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0842265825
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note
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The persistence of the cloud base forming at about 1350 m was evident in the transition from organic-poor soils to those with a duff layer above this elevation. Rocotal, Kosñipata Valley, Peru, is the closest weather station at approximately the same exposure and elevation on the east Andean slope at 2010 m and 13°06′47″S, 71°34′14″W. The 2-year precipitation average is 5452 mm.
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12
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0842309134
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note
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Modern pollen studies indicate that within Neotropical forested settings, pollen representation far from the parent tree is statistically insignificant and that distributions of taxa used in these transfer functions are reflected faithfully in pollen occurrence (27, 28).
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13
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0842309089
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Searches were conducted using TROPICOS (www. mobot.org/tropicos/spectest7.xml). Nonparametric empirical probability distributions were fit for 26 pollen taxa in S-PLUS 6.1 (Insightful Corp., 2002) and are presented in the supporting online material text. We use modern distributional data from herbarium collections grouped at the same level as observed pollen taxa to estimate the probability of a collection of that taxon coming from a given attitude. Taxa were included in the elevation model for a sample when they exceeded 10% or their maximum representation. Cut-offs of 5 and 15% did not affect the conclusions for the model (29). We first estimated the probability Pr (taxon A I elevation). Bayes' theorem was then used with a uniform prior to estimate the most likely elevation from which a given set of taxa originates, Pr (elevation I taxa A, B, C). This method gives a probability distribution of elevation for a group of observed pollen taxa that can also be used to infer a "paleoelevation" for fossil pollen spectra. Taxa used were: Alchornea, Alnus, Alsophylla, Begonia, Bocconia, Celtis, Clethra, Cyathea, Cystopteris, Dictyocaryum, Gaiadendron, Hedyosmum, Hyeronima, Ilex, Juglans, Myrica, Myrsine, Piper, Podocarpus, Polylepis, Symplocos, Trema, Vallea, Weinmannia, Wettinia, and Zanthoxylum.
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14
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0842330638
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note
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Measurement of the adiabatic lapse rate of local moist air is based on an elevational transect of dataloggers in the nearby forests of the Kosñipata Valley, Peru, that measured temperature and humidity over an 8-month period.
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15
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0035825657
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P. A. Baker et al., Nature 409, 698 (2001).
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0842287475
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note
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The compositional dissimilarity assumes that the maximum wet season (December-January-February) insolation equates with periods of maximum precipitation.
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20
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0038706478
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G. M. Paduano, M. B. Bush, P. A. Baker, S. L. Fritz, G. O. Seltzer, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 194, 259 (2003).
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Paduano, G.M.1
Bush, M.B.2
Baker, P.A.3
Fritz, S.L.4
Seltzer, G.O.5
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22
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0842287479
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thesis, University of Amsterdam
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R. A. J. Grabandt, thesis, University of Amsterdam (1985).
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(1985)
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Grabandt, R.A.J.1
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0035951464
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Baker, P.A.1
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26
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0031172270
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J. Cavelier, M. Jaramillo, D. Solis, D. deLeon, J. Hydrol. 193, 83 (1997).
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Cavelier, J.1
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30
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0842265822
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Supported by grants from NSF (DEB-0237573, -0237684, and -9732951)
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Supported by grants from NSF (DEB-0237573, -0237684, and -9732951).
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