Turbo equalization: An overview

IEEE Transactions on Information Theory

Volumn 57, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 920-952

  Tuchler, Michael ^a   Singer, Andrew C ^b  

^a Rheinmetall W and M GmbH   (Germany)

^b University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign   (United States)

Author keywords

Equalization; iterative decoding; minimum mean square error; turbo equalization

Indexed keywords

BASIC IDEA; DATA TRANSMISSION; EQUALIZATION; EQUALIZATION ALGORITHMS; ERROR CONTROL CODE; ISI CHANNELS; ITERATIVE ALGORITHM; ITERATIVE TECHNIQUE; MAXIMUM A POSTERIORI; MINIMUM MEAN SQUARE ERRORS; NATURAL EXTENSION; RESEARCH DIRECTIONS; RESEARCH PROBLEMS; THEORY AND PRACTICE; TRELLIS CODED MODULATION; TURBO DECODING ALGORITHM; TURBO EQUALIZATIONS; UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC COMMUNICATIONS;

ALGORITHMS; BEAMFORMING; DATA COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS; ERROR DETECTION; INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE; MEAN SQUARE ERROR; RESEARCH; SIGNAL RECEIVERS; TURBO CODES; UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS;

ITERATIVE DECODING;

EID: 79251527213     PISSN: 00189448     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TIT.2010.2096033     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. C. Berrou and A. Glavieux, "Near optimum error correcting coding and decoding: Turbo codes," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 44, no. 10, pp. 1261-1271, Oct. 1996.
2. C. Douillard, M. Jezequel, and C. Berrou, "Iterative correction of intersymbol interference: Turbo equalization," Eur. Trans. Telecommun., vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 507-511, Sep.-Oct. 1995.
3. J. Proakis, Digital Communications, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995.
4. S. Haykin, Communication Systems, 3rd ed. Toronto, ON, Canada: Wiley Canada, 1994.
5. S. Lin and J. Costello, Error Control Coding. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983.
6. G. Forney, "Maximum-likelihood estimation of digital sequences in the presence of intersymbol interference," IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. IT-18, no. 3, pp. 363-378, May 1972.
7. L. Bahl, J. Cocke, F. Jelinek, and J. Raviv, "Optimal decoding of linear codes for minimizing symbol error rate," IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. IT-20, pp. 284-287, Mar. 1974.
8. Y. Li, B. Vucetic, and Y. Sato, "Optimum soft-output detection for channels with intersymbol interference," IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 704-713, May 1995.
9. W. Koch and A. Baier, "Optimum and sub-optimum detection of coded data disturbed by time-varying intersymbol interference," in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommun. Conf., Dec. 1990, pp. 1679-1684.
10. C. Berrou, A. Glavieux, and P. Thitimajshima, "Near Shannon limit error-correcting coding and decoding: Turbo codes," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun. (ICC), May 1993.
11. C. Heegard and S. Wicker, Turbo Coding. Boston, MA: Kluwer, 1999.
12. J. Hagenauer, "The turbo principle: Tutorial introduction and state of the art," in Proc. Int. Symp. Turbo Codes Related Topics, Brest, France, Sep. 1997, pp. 1-11.
13. F. R. Kschischang, B. Frey, and H.-A. Loeliger, "Factor graphs and the sum-product algorithm," IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 47, pp. 498-519, Feb. 2001.
14. H. Niu, M. Shen, J. Ritsey, and H. Liu, "Iterative channel estimation and LDPC decoding over flat-fading channels: A factor graph approach," in Proc. Conf. Inf. Sci. Syst. (CISS), Mar. 2003.
15. A. Worthen and W. Stark, "Unified design of iterative receivers using factor graphs," IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 843-849, Feb. 2001.
16. R. Drost and A. Singer, "Factor-graph algorithms for equalization," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 2052-2065, May 2007.
17. S. Benedetto, D. Divsalar,G.Mondorsi, and F. Pollara, "Serial concatenated trellis coded modulation with iterative decoding: Design and performance," presented at the IEEE Global Telecommun. Conf., Phoenix, AZ, Nov. 1997.
18. S. Benedetto and G. Mondorsi, "Unveiling Turbo codes: Some results on parallel concatenated coding schemes," IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 409-428, Mar. 1996.
19. X. Wang and H. Poor, "Iterative (turbo) soft interference cancellation and decoding for coded CDMA," in IEEE Int. Conf. Commun. (ICC), 1999, vol. 47, no. 7, pp. 1046-1061.
20. A. Singer, J. Nelson, and S. Kozat, "Signal processing for underwater acoustic communications," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 90-96, Jan. 2009.
21. J. Sifferlen, H. Song, W. Hodgkiss, W. Kuperman, and M. Stevenson, "An iterative equalization and decoding approach for underwater acoustic communication," IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., pp. 182-197, 2008.
22. J. Choi, R. Drost, A. Singer, and J. Preisig, "Iterative multi-channel equalization and decoding for high frequency underwater acoustic communications," in Proc. 2008 IEEE Sensor Array Multichannel Signal Process. Workshop, Jul. 2008, pp. 127-130.
23. R. Otnes and T. H. Eggen, "Underwater acoustic communications: Long-term test of turbo equalization in shallow water," IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 321-334, Jul. 2008.
24. F. Xu, M.-A. Khalighi, and S. Bourennane, "Coded PPM and multipulse PPM and iterative detection for free-space optical links," IEEE/OSA J. Opt. Commun. Netw., vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 404-415, Oct. 2009.
25. H. Haunstein, T. Schorr, A. Zottmann, W. Sauer-Greff, and R. Urbansky, "Performance comparison of MLSE and iterative equalization in FEC systems for pmd channels with respect to implementation complexity," Journal of Lightwave Technol., vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 4047-4054, Nov. 2006.
26. H. Haunstein, W. Sauer-Greff, A. Dittrich, K. Sticht, and R. Urbansky, "Principles for electronic equalization of polarization-mode dispersion," J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1169-1182, Apr. 2004.
27. G. Bauch and V. Franz, "A comparison of soft-in/soft-out algorithms for 'turbo detection'," in Proc. Int. Conf. Telecommun. (ICT), Jun. 1998, pp. 259-263.
28. A. Anastasopoulos and K. Chugg, "Iterative equalization and decoding for TCM for frequency-selective fading channels," in Proc. Allerton Conf. Commun., Control, Comput., Monticello, IL, Nov. 1997, vol. 1, pp. 177-181.
29. M. Tüchler, R. Koetter, and A. Singer, "Turbo equalization: Principles and new results," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 754-767, May 2002.
30. M. Tüchler, A. Singer, and R. Koetter, "Minimum mean squared error equalization using priors," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 673-683, Mar. 2002.
31. J. Hagenauer and P. Hoeher, "A Viterbi algorithm with soft-decision outputs and its applications," in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommun. Conf., 1989, pp. 1680-1686.
32. S. Lee, N. Shanbhag, and A. Singer, "A 285-MHz map decoder in 0.18 m CMOS," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 1718-1725, Aug. 2005.
33. S.-J. Lee, N. Shanbhag, and A. Singer, "Area-efficient high-throughput map decoder architectures," IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst., vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 921-933, Aug. 2005.
34. R. Ratnayake, A. Kavcic, and G.-Y. Wei, "A high-throughput maximum a posteriori probability detector," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 1846-1858, Aug. 2008.
35. J. Erfanian, S. Pasupathy, and P. G. Gulak, "Reduced complexity symbol detectors with parallel structure for ISI channels," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 42, pp. 1661-1671, 1994.
36. E. Boutillon, W. J. Gross, and P. G. Gulak, "Vlsi architectures for the MAP algorithm," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 51, pp. 175-185, Feb. 2003.
37. A. Worm, H. Lamm, and N. Wehn, "Vlsi architectures for high-speed MAP decoders," in Proc. 14th Int. Conf. VLSI Design, 2001, pp. 446-453.
38. H. Dawid, G. Gehnen, and H. Meyr, "MAP channel decoding: Algorithm and VLSI architecture," in 1993 Workshop VLSI Signal Process., Veldhoven, The Netherlands, Oct. 1993, pp. 141-149.
39. A. Glavieux, C. Laot, and J. Labat, "Turbo equalization over a frequency selective channel," in Proc. Int. Symp. Turbo Codes Related Topics, Brest, France, Sep. 1997, pp. 96-102.
40. D. Raphaeli and A. Saguy, "Linear equalizers for turbo equalization: A new optimization criterion for determining the equalizer taps," in Proc. Int. Symp. Turbo Codes Related Topics, Brest, France, Sep. 2000, pp. 371-374.
41. Z. Wu and J. Cioffi, "Turbo decision aided equalization for magnetic recording channels," in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommun. Conf., Dec. 1999, pp. 733-738.
42. R. Lopes and J. Barry, "The soft-feedback equalizer for turbo equalization of highly dispersive channels," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 783-788, May 2006.
43. L. Liu and L. Ping, "An extending window MMSE turbo equalization algorithm," IEEE Signal Process. Lett., vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 891-894, Nov. 2004.
44. A. Berthet, R. Visoz, and P. Tortelier, "Sub-optimal turbo-detection for coded 8-PSK signals over ISI channels with application to EDGE advanced mobile system," in Proc. IEEE Veh. Technol. Conf. (VTC), Sep. 2000.
45. D. Fertonani, A. Barbieri, and G. Colavolpe, "Reduced-complexity BCJR algorithm for turbo equalization," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 2279-2287, Dec. 2007.
46. F. Kashif, H. Wymeersch, and M. Win, "Monte Carlo equalization for nonlinear dispersive satellite channels," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 245-255, Feb. 2008.
47. R. Peng, R.-R. Chen, and B. Farhang-Beroujeny, "Markov chain Monte Carlo detectors for channels with intersymbol interference," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 2206-2217, Apr. 2010.
48. Z. Qin, K. Cai, and X. Zou, "A reduced-complexity iterative receiver based on simulated annealing for coded partial-response channels," IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 2265-2267, Jun. 2007.
49. Z. Qin and K. C. Teh, "Reduced-complexity turbo equalization for coded intersymbol interference channels based on local search algorithms," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 630-635, Jan. 2008.
50. P. Supnithi, R. Lopes, and S. McLaughlin, "Reduced-complexity turbo equalization for high-density magnetic recording systems," IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 2585-2587, Sep. 2003.
51. N. Singla, J. O'Sullivan, R. Indeck, and Y.Wu, "Iterative decoding and equalization for 2-D recording channels," IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 38, pp. 2328-2330, Sep. 2002. (Pubitemid 35444502)
52. Y. Wu, J. O'Sullivan, N. Singla, and R. Indeck, "Iterative detection and decoding for separable two-dimensional intersymbol interference," IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 2115-2120, Jul. 2003.
53. N. Singla, J. O'Sullivan, C. Miller, and R. Indeck, "Decoding for magnetic recording media with overlapping tracks," IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 41, no. 10, pp. 2968-2970, 2005. (Pubitemid 41584328)
54. H. Li and H. Poor, "Reduced complexity joint iterative equalization and multiuser detection in dispersive DS-CDMA channels," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 1234-1243, May 2005.
55. T. Mayer and C. Kuhn, "Distributed turbo equalization for intercell and intersymbol interference cancellation," in IEEE Global Telecommun. Conf., 2006, 2006, pp. 1-5.
56. D. Lin and T. J. Lim, "A variational inference framework for soft-in soft-out detection in multiple-access channels," IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 2345-2364, May 2009.
57. P. Xiao, J. Wu, M. Sellathurai, T. Ratnarajah, and E. Strom, "Iterative multiuser detection and decoding for DS-CDMA system with spacetime linear dispersion," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 2343-2353, Jun. 2009.
58. T. Abe, S. Tomisato, and T. Matsumoto, "A MIMO turbo equalizer for frequency-selective channels with unknown interference," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 476-482, May 2003.
59. M. Koca and B. Levy, "Broadband beamforming for joint interference cancellation and turbo equalization," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 2244-2255, Sep. 2005.
60. T. Ait-Idir, S. Saoudi, and N. Naja, "Space-time turbo equalization with successive interference cancellation for frequency-selective MIMO channels," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 2766-2778, Sep. 2008.
61. S.-S. Sadough, M.-A. Khalighi, and P. Duhamel, "Improved iterative MIMO signal detection accounting for channel-estimation errors," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 3154-3167, Sep. 2009.
62. M. Sellathurai and S. Haykin, "T-blast for wireless communications: First experimental results," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 530-535, May 2003.
63. M. Koca and B. Levy, "Turbo space-time equalization of TCM for broadband wireless channels," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 50-59, Jan. 2004.
64. K. Kansanen, C. Schneider, T.Matsumoto, and R. Thoma, "Multilevelcoded QAM with MIMO turbo-equalization in broadband single-carrier signaling," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 954-966, May 2005.
65. S. Ahmed, T. Ratnarajah, M. Sellathurai, and C. Cowan, "Reduced-complexity iterative equalization for severe time-dispersive MIMO channels," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 594-600, Jan. 2008.
66. R. Visoz, A. O. Berthet, and S. Chtourou, "Frequency-domain block turbo-equalization for single-carrier transmission over MIMO broadband wireless channel," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 54, pp. 2144-2149, Dec. 2006. (Pubitemid 46002157)
67. F. Pancaldi and G. Vitetta, "Block channel equalization in the frequency domain," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 463-471, Mar. 2005.
68. H. Liu and P. Schniter, "Iterative frequency-domain channel estimation and equalization for single-carrier transmissions without cyclic-prefix," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 3686-3691, Oct. 2008.
69. C. Laot, R. L. Bidan, and D. D. Leroux, "Low-complexityMMSEturbo equalization: A possible solution for EDGE," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 965-974, May 2005.
70. D. N. Liu and M. P. Fitz, "Low complexity affine MMSE detector for iterative detection-decoding MIMO-OFDM systems," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 150-158, 2008.
71. S. Ahmed, T. Ratnarajah, M. Sellathurai, and C. Cowan, "Iterative receivers for MIMO-OFDM and their convergence behavior," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 461-468, Jan. 2009.
72. Y. Sun, V. Tripathi, and M. L. Honig, "Adaptive turbo reduced-rank equalization for MIMO channels," IEEE Trans.Wireless Commun, vol. 4, pp. 2789-2800, 2005.
73. R. Otnes and M. Tuchler, "Iterative channel estimation for turbo equalization of time-varying frequency-selective channels," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 1918-1923, Nov. 2004.
74. S. Song, A. Singer, and K.-M. Sung, "Soft input channel estimation for turbo equalization," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 52, no. 10, pp. 2885-2894, Oct. 2004.
75. X. Li and T. F. Wong, "Turbo equalization with nonlinear Kalman filtering for time-varying frequency-selective fading channels," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 691-700, Feb. 2007.
76. K. Fang, L. Rugini, and G. Leus, "Low-complexity block turbo equalization for OFDM systems in time-varying channels," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 56, no. 11, pp. 5555-5566, 2008.
77. Q. Yu and S. Lambotharan, "Iterative (turbo) estimation and detection techniques for frequency-selective channels with multiple frequency offsets," IEEE Signal Process. Lett., vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 236-239, Apr. 2007. (Pubitemid 46563198)
78. S. Das and P. Schniter, "Max-SINR ISI/ICI-shaping multicarrier communication over the doubly dispersive channel," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 5782-5795, Dec. 2007.
79. J. Hagenauer, E. Offer, and L. Papke, "Iterative decoding of binary block and convolutional codes," IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 429-445, Mar. 1996.
80. R. Koetter, A. Singer, and M. Tüchler, "Turbo equalization," IEEE Signal Process. Mag., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 67-80, Jan. 2004.
81. P. Robertson, P. Hoeher, and E. Villebrun, "Optimal and sub-optimal maximum a posteriori algorithms suitable for turbo decoding," Eur. Trans. Telecommun., vol. 8, pp. 119-125, 1997.
82. A. J. Viterbi, "An intuitive justification and a simplified implementation of the MAP decoder for convolutional codes," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 260-264, Feb. 1998.
83. J. Proakis and M. Salehi, Communication Systems Engineering. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1994.
84. H. Poor, An Introduction to Signal Detection and Estimation, 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1994.
85. M. Tüchler, R. Koetter, and A. Singer, "Graphical models for coded data transmission over inter-symbol interference channels," presented at the IEEE/ITG Conf. Source Channel Coding, Erlangen, Germany, Jan. 2004.
86. M. Tüchler, R. Koetter, and A. Singer, "Graphical models for coded data transmission over inter-symbol interference channels," Eur. Trans. Telecommun., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 307-321, Jul.-Aug. 2004.
87. M. Moher and T. Gulliver, "Cross-entropy and iterative decoding," IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 44, no. 7, p. 1998, Nov. 1998.
88. G. Golub and C. van Loan, Matrix Computations, 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1996.
89. C. Caire, G. Taricco, and E. Biglieri, "Bit-interleaved coded modulation," IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 927-946, May 1998.
90. S. ten Brink, J. Speidel, and R. Yan, "Iterative demapping and decoding for multilevel modulation," in Proc. IEEE Global Commun. Conf. (Globecom), Nov. 1998, pp. 579-584.
91. W. Gerstacker, R. Schober, and A. Lampe, "Receivers with widely linear processing for frequency-selective channels," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 51, no. 9, pp. 1512-1523, Sep. 2003.
92. S. Jiang, L. Ping, H. Sun, and C. S. Leung, "Modified LMMSE turbo equalization," IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 174-176, Mar. 2004.
93. R. Otnes, "On soft-output demapping in filter-based soft-in/soft-out equalizers," presented at the Int. Symp. Turbo Codes Related Topics, Brest, France, Sep. 2003.
94. R. V. Nee and R. Prasad, OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications. Norwood, MA: Artech House, 2000.
95. R. Ramirez, The FFT: Fundamentals and Concepts. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984.
96. M. Tüchler and J. Hagenauer, "Turbo equalization using frequency domain equalizers," in Proc. Allerton Conf. Commun., Control, Computing, Monticello, IL, Oct. 2000, pp. 1234-1243.
97. M. Tüchler, "Design of serially concatenated systems depending on the block length," presented at the Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun. (ICC), Anchorage, AL, May 2003.
98. M. Tüchler, "Design of serially concatenated systems depending on the block length," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 209-218, Feb. 2004.
99. M. Tüchler, "Convergence prediction of iterative decoding of threefold concatenated systems," presented at the IEEE Global Commun. Conf. (Globecom), Taipei, Taiwan, Nov. 2002.
100. R. Ramamurthy and W. Ryan, "Convolutional double accumulate codes (or double turbo DPSK)," IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 157-159, Apr. 2001.
101. D. Raphaeli and Y. Zarai, "Combined turbo equalization and turbo decoding," IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 107-109, Apr. 1998.
102. S. ten Brink, "Code doping for triggering iterative decoding convergence," in Proc. Int. Symp. Inf. Theory (ISIT), Oct. 2001, p. 235. (Pubitemid 32795474)
103. M. Toegel, W. Pusch, and H.Weinrichter, "Combined serially concatenated codes and turbo-equalization," in Proc. Int. Symp. Turbo Codes Related Topics, Brest, France, Sep. 2000, pp. 375-378.
104. M. Tüchler, "Turbo equalization," Ph.D. Dissertation, Munich Univ. Technol., Munich, Germany, Dec. 2003.