG. 1957. Stockholm natural radiocarbon measurements I. Science 126(3272):493-7.
187. 14C in very small samples. Radiocarbon 25(2):565-75.
188. Patrut A, von Reden KF, Lowy DA, Alberts AA, Pohlman JW, Wittmann R, Gerlach D, Xu L, Mitchell CS. 2007. Radiocarbon dating of a very large African baobab. Tree Physiology 27(11):1569-74.
189. Peacock S. 2004. Debate over the ocean bomb radiocarbon sink: closing the gap. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18(2): GB2022, doi: 10.1029/2003GB002211.
190. 14C measurement at NOSAMS. Radiocarbon 40(1):61-75.
191. 14C analysis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65(18):3123-37.
192. 14C measurement by liquid scintillation counting. Radiocarbon 21(1):1-21.
193. Plastino W, Kaihola L. 2006. Radiocarbon measurement by liquid scintillation spectrometry at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory. In: Povinec PP, Sanchez-Cabeza JA, editors. Radionuclides in the Environments. Proceedings of the International Conference on Isotopes in Environmental Studies Monaco 2004. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p 520-8.
194. 14C dating. Nuclear Geophysics 2:75-9.
195. Povinec P. 1972a. Very low background proportional counter for tritium dating. Nuclear Instruments and Methods 101(3):613-4.
196. 14C counters. Radiochemical and Radioanalytical Letters 9:127-35.
197. 14C and 3H measurements. Nuclear Instruments and Methods 156(3):441-6.
198. Povinec P. 1979. A study of proportional counter optimisation for long-term counting. Nuclear Instruments and Methods 163(2-3):363-8.
199. Povinec P. 1980. Proportional chambers for low level counting. Nuclear Instruments and Methods 176(1-2):111-7.
200. Povinec P. 1981. Simultaneous activity and background measurement by the same detector. International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes 32(10): 729-32.
201. 14C gas counting: Is there still a future? Radiocarbon 34(3):406-13.
202. Povinec P, Šáro Š, Chudý M, Šeliga M. 1968. The rapid method of radiocarbon counting in the atmosphere. International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes 19(12):877-81.
203. Povinec PP, Betti M, Jull AJT, Vojtyla P. 2008. New isotope technologies in environmental physics. Acta Physica Slovaca 58:1-154.
204. Pringle RW, Turchinetz W, Funt BL. 1955. Liquid scintillation techniques for radiocarbon dating. Review of Scientific Instruments 26:859-65.
205. Pringle RW, Turchinetz W, Funt BL, Danyluk SS. 1957. Radiocarbon age estimates obtained by an improved liquid scintillation technique. Science 125(3237):69-70.
206. Purser KH. 1977. An Ultra-Sensitive Mass Spectrometry Apparatus. Filed 1 March 1976, US Patent No. 4,037,100.
207. Purser KH, Handley PR. 1978. A carbon-14 dating system. In: Gove HE, editor. Proceedings of the First Conference on Radiocarbon Dating with Accelerators. Rochester: University of Rochester. p 165-86. Available at http://homepage.univie.ac.at/walter.kutschera/AMS/AMS-1.pdf.
208. - ions from a sputter ion source and some implications of the results for the design of tandems for ultra-sensitive carbon analysis. Revue de Physique Appliquée 12:1487-92.
209. Raeth CH, Sevold BJ, Pederson CN. 1951. A multipleanode anticoincidence ring counter. Review of Scientific Instruments 22:461-3.
210. Rafter TA, Fergusson GJ. 1957. The atom bomb effect - recent increase in the carbon-14 content of the atmosphere, biosphere and surface waters of the ocean. New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology B 38: 871-3.
211. Rasmussen TL, Oppo DW, Thomsen E, Lehman SJ. 2003. Deep sea records from the southeast Labrador Sea: ocean circulation changes and ice-rafting events during the last 160,000 years. Paleoceanography 18(1): doi: 10.1029/2001PA000736.
212. Reddy CM, Eglinton TI, Hounshell A, White HK, Xu L, Gaines RB, Frysinger GS. 2002a. The west Falmouth oil spill after thirty years: the persistence of petroleum hydrocarbons in marsh sediments. Environmental Science & Technology 36(22):4754-60.
213. Reddy CM, Pearson A, Xu L, McNichol AP, Benner Jr BA, Wise SA, Klouda GA, Currie LA, Eglinton TI. 2002b. Radiocarbon as a tool to apportion the sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and black carbon in environmental samples. Environmental Science & Technology 36(8):1774-82.
214. Reddy CM, Xu L, O'Neil GW, Nelson RK, Eglinton TI, Faulkner DJ, Norstrom R, Ross PS, Tittlemier SA. 2004. Radiocarbon evidence for a naturally produced, bioaccumulating halogenated organic compound. Environmental Science & Technology 38(7):1992-7.
215. 14C. Physical Review 70:431.
216. Reynolds GT, Harrison FB, Salvini G. 1950. Liquid scintillation counters. Physical Review 78:488.
217. Roberts ML, Schneider RJ, von Reden KF, Wills JSC, Han BX, Hayes JM, Rosenheim BE, Jenkins WJ. 2007. Progress on a gas-accepting ion source for continuous- flow accelerator mass spectrometry. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 259(1):83-7.
218. Robinson LF, Adkins JF, Keigwin LD, Southon J, Fernandez DP, Wang S-L, Scheirer DS. 2005. Radiocarbon variability in the western North Atlantic during the last deglaciation. Science 310(5753):1469-73.
219. Rosenheim BE, Swart PK. 2007. Caribbean sclerosponge radiocarbon measurements re-interpreted in terms of U/Th age models. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 259(1):474-8.
220. 14C. Physical Review 59:349-54.
221. Russell JM, Johnson TC. 2007. Little ice age drought in equatorial Africa: intertropical convergence zone migrations and El Niño-Southern oscillation variability. Geology 35(1):21-4.
222. Russell JM, Johnson TC, Talbot MR. 2003. A 725 yr cycle in the climate of central Africa during the late Holocene. Geology 31(8):677-80.
223. Rutherford E. 1937. The search for the isotopes of hydrogen and helium of mass 3. Nature 140(3538):303-5.
224. 14C section: comparison of the mean ages of the deep waters in the Eurasian and Canadian basins of the Arctic Ocean. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 123(1-4):431-7.
225. Schneider RJ, Hayes JM, von Reden KF, McNichol AP, Eglinton TI, Wills JSC. 1998. Target preparation for continuous flow accelerator mass spectrometry. Radiocarbon 40(1):95-102.
226. Schnitzer RW, Aberth H, Anbar M. 1975. In: Proceedings of the 23rd ASMS Annual Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics. p 479-81.
227. Schoch H, Bruns M, Münnich KO, Münnich M. 1980. A multicounter system for high precision carbon-14 measurements. Radiocarbon 22(2):442-7.
228. Schwartzschild AZ, Thieberger P, Cumming JB. 1977. Bulletin of the American Physical Society 22:94.
229. Scott EM, editor. 2003. The Third International Radiocarbon Intercomparison (TIRI) and the Fourth International Radiocarbon Intercomparison (FIRI), 1990- 2002. Results, analyses, and conclusions. Radiocarbon 45(2):135-408.
230. Skog G. 2007. The single stage AMS machine at Lund University: status report. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 259(1):1-6.
231. 14C analysis. Environmental Science & Technology 39(8):2552-8.
232. 14C analysis. Organic Geochemistry 37:981-9.
233. Smittenberg RH, Baas M, Green MJ, Hopmans EC, Schouten S, Sinninghe Damsté JS. 2005. Pre- and post-industrial environmental changes as revealed by the biogeochemical sedimentary record of Drammensfjord, Norway. Marine Geology 214(1-3):177-200.
234. Southon JR, Nelson DE, Vogel JS. 1990. Injection systems for AMS: simultaneous versus sequential. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 52(3-4):370-4.
235. Srdoč D, Planinič J, Obelić B. 1977. A multiwire proportional counter for tritium and radiocarbon measurements. In: Povinec P, Usačev S, editors. Low-Radioactivity Measurements and Applications. Proceedings of the International Conference, High Tatras, 1975. Bratislava: Slovenské Pedagogické Nakladatestvo. p 67-70.
236. Srdoč D, Obelić B, Horvatinčić N. 1983. Radiocarbon dating of millimole-sized gaseous samples. Radiocarbon 25(2):485-92.
237. Starik LE, Arslanov KA, Zharkov AP. 1961. Radiokhimia 2:67
238. Starik LE, Arslanov KA, Klener IR. 1963. Radiokhimia 5:198.
239. Stephenson EJ, Alvarez LW, Clark DJ, Gough RA, Holley RA, Jain WR, Muller RA. 1977. Bulletin of the American Physical Society 22:579.
240. Stoenner RW, Schaeffer OA, Davis Jr R. 1960. Meteorites as space probes for testing the spatial constancy of cosmic radiation. Journal of Geophysical Research 65(10):3025-34.
241. Stuiver M. 1978. Carbon-14 dating: a comparison of beta and ion counting. Science 202(4370):881-3.
242. Stuiver M, van der Plicht J, editors. 1998. INTCAL98 Calibration Issue. Radiocarbon 40(3):1041-164.
243. 14C dating to 60,000 years BP with proportional counters. In: Berger R, Suess HE, editors. Radiocarbon Dating. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference Los Angeles and La Jolla, 1976. Berkeley: University of California Press. p 202-15.
244. Stuiver M, Long A, Kra RS, editors. 1993. Calibration 1993. Radiocarbon 35(1):1-244.
245. Suess HE. 1954. Natural radiocarbon measurements by acetylene counting. Science 120(3105):5-7.
246. Suess HE. 1965. Secular variations of the cosmic-rayproduced carbon 14 in the atmosphere and their interpretations. Journal of Geophysical Research 70(23): 5937-52.
247. Suess HE. 1980. The radiocarbon record in tree rings of the last 8000 years. Radiocarbon 22(2):200-9.
248. 14C on Earth: their discoveries and interpretation. Radiocarbon 28(2A):259-65.
249. Suter M, Balzer R, Bonani G, Wölfli W. 1984. A fast beam pulsing system for isotope ratio measurements. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 5(2):242-6.
250. 14C measurements. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 21: GB2015, doi: 10.1029/2006GB002784.
251. Synal H-A, Jacob S, Suter M. 2000. The PSI/ETH small radiocarbon system. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 172(1-4):1-7.
252. Synal H-A, Stocker M, Suter M. 2007. MICADAS: a new compact radiocarbon AMS system. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 259(1): 7-13.
253. Tamers MA. 1965. Routine carbon-14 dating using liquid scintillation techniques. Acta Cientifica Venezolana 16:156-62.
254. Tamers MA, Pearson FJ. 1965. Isotope effect in the benzene synthesis for radiocarbon dating. Nature 205(4977):1205-7.
255. Tamers MA, Stipp JJ, Collier J. 1961. High sensitivity detection of naturally occurring radiocarbon-I Chemistry of the counting sample. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 24(3-4):266-76.
256. 14C measurements. Aerosol Science and Technology 38(12): 133-9.
257. Tanner SD, Baranov VI, Bandura DM. 2002. Reaction cells and collision cells for ICP-MS: a tutorial review. Spectrochimica Acta B 57(9):1361-452.
258. Tans PP, de Jong AFM, Mook WG, Hut G. 1982. High accuracy carbon-14 counting and the application to the radiocarbon calibration curve. In: Povinec P, editor. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Low-Level Counting. Volume 1. Bratislava: Veda Publishers. p 155-69.
259. Teuten EL, Xu L, Reddy CM. 2005. Two abundant bioaccumulated halogenated compounds are natural products. Science 307(5711):917-20.
260. Vogel JS, Southon JR, Nelson DE. 1987. Catalyst and binder effects in the use of filamentous graphite for AMS. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 29(1-2):50-6.
261. 14C AMS measurements of <100 μg samples with a high-current system. Radiocarbon 40(1):247-53.
262. 14C as a circulation tracer in the Pacific, Indian, and Southern oceans with accelerator mass spectrometry. AIP Conference Proceedings 473:410-21.
263. 14C accelerator mass spectrometry. AIP Conference Proceedings 925(1):341-5.
264. von Reden KF, Roberts ML, Jenkins WJ, Rosenheim BE, McNichol AP, Schneider RJ. 2008. Software development for continuous-gas-flow AMS. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 266(10): 2233-7.
265. Wakeham SG, McNichol AP, Kostka JE, Pease TK. 2006. Natural-abundance radiocarbon as a tracer of assimilation of petroleum carbon by bacteria in salt marsh sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70(7): 1761-71.
266. Wanninkhof R. 1992. Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 97(C5):7373-82.
267. Watson JT, Roe DK, Selenkow HA. 1965. Iodine-129 as a "non-radioactive" tracer. Radiation Research 26: 159-63.
268. 14C on Georges Bank and its Labrador Sea implications. Journal of Geophysical Research 98(C8):14,577-88.
269. Weinman JA, Cameron JR. 1956. Negative hydrogen ion source. Review of Scientific Instruments 27:288-93.
270. White HK, Reddy CM, Eglinton TI. 2005. Isotopic constraints on the fate of petroleum residues sequestered in salt marsh sediments. Environmental Science & Technology 39(8):2545-51.
271. Zencak Z, Klanova J, Holoubek I, Gustafsson Ö. 2007. Source apportionment of atmospheric PAHs in the western Balkans by natural abundance radiocarbon analysis. Environmental Science & Technology 41(11):3850-5.