Pre- and post-industrial environmental changes as revealed by the biogeochemical sedimentary record of Drammensfjord, Norway

Marine Geology

Volumn 214, Issue 1-3, 2005, Pages 177-200

  Smittenberg, R H ^a,c   Baas, M ^a   Green, M J ^b   Hopmans, E C ^a   Schouten, S ^a   Sinninghe Damste J S ^a  

^a ROYAL NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR SEA RESEARCH   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

biomarkers; environmental change; eutrophication; fjord; Norway

Indexed keywords

AQUATIC BIOMARKERS; BIOGEOCHEMICAL SEDIMENTS; CONIFEROUS TREES; INDUSTRIAL RESOLUTION;

COMPOSITION; DEGRADATION; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; EUTROPHICATION; FATTY ACIDS; FORESTRY; PAPER AND PULP MILLS; SAWMILLS; SEDIMENTS;

ANALYTICAL GEOCHEMISTRY;

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; FJORD; SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY;

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; DEGRADATION; FATTY ACIDS; FORESTRY; GEOCHEMISTRY; SAW MILLS; SEDIMENTS;

DRAMMENSFJORD; EASTERN HEMISPHERE; EURASIA; EUROPE; NORTHERN EUROPE; NORWAY; SCANDINAVIA; WORLD;

EID: 11844280914     PISSN: 00253227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2004.10.029     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. E. Alve Variations in estuarine foraminiferal biofacies with diminishing oxygen conditions in Drammensfjord, SE Norway C. Hemleben D.B. Scott M. Kaminski W. Kuhnt Palaeoecology, Biostratigraphy, Palaeoceanography, and Taxonomy of Agglutinated Foraminifera 1990 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht 661 694
2. E. Alve Foraminifera, climatic change, and pollution: a study of late Holocene sediments in Drammensfjord, southeast Norway Holocene 1 1991 243 261
3. E. Alve Benthic foraminiferal distribution and recolonization of formerly anoxic environments in Drammensfjord, southern Norway Mar. Micropaleontol. 25 1995 169 186
4. J.J. Anderson, and A.H. Devol Extent and intensity of the anoxic zone in basins and fjords Deep-Sea Res. 34 1987 927 944
5. E. Andrén Changes in the composition of the diatom flora during the last century indicate increased eutrophication of the Oder estuary, South-western Baltic Sea Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 48 1999 665 676
6. R.A. Berner Sedimentary pyrite formation: an update Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48 1984 605 615
7. 14C reservoir ages at the western coast of Norway Quat. Res. 52 1999 104 114
8. J.J. Boon, F. De Lange, P.J.W. Schuyl, J.W. De Leeuw, and P.A. Schenck Organic geochemistry of Walvis Bay diatomaceous ooze: II. Occurrence and significance of the hydroxy fatty acids R. Campos J. Goni Advances in Organic Geochemistry 1977 ENADIMSA Madrid 255 272
9. J.J. Boon, W.I.C. Rijpstra, F. De Lange, J.W. De Leeuw, M. Yoshioka, and Y. Shimizu Black sea sterol-a molecular fossil for dinoflagellate blooms Nature 277 1979 125 127
10. S.C. Brassell, G. Eglinton, I.T. Marlowe, U. Pflaumann, and M. Sarnthein Molecular stratigraphy: a new tool for climatic assessment Nature 320 1986 129 133
11. W.S. Broecker Chaotic climate Scientific American November 1995 62 68
12. J.J. Cole, and M.L. Pace Bacterial secondary production in oxic and anoxic freshwaters Limnol. Oceanogr. 40 1995 1019 1027
13. J.E. Cloern Turbidity as a control on phytoplankton biomass and productivity in estuaries Cont. Shelf Res. 7 1987 1367 1381
14. P. Cranwell Diagenesis of free and bound lipids in terrestrial detritus deposited in a lacustrine sediment Org. Geochem. 3 1981 79 89
15. H.M. Cullen, R.D. D'Ariggo, E.R. Cook, and M.E. Mann Multiproxy reconstructions of the North Atlantic Oscillation Palaeoceanography 16 2001 27 39
16. B. Dale, T.A. Thorsen, and A. Fjellså Dinoflagellate cysts as indicators of cultural eutrophication in the Oslofjord, Norway Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 48 1999 371 382
17. H. De Haas, W. Boer, and T.C.E. Van Weering Recent sedimentation and organic carbon burial in a shelf sea: the North Sea Mar. Geol. 144 1997 131 146
18. P. Deines The isotopic composition of reduced organic carbon P. Fritz J.Ch. Fontes Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry 1980 Elsevier Scientific Publishing Amsterdam 329 406
19. P.A. del Giorgio, and R.H. Peters Patterns in planktonic P:R ratios: influence of lake trophy and dissolved organic carbon Limnol. Oceanogr. 39 1994 772 787
20. R.J. Dia Overview of hypoxia around the world J. Environ. Qual. 30 2001 275 281
21. T.I. Eglinton, L.I. Aluwihare, J.E. Bauer, E.R.M. Druffel, and A.P. McNichol Gas chromatographic isolation of individual compounds from complex matrices for radiocarbon dating Anal. Chem. 68 1996 904 912
22. K.J. Ficken, and P. Farrimond Sedimentary lipid geochemistry of Framvaren: impacts of a changing environment Mar. Chem. 51 1995 31 43
23. B. Fry, H.W. Jannasch, S.J. Molyneaux, C.O. Wirsen, J.A. Muramoto, and S. King Stable isotope studies of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur cycles in the Black Sea and the Cariaco Trench Deep-Sea Res. 38 1991 1003 1019
24. G. Gerdes, B.E.M. Petzelberger, B.M. Scholz-Böttcher, and H. Streif The record of climate change in the geological archives of shallow marine, coastal, and adjacent lowland areas of Northern Germany Quat. Sci. Rev. 22 2003 101 124
25. J.-L. Giner, L. Wünsche, R.A. Andersen, and C. Djerassi Dinoflagellates cyclize squalene oxide to lanosterol Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 19 1991 143 145
26. 2 in the world ocean Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 8 1994 85 90
27. H. Goossens, R.R. Düren, J.W. De Leeuw, and P.A. Schenck Lipids and their mode of occurrence in bacteria and sediments: II. Lipids in the sediment of a stratified, freshwater lake Org. Geochem. 14 1989 27 41
28. R.J. Gowen, D.J. Hydes, D.K. Mills, B.M. Stewart, J. Brown, C.E. Gibson, T.M. Shammon, M. Allen, and S.J. Malcolm Assessing trends in nutrient concentrations in coastal shelf seas: a case study in the Irish Sea Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 54 1999 927 939
29. H.E. Hartnett, R.G. Keil, J.I. Hedges, and A.H. Devol Influence of oxygen exposure time on organic carbon preservation in continental margin sediments Nature 391 1998 572 574
30. W.A. Hartgers, J.S. Sinninghe Damsté, A.G. Requejo, J. Allan, J.M. Hayes, Y. Ling, T.-M. Xie, J. Primack, and J.W. De Leeuw A molecular and carbon isotopic study towards the origin and diagenetic fate of diaromatic carotenoids Org. Geochem. 22 1994 703 725
31. 13C-contents of sedimentary bacterial lipids in a shallow sulfidic monomictic lake (Lake Cisó, Spain) Org. Geochem. 31 2000 777 786
32. H.R. Harvey, and G.B. McManus Marine ciliates as a widespread source of tetrahymanol and hopan-3β-ol in sediments Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55 1991 3387 3390
33. H.R. Harvey, and S.A. Macko Kinetics of phytoplankton decay during simulated sedimentation: changes in lipids under oxic and anoxic conditions Org. Geochem. 27 1997 129 140
34. S. Heier-Nielsen, J. Heinemeier, H.L. Nielsen, and N. Rud Recent reservoir ages for Danish fjords and marine waters Radiocarbon 37 1995 875 882
35. M.J.L. Hoefs, S. Schouten, J.W. De Leeuw, L.L. King, S.G. Wakeham, and J.S. Sinninghe Damsté Ether lipids of planktonic Archaea in the marine water column Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63 1997 3090 3095
36. E.C. Hopmans, S. Schouten, R.D. Pancost, M.T.J. Van der Meer, and J.S. Sinninghe Damsté Analysis of intact tetraether lipids in archaeal cell material and sediments by high performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 14 2000 585 589
37. Y. Huang, M.J. Lockheart, G.A. Logan, and G. Eglinton Isotope and molecular evidence for the diverse origins of carboxylic acids in leaf fossils and sediments from the Miocene Lake Clarkia deposit, Idaho, U.S.A. Org. Geochem. 24 1996 289 299
38. H. Huitfeldt-Kaas Mjøsens fisker og fiskerier. Det Kgl. Norske videnskabers selskabs skrifter 1916 Nr. 2 Aktietrykkeriet i Trondheim 1917 257 pp. (in Norwegian)
39. M. Hulme, E. Barrow, N.W. Arnell, P.A. Harrison, T.C. Johns, and T.E. Downing Relative impacts of human-induced climate change and natural climate variability Nature 397 1999 688 691
40. T. Johannessen, and E. Dahl Declines in oxygen concentration along the Norwegian Skagerrak coast, 1927-1993: a signal of ecosystem changes due to eutrophication? Limnol. Oceanogr. 41 1996 766 778
41. G. Kleemann, K. Poralla, G. Englert, H. Kjøsen, S. Liaaen-Jensen, S. Neunlist, and M. Rohmer Tetrahymanol from the phototrophic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris: first report of a gammacerane triterpene from a prokaryote J. Gen. Microbiol. 136 1990 2551 2553
42. W.C.M.C. Kokke, L. Bohlin, W. Fenical, and C. Djerassi Novel dinoflagellate 4α-methylated sterols from four Caribbean gorgonians Phytochemistry 21 1982 881 887
43. P.E. Kolattukudy Cutin, suberin, and waxes P.K. Stumpf The Biochemistry of Plants vol. 4 1980 Academic Press New York 571 641
44. 12-unsaturated analogs Biochemistry 12 1973 4488 4498
45. R. Leeming, and P.D. Nichols Determination of the sources and distribution of sewage and pulp-fibre-derived pollution in the Derwant Estuary, Tasmania, using sterol biomarkers Mar. Freshw. Res. 49 1998 7 17
46. J.W. de Leeuw, W.I.C. Rijpstra, and P.H. Nienhuis Free and bound fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids in the living and decomposing eelgrass Zostera marina L. Org. Geochem. 23 1995 721 728
47. D. Menzel, E.C. Hopmans, P.F. Van Bergen, J.W. De Leeuw, and J.S. Sinninghe Damsté Development of photic zone euxinia in the eastern Mediterranean Basin during deposition of pliocene sapropels Mar. Geol. 189 2002 215 226
48. G. Mikalsen, H.P. Sejrup, and I. Aarseth Late-Holocene changes in ocean circulation and climate: foraminiferal and isotopic evidence from Sulafjord, western Norway Holocene 11 2001 437 446
49. Y. Miura, and A.J. Fulco ω-1, ω-2, and ω-3 Hydroxylation of long-chain fatty acids, amides and alcohols by a soluble enzyme system from Bacillus megatherium Biochim. Biophys. Acta 388 1975 305 317
50. E. Montesinos, R. Guerrero, C. Abella, and I. Esteve Ecology and physiology of the competition for light between Chlorobium limicola and Chlorobium phaeobacteroides in natural habitats Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46 1983 1007 1016
51. C.M. Moy, G.O. Seltzer, D.T. Rodbell, and D.M. Anderson Variability of el Niño/Southern Oscillation activity at millennial timescales during the Holocene epoch Nature 420 2002 162 165
52. A.J. Nederbragt, J. Thurow, and R.B. Merrill Data report: Color records from the California Margin: Proxy indicators for sediment compostion and climatic change M. Lyle I. Koizumu C. Richter T.C. Moore Jr. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results vol. 167 2000 Ocean Drilling Program College Station, TX 319 329
53. P.D. Nichols, D.W. Klumpp, and R.B. Johns Lipid components of the seagrasses Posidonia australis and Heterozostera tasmanica as indicators of carbon source Phytochemistry 21 1982 1613 1621
54. S.W. Nixon Marine eutrophication; a growing international problem Ambio 19 1990 101
55. A. Otto, and B.R.T. Simoneit Biomarkers of Holocene buried conifer logs from Bella Coola and north Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Org. Geochem. 33 2002 1241 1251
56. M. Öztürk Trends of trace metal (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) distributions at the oxic-anoxic interface and in sulfidic water of the Drammensfjord Mar. Chem. 48 1995 329 342
57. 14C analysis Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65 2001 3123 3127
58. M.G. Pellatt, R.J. Hebda, and R.W. Mathewes High-resolution Holocene vegetation history and climate from Hole 1034B, ODP leg 169S, Saanich Inlet, Canada Mar. Geol. 174 2001 211 226
59. L. Pinturier-Geiss, L. Méjanelle, B. Dale, and D.A. Karlsen Lipids as indicators of eutrophication in marine coastal sediments J. Microbiol. Methods 48 2002 239 257
60. P.A. Pirazzoli Fennoscandia: introduction P.A. Pirazzoli J. Pluet World Atlas of Holocene Sea-Level Changes 1991 Elsevier Science Publishers Amsterdam 35 46
61. L.A. Powers, J.P. Werne, T.C. Johnson, E.C. Hopmans, J.S. Sinninghe Damsté, and S. Schouten Crenarchaeotal membrane lipids in lake sediments: a new paleotemperature proxy for continental paleoclimate reconstruction? Geology 32 2004 613 616
62. Printz, H., 1914. Kristianiatraktens Protococcoideer. Vidensskabselskapets skrifter. I. Mat.-Naturv. Klasse 1913 Nr. 6 (in Norwegian).
63. P.J. Reimer, F.G. McCormac, F. McCormick, and E.V. Murray Marine radiocarbon reservoir corrections for the mid- to late Holocene in the eastern subpolar North Atlantic Holocene 12 2002 129 135
64. D.J. Repeta Carotenoid diagenesis in recent marine sediments: II. Degradation of fucoxanthin to loliolide Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53 1989 699 707
65. F.A. Richards Anoxic basins and fjords J.P. Riley G. Skirrow Chemical Oceanography vol. I 1965 Academic Press London 611 643
66. F.A. Richards, and B.B. Benson Nitrogen/argon and nitrogen isotope ratios in two anaerobic environments, the Cariaco Trench in the Caribbean Sea and Dramsfjord, Norway Deep-Sea Res. 7 1961 254 264
67. M. Rohmer, P. Bisseret, and S. Neunlist The hopanoids, prokaryotic triterpenoids and precursors of ubiquitous molecular fossils J.M. Moldowan P. Albrecht R.P. Philp Biological Markers in Sediments and Petroleum 1992 Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs 1 17
68. G. Rosén Tusen sjöar. Växtplanktons miljökrav. Naturvårdsverket v. Nils Ahlgren-informationsenheten 1981 Liber Forlag Stockholm 119 pp. (In Swedish)
69. R. Rosenberg, R. Elmgren, S. Fleischer, P. Jonsson, G. Persson, and H. Dahlin Marine eutrophication case studies in Sweden Ambio 19 1990 102 108
70. F.E. Round, R.M. Crawford, and D.G. Mann The Diatoms 1990 University Press Cambridge
71. M. Schmid, K. Walsh, R. Webb, W.I. Rijpstra, K. van de Pas-Schoonen, M.J. Verbruggen, T. Hill, B. Moffett, J. Fuerst, S. Schouten, J.S. Sinninghe Damsté, J. Harris, P. Shaw, M. Jetten, and M. Strous Candidatus "Scalindua brodae", sp. nov., Candidatus "Scalindua wagneri", sp. nov., two new species of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria System. Appl. Microbiol. 26 2003 529 538
72. S. Schouten, W.C.M. Klein Breteler, P. Blokker, N. Schogt, W.I.C. Rijpstra, K. Grice, M. Baas, and J.S. Sinninghe Damsté Biosynthetic effects on the stable carbon isotopic composition of algal lipids: implications for deciphering the carbon isotopic biomarker record Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62 1998 1397 1406
73. S. Schouten, E.C. Hopmans, R.D. Pancost, and J.S. Sinninghe Damsté Widespread occurrence of structurally diverse tetraether membrane lipids: evidence for the ubiquitous presence of low-temperature relatives of hyperthermophiles Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97 2000 14421 14426
74. S. Schouten, W.I.C. Rijpstra, M.D. Kok, E.C. Hopmans, R.E. Summons, J.K. Volkman, and J.S. Sinninghe Damsté Molecular organic tracers of biogeochemical processes in a saline meromictic lake (Ace Lake) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65 2001 1629 1640
75. D.D. Sheu, and B.J. Presley Variation of calcium carbonate, organic carbon and iron sulfides in anoxic sediment from the Orca Basin Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Geol. 70 1986 103 118
76. B.R.T. Simoneit Cyclic terpenoids of the geosphere R.B. Johns Biological Markers in the Sedimentary Record 1986 Elsevier Amsterdam 43 99
77. B.R.T. Simoneit, J.O. Grimalt, T.G. Wang, R.E. Cox, P.G. Hatcher, and A. Nissenbaum Cyclic terpenoids of contemporary resinous plant detritus and of fossil woods, ambers and coals Org. Geochem. 10 1985 877 889
78. J.S. Sinninghe Damsté, F. Kenig, M.P. Koopmans, J. Köster, S. Schouten, J.M. Hayes, and J.W. De Leeuw Evidence for gammacerane as an indicator of water column stratification Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59 1995 1885 1900
79. J.S. Sinninghe Damsté, E.C. Hopmans, R.D. Pancost, S. Schouten, and J.A.J. Geenevasen Newly discovered non-isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids in sediments Chem. Commun. 2000 1683 1684
80. J.S. Sinninghe Damsté, S. Schouten, E.C. Hopmans, A.C.T. Van Duin, and J.A.J. Geenevasen Crenarchaeol: the characteristic core glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether membrane lipid of cosmopolitan pelagic crenarchaeota J. Lipid Res. 43 2002 1641 1651
81. J. Skei, T. Bakke, and J. Molvaer The Norwegian Coast C. Sheppard Seas at The Millennium: An Environmental Evaluation 2000 Elsevier Science Amsterdam 17 30
82. J.H. Skerratt, P.D. Nichols, J.P. Bowman, and I.S. Lindsay Occurrence and significance of long-chain ω-hydroxy fatty acids in methane-utilizing bacteria Org. Geochem. 18 1992 189 194
83. R.H. Smittenberg Holocene environmental changes disclosed from anoxic fjord sediments by biomarkers and their radiocarbon content Geologica Ultraiectina, Mededelingen van de Faculteit Aardwetenschappen vol. 227 2003 Utrecht University 91 114 (Chap. 6. http://www.library.uu.nl/digiarchief/dip/ diss/2003-0813-090313/inhoud.htm)
84. R.H. Smittenberg, E.C. Hopmans, S. Schouten, and J.S. Sinninghe Damsté Rapid isolation of biomarkers for compound specific radiocarbon dating using high-performance liquid chromatography and flow injection analysis-atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry J. Chromatogr., A 978 2002 129 140
85. R.H. Smittenberg, E.C. Hopmans, S. Schouten, J.M. Hayes, T.I. Eglinton, and J.S. Sinninghe Damsté Compound-specific radiocarbon dating of the varved Holocene sedimentary record of Saanich Inlet, Canada Paleoceanogr. 19 2004 DOI:10.1029/2003PA000927
86. R.H. Smittenberg, R.D. Pancost, E.C. Hopmans, M. Paetzel, and J.S. Sinninghe Damsté Late Holocene environmental changes in an euxinic fjord as revealed by the sedimentary biomarker record Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 202 2004 331 351
87. R.H. Smittenberg, M. Baas, S. Schouten, and J.S. Sinninghe Damsté The demise of the alga Botryococcus braunii from a Norwegian fjord was due to early eutrophication Holocene 15 2005 135 142
88. G. St-Onge, and C. Hillaire-Marcel Isotopic constraints of sedimentary inputs and organic carbon burial rates in the Saguenay Fjord, Quebec Mar. Geol. 176 2001 1 22
89. M. Stuiver, P.J. Reimer, and T.F. Braziunas High-precision radiocarbon age calibration for terrestrial and marine samples Radiocarbon 40 1998 1127 1151
90. M.-Y. Sun, and S.G. Wakeham Molecular evidence for degradation and preservation of organic matter in the anoxic Black Sea Basin Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58 1994 3395 3406
91. R.F. Taylor Bacterial triterpenoids Microbiol. Rev. 48 1984 181 198
92. S. Trumbore Age of soil organic matter and soil respiration: radiocarbon constraints on belowground C dynamics Ecol. Appl. 10 2000 339 411
93. R.V. Tyson Sedimentary Organic Matter. Organic Facies and Palynofacies 1995 Chapman & Hall London
94. G.J.M. Versteegh, H.J. Bosch, and J.W. De Leeuw Potential palaeoenvironmental information of C24 to C36 mid-chain diols, keto-ols and mid-chain hydroxy fatty acids; a critical review Org. Geochem. 27 1997 1 13
95. J.K. Volkman A review of sterol markers for marine and terrigenous organic matter Org. Geochem. 9 1986 83 99
96. J.K. Volkman, R.B. Johns, F.T. Gillan, and G.J. Perry Microbial lipids of an intertidal sediment: I. Fatty acids and hydrocarbons Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 44 1980 1133 1143
97. J.K. Volkman, F.T. Gillan, and R.B. Johns Sources of neutral lipids in a temperate intertidal sediment Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 45 1981 1817 1828
98. J.K. Volkman, D.I. Allen, P.L. Stevenson, and H.R. Burton Bacterial and algal hydrocarbons in sediments from a saline Antarctic lake, Ace Lake Org. Geochem. 10 1986 671 681
99. I. Wahlberg, and A.-M. Eklund Degraded carotenoids G. Britton S. Liaanen-Jensen H. Pfander Carotenoids. vol. 3: Biosynthesis and Metabolism 1998 Birkhäuser Verlag Basel 195 216
100. S.G. Wakeham Monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic and hydroxy acids released by sequential treatments of suspended particles and sediments of the Black Sea Org. Geochem. 30 1999 1059 1074
101. J.K. Whelan, and C.L. Thompson-Rizer Chemical methods for assessing kerogen and protokerogen types and maturity M.H. Engel S.A. Macko Organic Geochemistry 1993 Plenum Press New York 289 331
102. C. Wuchter, S. Schouten, H.T.S. Boschker, and J.S. Sinninghe Damsté Bicarbonate uptake by marine Crenarchaeota FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 219 2003 203 207
103. B.N. Zegers, W.E. Lewis, K. Booij, R.H. Smittenberg, W. Boer, and J.P. Boon Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in sediment cores from Western Europe Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 2003 3803 3807
104. A.R. Zimmerman, and E.A. Canuel A geochemical record of eutrophication and anoxia in Chesapeake Bay sediments: anthropogenic influence on organic matter composition Mar. Chem. 69 2000 117 137
105. Z. Zuo, D. Eisma, and G.W. Berger Determination of sediment accumulation and mixing rates in the Gulf of Lions, Mediterranean Sea Oceanol. Acta 14 1991 253 262