Diet and Asthma: Nutrition Implications from Prevention to Treatment

Journal of the American Dietetic Association

Volumn 111, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 258-268

  Allan, Keith ^a   Devereux, Graham ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANT; EDIBLE OIL; TRACE ELEMENT; UNSATURATED FATTY ACID; VITAMIN D;

ARTICLE; ASTHMA; CHILD; DIET; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MATERNAL NUTRITION; PHYSIOLOGY; PREGNANCY; PREVALENCE; PUBLIC HEALTH;

ANTIOXIDANTS; ASTHMA; CHILD; DIET; DIETARY FATS, UNSATURATED; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MATERNAL NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; MICRONUTRIENTS; PREGNANCY; PREVALENCE; PUBLIC HEALTH; VITAMIN D;

EID: 79251522166     PISSN: 00028223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2010.10.048     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Georas S.N., Guo J., De Fanis U., Casolaro V. T-helper cell type-2 regulation in allergic disease. Eur Respir J 2005, 26:1119-1137.
2. Abbas A.K., Murphy K.M., Sher A. Functional diversity of helper T lymphocytes. Nature 1996, 383:787-793.
3. Robinson D.S. Regulation: The art of control?. Regulatory T cells and asthma and allergy. Thorax 2004, 59:640-643.
4. Masoli M., Fabian D., Holt S., Beasley R. Global burden of asthma developed for the Global Initiative for Asthma Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington New Zealand, University of Southhampton, United Kingdom, Posted May 2004. Accessed December 9, 2010. http://www.ginasthma.org/GuidelinesResources.asp?l1=2%26l2=0.
5. Moorman J.E., Rudd R.A., Johnson C.A., King M., Minor P., Bailey C., Scalia M.R., Akinbami L.J. National surveillance for asthma-United States, 1980-2004. MMWR Surveill Summ 2007, 56:1-54.
6. McNeill G., Tagiyeva N., Aucott L., Russell G., Helms P.J. Changes in the prevalence of asthma, eczema and hay fever in pre-pubertal children: A 40-year perspective. Paediatr Perinatal Epidemiol 2009, 23:506-512.
7. Seaton A., Godden D.J., Brown K. Increase in asthma: A more toxic environment or a more susceptible population?. Thorax 1994, 49:171-174.
8. Thomas D. A study on the mineral depletion of the foods available to us as a nation over the period 1940 to 1991. Nutrition Health 2003, 17:85-115.
9. Rayman M.P. Dietary selenium: Time to act. Br Med J 1997, 314:387-388.
10. MacPherson A., Barclay M.N.I., Dixon J., Groden B.M., Scott R., Kesson E. Decline in dietary selenium intake in Scotland and effect on plasma concentrations. Proceedings of the Eighth International symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals 1993 1993, 269-270. Verlag Media Touristik, Jena, Germany. M. Anke, D. Meissner, C.F. Mills (Eds.).
11. Shortt C.T., Duthie G.G., Robertson J.D., Morrice P.C., Nicol F., Arthur J.R. Selenium status of a group of Scottish adults. Eur J Clin Nutrition 1997, 51:400-404.
12. Family food in 2005-06 UK Department of Environmental Farming and Rural Affairs Web site, Posted 2007. Accessed December 9, 2010. http://www.defra.gov.uk/evidence/statistics/foodfarm/food/familyfood/documents/familyfood-200506/pdf.
13. National Food Survey datasets UK Department of Environmental Farming and Rural Affairs Web site, Updated March 2010. Accessed December 9, 2010. http://www.defra.gov.uk/evidence/statistics/foodfarm/food/familyfood/nationalfoodsurvey/index.htm.
14. Henderson L., Irving K., Gregory J., Bates C.J., Prentice A., Perks J., Swan G., Farron M. The National Diet and Nutrition Survey: Adults aged 19 to 64 years Posted 2003. Accessed December 9, 2010. http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/ndnsv3.pdf.
15. Murr C., Schroecksnadel K., Winkler C., Ledochowski M., Fuchs D. Antioxidants may increase the probability of developing allergic diseases and asthma. Med Hypotheses 2005, 64:973-977.
16. Tricon S., Willers S., Smit H.A., Burney P.G., Devereux G., Frew A.J., Halken S., Høst A., Nelson M., Shaheen S., Warner J.O., Calder P.C. Nutrition and allergic disease. Clin Exp Allergy Rev 2006, 6:117-188.
17. Hu G., Cassano P. Antioxidants and pulmonary function: The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Am J Epidemiol 2000, 151:975-981.
18. Huang S.-L., Pan W.-H. Dietary fats and asthma in teenagers: Analyses of the first Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT). Clin Exp Allergy 2001, 31:1875-1880.
19. Harik-Khan R.I., Muller D.C., Wise R.A. Serum vitamin levels and the risk of asthma in children. Am J Epidemiol 2004, 159:351-357.
20. Rubin R.N., Navon L., Cassano P.A. Relationship of serum antioxidants to asthma prevalence in youth. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004, 169:393-398.
21. Troisi R.J., Willett W.C., Weiss S.T., Trichopoulos D., Rosner B., Speizer F.E. A prospective study of diet and adult-onset asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995, 151:1401-1408.
22. Hijazi N., Abalkhail B., Seaton A. Diet and childhood asthma in a society in transition: A study in urban and rural Saudi Arabia. Thorax 2000, 55:775-779.
23. Riccioni G., Bucciarelli T., Mancini B., Di Ilio C., Della Vecchia R. D'Orazio N Plasma Lycopene and antioxidant vitamins in asthma: The PLAVA Study. J Asthma 2007, 44:429-432.
24. Wood L.G., Garg M.L., Blake R.J., Garcia-Caraballo S., Gibson P.G. Airway and circulating levels of carotenoids in asthma and healthy controls. J Am Coll Nutr 2005, 24:448-455.
25. Shaheen S.O., Sterne J.A.C., Thompson R.L., Songhurst C.E., Margetts B.M., Burney P.G. Dietary antioxidants and asthma in adults: Population-based case-control study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 164:1823-1828.
26. Omland Ø., Deguchi Y., Sigsgaard T., Hansen J.C. Selenium serum and urine is associated with mild asthma and atopy. The SUS study. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2002, 16:123-127.
27. Qujeq D., Hidari B., Bijani K., Shirdel H. Glutathione peroxidase activity and serum selenium concentration in intrinsic asthmatic patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 2003, 41:200-202.
28. Kocyigit A., Armutcu F., Gurel A., Ermis B. Alterations in plasma essential trace elements selenium, manganese, zinc, copper, and iron concentrations and the possible role of these elements on oxidative status in patients with childhood asthma. Biol Trace Elem Res 2004, 97:31-41.
29. Allen S., Britton J., Leonardi-Bee J. Association between antioxidant vitamins and asthma outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax 2009, 64:610-619.
30. Katsoulis K., Kontakiotis T., Leonardopoulos I., Kotsovili A., Legakis I.N., Patakas D. Serum total antioxidant status in severe exacerbation of asthma: Correlation with the severity of the disease. J Asthma 2003, 40:847-854.
31. Kaur B., Rowe B.H., Arnold E. Vitamin C supplementation for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009, 1. CD000993.
32. Shaheen S.O., Newson R.B., Rayman M.P., Wong A.P., Tumilty M.K., Phillips J.M., Potts J.F., Kelly F.J., White P.T., Burney P.G.J. Randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of selenium supplementation in adult asthma. Thorax 2007, 62:483-490.
33. Pearson P.J.K., Lewis S.A., Britton J., Fogarty A. Vitamin E supplements in asthma: A parallel group randomised placebo controlled trial. Thorax 2004, 59:652-656.
34. Okoko B.J., Burney P.G., Newson R.B., Potts J.F., Shaheen S.O. Childhood asthma and fruit consumption. Eur Respir J 2007, 29:1161-1168.
35. Chatzi L., Torrent M., Romieu I., Garcia-Esteban R., Ferrer C., Vioque J., Kogevinas M., Sunyer J. Diet, wheeze, and atopy in school children in Menorca, Spain. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2007, 18:480-485.
36. Chatzi L., Apostolaki G., Bibakis I., Skypala I., Bibaki-Liakou V., Tzanakis N., Kogevinas M., Cullinan P. Protective effect of fruits, vegetables and the Mediterranean diet on asthma and allergies among children in Crete. Thorax 2007, 62:677-683.
37. Forastière F., Pistelli R., Sestini P., Fortes C., Renzoni E., Rusconi F., Dell'Orco V., Ciccone G., Bisanti L. Consumption of fresh fruit rich in vitamin C and wheezing symptoms in children. Thorax 2000, 55:283-288. SIDRIA Collaborative Group, Italy (Italian Studies on Repiratory Disorders in Children and the Environment).
38. De Batlle J., Garcia-Aymerich J., Barraza-Villarreal A., Antó J.M., Romieu I. Mediterranean diet is associated with reduced asthma and rhinitis in Mexican children. Allergy 2008, 63:1310-1316.
39. Black P.N., Sharpe S. Dietary fat and asthma: Is there a connection?. Eur Respir J 1997, 10:6-12.
40. Harizi H., Juzan M., Moreau J.F., Gualde N. prostaglandins inhibit 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein expression and leukotriene B4 production from dendritic cells via an IL-10 dependent mechanism. J Immunol 1997, 159:28-35.
41. Calder P.C., Yaqoob P., Thies F., Wallace F.A., Miles E.A. Fatty acids and lymphocyte functions. Br J Nutr 2002, 87(suppl 1):S31-S48.
42. Sanderson P., MacPherson G.G., Jenkins C.H., Calder P.C. Dietary fish oil diminishes the antigen presentation activity of rat dendritic cells. J Leukocyte Biol 1997, 62:771-777.
43. Laerum B.N., Wentzel-Larsen T., Gulsvik A., Omenaas E., Gislason T., Janson C., Svanes C. Relationship of fish and cod oil intake with adult asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2007, 37:1616-1623.
44. Miyamoto S., Miyake Y., Sasaki S., Tanaka K., Ohya Y., Matsunga I., Yoshida T., Oda H., Ishiko O., Hirota Y. Fat and fish intake and asthma in Japanese women: Baseline data from the Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2007, 11:103-109. Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study Group.
45. Hodge L., Salome C.M., Peat J.K., Haby M.M., Xuan W., Woolcock A.J. Consumption of oily fish and childhood asthma risk. Med J Aust 1996, 164:137-140.
46. Kim J.L., Elfman L., Mi Y., Johansson M., Smedje G., Norb D. Current asthma and respiratory symptoms among pupils in relation to dietary factors and allergens in the school environment. Indoor Air 2005, 15:170-182.
47. Takemura Y., Sakurai Y., Honjo S., Tokimatsu A., Gibo M., Hara T., Kusakari A., Kugai N. The relationship between fish intake and the prevalence of asthma: The Tokorozawa Childhood Asthma and Pollinosis Study. Prev Med 2002, 34:221-225.
48. Nagel G., Linseisen J. Dietary intake of fatty acids, antioxidants and selected food groups and asthma in adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005, 59:8-15.
49. Foliaki S., Annesi-Maesano I., Tuuau-Potoi N., Waqatakirewa L., Cheng S., Douwes J., Pearce N. Risk factors for symptoms of childhood asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema in the Pacific: An ISAAC Phase III study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2008, 12:799-806.
50. Haby M.M., Peat J.K., Marks G.B., Woolcock A.J., Leeder S.R. Asthma in pre-school children: Prevalence and risk factors. Thorax 2001, 56:589-595.
51. Miyake Y., Sasaki S., Arakawa M., Tanaka K., Murakami K., Ohya Y. Fatty acid intake and asthma symptoms in Japanese children: The Ryukyus Child Health Study. Clin Exp Allergy 2008, 38:1644-1650.
52. Oddy W.H., de Klerk N.H., Kendall G.E., Mihrshani S., Peat J.K. Ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids and childhood asthma. J Asthma 2005, 41:319-326.
53. Bolte G., Kompauer I., Fobker M., Cullen P., Keil U., von Mutius E., Weiland S.K. Fatty acids in serum cholesterol esters in relation to asthma and lung function in children. Clin Exp Allergy 2006, 36:293-302.
54. Woods R.K., Raven J.M., Walters E.H., Abramson M.J., Thien F.C.K. Fatty acid levels and risk of asthma in young adults. Thorax 2004, 59:105-110.
55. Sala-Vila A., Miles E.A., Calder P.C. Fatty acid composition abnormalities in atopic disease: Evidence explored and role in the disease process examined. Clin Exp Allergy 2008, 38:1432-1450.
56. Thien F.C.K., De Luca S., Woods R., Abramson M.J. Dietary marine fatty acids (fish oil) for asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002, 2. CD001283.
57. Mickleborough T.D., Murray R.L., Ionescu A.A., Lindley M.R. Fish oil supplementation reduces severity of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003, 168:1181-1189.
58. Mickleborough T.D., Lindley M.R., Ionescu A.A., Fly A.D. Protective effect of fish oil supplementation. Chest 2006, 129:39-49.
59. Schubert R., Kitz R., Beerman C., Rose M.A., Lieb A., Sommerer P.C., Moskovits J., Alberternst H., Böhles H.J., Schulze J., Zielen S. Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in asthma after low dose allergen challenge. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2009, 148:321-329.
60. Moreira A., Moreira P., Delgado L., Fonseca J., Teixeira V., Padrao P., Castel-Branco G. Pilot study of the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on exhaled nitric oxide in patients with stable asthma. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2007, 17:309-313.
61. Biltagi M.A., Baset A.A., Bassiouny M., Kasrawi M.A., Attia M. Omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin C and Zn supplementation in asthmatic children: A randomized self-controlled study. Acta Paediatrica 2009, 98:737-742.
62. Wjst M., Dold S. Genes, factor X, and allergens: What causes allergic diseases?. Allergy 1999, 54:757-759.
63. Lemire J.M., Archer D.C., Beck L., Spiegelberg H.L. Immunosuppressive actions of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3: preferential inhibition of Th1 functions. J Nutr 1995, 125(suppl):1704S-1708S.
64. Jirapongsananuruk O., Melamed I., Leung D.Y. Additive immunosuppressive effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and corticosteroids on TH1, but not TH2, responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000, 106:981-985.
65. Litonjua A.A., Weiss S.T. Is vitamin D deficiency to blame for the asthma epidemic?. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007, 120:1031-1035.
66. Xystrakis E., Kusumakar S., Boswell S., Peek E., Urry Z., Richards D.F., Adikibi T., Pridgeon C., Dallman M., loke T.-K., Robinson D.S., Barrat F.J., O'Garra A., Lavender P., Lee T.H., Corrigan C., Hawrylowicz C.M. Reversing the defective induction of IL-10-secreting regulatory T cells in glucocorticoid-resistant asthma patients. J Clin Invest 2006, 116:146-155.
67. Penna G., Roncari A., Amuchastegui S., Daniel K.C., Berti E., Colonna M., Adorini L. Expression of the inhibitory receptor ILT3 on dendritic cells is dispensable for induction of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Blood 2005, 106:3490-3497.
68. Black P.N., Scragg R. Relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and pulmonary function in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Chest 2005, 128:3792-3798.
69. Brehm J., Celedón J.C., Soto-Quiros M.E., Avila L., Hunninghake G.M., Forno E., Lasky D., Fylvia J.S., Hollis B.W., Weiss S.T., Litonjua A.A. Serum Vitamin D levels and markers of severity of childhood asthma in Costa Rica. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009, 179:765-771.
70. Devereux G., Wilson A., Avenell A., McNeill G., Fraser W.D. A case control study of vitamin D status and asthma in adults. Allergy 2010, 65:666-667.
71. Holt P.G., Devereux G., Sly P. Early life origins of allergy and asthma. Allergy 2006, 223-232. Mosby Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA. 3rd ed. S.T. Holgate, M.K. Church, L.M. Lichenstein (Eds.).
72. Haland G., Carlsen K.C., Sandvik L., Devulapalli C.S., Munthe-Kaas M.C., Pettersen M., Carlsen K.H. Reduced lung function at birth and the risk of asthma at 10 years of age. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:1682-1689.
73. Katz K.A., Pocock S.J., Strachan D.P. Neonatal head circumference, neonatal weight, and risk of hayfever, asthma and eczema in a large cohort of adolescents from Sheffield, England. Clin Exp Allergy 2003, 33:737-745.
74. Gilliland F.D., Li Y.F., Peters J.M. Effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy and environmental tobacco smoke on asthma and wheezing in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 163:429-436.
75. Devereux G., Barker R. Studies of Cord Blood Mononuclear Cell responses and allergy: Still in their infancy?. Clin Exp Allergy 2002, 32:331-334.
76. Prescott S.L. Early origins of allergic disease: a review of processes and influences during early immune development. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2003, 3:125-132.
77. Lynch J.W., Kaplan G.A., Salonen J.T. Why do poor people behave poorly?. Variation in adult health behaviours and psychosocial characteristics by stages of the socioeconomic lifecourse. Soc Sci Med 1997, 44:809-819.
78. Talvia S., Räsänen L., Lagstrm̈ H., Pahkala K., Viikari J., Rönnemaa T., Arffman M., Simell O. Longitudinal trends in consumption of vegetables and fruit in Finnish children in an atherosclerosis prevention study (STRIP). Eur J Clin Nutr 2006, 60:172-180.
79. Devereux G., Seaton A. Why don't we give chest patients dietary advice?. Thorax 2001, 56(suppl 2):S15-S22.
80. Shaheen S.O., Newson R.B., Henderson A.J., Emmett P.M., Sherriff A., Cooke M. Umbilical cord trace elements and minerals and risk of early childhood wheezing and eczema. Eur Respir J 2004, 24:292-297.
81. Devereux G., McNeill G., Newman G., Turner S., Craig L.C.A., Martindale S., Helms P.J., Seaton A. Early childhood wheezing symptoms in relation to plasma selenium in pregnant mothers and neonates. Clin Exp Allergy 2007, 37:1000-1008.
82. Litonjua A.A., Rifas-Shiman S., Ly N.P., Tantisira K.G., Rich-Edwards J.W., Weiss S.T., Gillman M.W., Gold D.R. Maternal antioxidant intake in pregnancy and wheezing illnesses in children at 2 y of age. Am J Clinical Nutr 2006, 84:903-911.
83. Miyake Y., Sasaki S., Tanaka K., Hirota Y. Consumption of vegetables, fruit, and antioxidants during pregnancy and wheeze and eczema in infants. Allergy 2010, 65:758-765.
84. Turner S.W., Campbell D., Smith N., Craig L.C.A., McNeill G., Forbes S.H., Harbour P.J., Seaton A., Helms P.J., Devereux G.S. Associations between fetal size, maternal alpha-tocopherol and childhood asthma. Thorax 2010, 65:391-397.
85. Devereux G., Turner S.W., Craig L.C.A., McNeill G., Martindale S., Harbour P.J., Helms P.J., Seaton A. Reduced maternal vitamin E intake during pregnancy is associated with asthma in 5-year-old children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006, 174:499-507.
86. Devereux G., Barker R.N., Seaton A. Ante-natal determinants of neonatal immune responses to allergens. Clin Exp Allergy 2002, 32:43-50.
87. Fitzsimon N., Fallon U.B., O'Mahony D., Loftus B.G., Bury G., Murphy A.W., Kelleher C.C. Mothers' dietary patterns during pregnancy and the risk of asthma symptoms in children at 3 years. Irish Med J 2007, 100:27-32.
88. Chatzi L., Torrent M., Romieu I., Garcia-Esteban R., Ferrer C., Vioque J., Kogevinas M., Sunyer J. Mediterranean diet in pregnancy is protective for wheeze and atopy in childhood. Thorax 2008, 63:507-513.
89. Azzi A., Gysin R., Kempna P., Ricciarelli R., Villacorta L., Visarius T., Zingg J.M. The role of α-tocopherol in preventing disease: From epidemiology to molecular events. Molec Aspects Dis 2003, 24:325-336.
90. Reiter E., Jiang Q., Christen S. Anti-inflammatory properties of α- and γ-tocopherol. Molec Aspects Med 2007, 28:668-691.
91. Manthey J.A. Biological properties of flavonoids pertaining to inflammation. Microcirculation 2000, 7(suppl):S29-S34.
92. Li-Weber M., Giasisi M., Trieber M.K., Krammer P.H. Vitamin E inhibits IL-4 gene expression in peripheral blood T-cells. Eur J Immunol 2002, 32:2401-2408.
93. Wakikawa A., Utsuyama M., Wakabayashi A., Kitagawa M., Hirokawa K. Vitamin E enhances the immune functions of young but not old mice under restraint stress. Exp Gerontology 1999, 34:853-862.
94. Tan P.H., Sagoo P., Chan C., Yates J.B., Campbell J., Beutelspacher S.C., Foxwell B.M.J., Lombardi G., George A.J.T. Inhibition of NF-KB and oxidative pathways in human dendritic cells by antioxidative vitamins generates regulatory T cells. J Immunol 2005, 174:7633-7644.
95. Okamoto N., Murata T., Tamai H., Tanaka H., Nagai H. Effects of alpha tocopherol and probucol supplements on allergen-induced airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in a mouse model of allergic asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2006, 141:172-180.
96. Malmberg K.J., Lenkei R., Petersson M., Ohlum T., Ichihara F., Glimelius B., Frödin J.-E., Masucci G., Kiessling R.R. A short-term dietary supplementation of high doses of vitamin E increases T helper 1 cytokine production in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2002, 8:1772-1778.
97. Wang Y., Huang D.S., Eskelson C.D., Watson R.R. Long term dietary vitamin E retards development of retrovirus induced disregulation in cytokine production. Clin Immunol 1994, 72:70-75.
98. Meydani S.N., Han S.N., Wu D. Vitamin E and immune response in the aged: Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Imm Rev 2005, 205:269-281.
99. Miyake Y., Sasaki S., Tanaka K., Ohfuji S., Hirota Y. Maternal fat consumption during pregnancy and risk of wheeze and eczema in Japanese infants aged 16-24 months: The Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study. Thorax 2009, 64:815-821.
100. Wijga A.H., Smit H.A., Kerkhof M., de Jongste J.C., Gerritsen J., Neijens H.J., Boshuizen H.C., Brunekreef B. Association of consumption of products containing milk fat with reduced asthma risk in pre-school children: The PIAMA birth cohort study. Thorax 2003, 58:567-572.
101. Newson R.B., Shaheen S.O., Henderson A.J., Emmett P.M., Sherriff A., Calder P.C. Umbilical cord and maternal blood red cell fatty acids and early childhood wheezing and eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004, 114:531-537. ALSPAC Study Team.
102. Gold D.R., Willwerth B.M., Tantisira K.G., Finn P.W., Schaub B., Perkins D.L., Tzianabos A., Ly N.P., Schroeter C., Gibbons F., Campos H., Oken E., Gillman M.W., Palmer L.J., Ryan L.M., Weiss S.T. Associations of cord blood fatty acids with lymphocyte proliferation, IL-13 and IFN-γ. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006, 117:931-938.
103. Olsen S.F., Osterdal M.L., Salvig J.D., Mortensen L.M., Rytter D., Secher N.J., Henriksen T.B. Fish oil intake compared with olive oil intake in late pregnancy and asthma in the offspring: 16 y of registry-based follow-up from a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2008, 88:167-175.
104. Dunstan J.A., Mori T.A., Barden A., Beilin L.J., Taylor A.L., Holt P.G., Prescott S.L. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy modifies neonatal allergen-specific immune responses and clinical outcomes in infants at high risk of atopy: A randomized, controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003, 112:1178-1184.
105. Marks G.B., Mihrshahi S., Kemp A.S., Tovey E.R., Webb K., Almqvist C., Ampon R.D., Crisafulli D., Belousova E.G., Mellis C.M., Peat J.K., Leeder S.R. Prevention of asthma during the first 5 years of life: A randomized controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006, 118:53-61. Childhood Asthma Prevention Study team.
106. Miyake Y., Sasaki S., Tanaka K., Hirota Y. Dairy food, calcium, and vitamin D intake in pregnancy and wheeze and eczema in infants. Eur Respir J 2010, 35:1228-1234.
107. Camargo C.A., Rifas-Shiman S.L., Litonjua A.A., Rich-Edwards J.W., Weiss S.T., Gold D.R., Kleinman K., Gillman M.W. Maternal intake of Vitamin D during pregnancy and reports of recurrent wheezing in children at 3 y of age. Am J Clin Nutr 2007, 85:788-795.
108. Devereux G., Litonjua A.A., Turner S.W., Craig L.C.A., McNeill G., Martindale S., Hems P.J., Seaton A., Weiss S.T. Maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy and early childhood wheeze. Am J Clin Nutr 2007, 85:853-859.
109. Erkkola M., Kaila M., Nwaru B.I., Kronberg-Kippila C., Ahonen S., Nevalainen J., Veijola R., Pekkanen J., Ilonen J., Simell O., Knip M., Virtanen S.M. Maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy is inversely associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis in 5-year-old children. Clin Exp Allergy 2009, 39:875-882.
110. Gale C.R., Robinson S.M., Harvey N.C., Javaid M.K., Jiang B., Martyn C.N., Godfrey K.M., Cooper C. Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and childhood outcomes. Eur J Clin Nutr 2008, 62:68-77. Princess Anne Hospital Study Group.
111. Hypponen E., Sovio U., Wjst M., Patel S., Pekkanen J., Hartikainen A.L., Jarvelinb M.R. Infant vitamin D supplementation and allergic conditions in adulthood: Northern Finland birth cohort. 1966. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004, 1037:84-95.
112. Lawlor D.A., Davey Smith G., Kundu D., Bruckdorfer K.R., Ebrahim S. Those confounded vitamins: What can we learn from the differences between observational versus randomised trial evidence?. Lancet 2004, 363:1724-1727.
113. Greenough A., Shaheen S.O., Shennan A., Seed P.T., Poston L. Respiratory outcomes in early childhood following antenatal vitamin C and E supplementation. Thorax 2010, 65:998-1003.