A survey of condition monitoring and protection methods for medium-voltage induction motors

IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications

Volumn 47, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 34-46

  Zhang, Pinjia ^a   Du, Yi ^b   Habetler, Thomas G ^b   Lu, Bin ^c  

^a GE GLOBAL RESEARCH   (United States)

^b GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^c EATON CORPORATION   (United States)

Author keywords

Bearing fault; broken rotor bar; condition monitoring; eccentricity; electric machines; fault diagnostics; induction motors; medium voltage (MV); review; stator fault

Indexed keywords

BEARING FAULT; BROKEN ROTOR BAR; ECCENTRICITY; ELECTRIC MACHINES; FAULT DIAGNOSTICS; MEDIUM VOLTAGE; STATOR FAULT;

BEARINGS (STRUCTURAL); ELECTRIC MACHINERY; FAULT DETECTION; INDUCTION MOTORS; LOSSES; STATORS; SURVEYS; THERMAL INSULATION;

CONDITION MONITORING;

EID: 78751666101     PISSN: 00939994     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2010.2090839     Document Type: Review

References (188)

1. J. Bredthauer and N. Struck, "Starting of large medium voltage motors: Design, protection, and safety aspects," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 1167-1176, Sep./Oct. 1995.
2. L. B. Farr and T. A. Farr, "Considerations in medium voltage reduced voltage motor starting the good, the bad and the ugly," in Proc. IEEE PCIC, 2007, pp. 1-7.
3. G. J. Paoletti and A. Rose, "Improving existing motor protection for medium voltage motors," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 456-464, May/Jun. 1989.
4. S. Nandi, H. A. Toliyat, and X. Li, "Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of electrical motors-A review," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 719-729, Dec. 2005.
5. "Report of large motor reliability survey of industrial and commercial installations, Part II," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. IA-21, no. 4, pp. 865-872, Jul./Aug. 1985.
6. "Report of large motor reliability survey of industrial and commercial installations, Part I," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. IA-21, no. 4, pp. 853-864, Jul./Aug. 1985.
7. "Report of large motor reliability survey of industrial and commercial installations: Part 3," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. IA-23, no. 1, pp. 153-158, Jan./Feb. 1987.
8. P. F. Albrecht, J. C. Appiarius, R. M. McCoy, E. L. Owen, and D. K. Sharma, "Assessment of the reliability of motors in utility applications-Updated," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. EC-1, no. 1, pp. 39-46, Mar. 1986.
9. H. O. Seinsch, "Monitoring und Diagnose elektrischer Maschinen und Antriebe," in Proc. VDE Workshop, Allianz Schadensstatistik an HS Motoren, 1996-1999, 2001.
10. O. V. Thorsen and M. Dalva, "Failure identification and analysis for high-voltage induction motors in the petrochemical industry," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 810-818, Jul./Aug. 1999.
11. O. Thorsen and M. Dalva, "Condition monitoring methods, failure identification and analysis for high voltage motors in petrochemical industry," in Proc. 8th Int. Conf. Elect. Mach. Drives (Conf. Publ. 444), 1997, pp. 109-113.
12. G. Fox, "Overload protection for medium voltage motors controlled by switchgear starters," in Conf. Rec. Annu. Pulp Paper Ind. Tech. Conf., 1990, pp. 82-86.
13. B. Lu, T. G. Habetler, and R. G. Harley, "A nonintrusive and in-service motor-efficiency estimation method using air-gap torque with considerations of condition monitoring," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 1666-1674, Nov./Dec. 2008.
14. Y. Du, T. G. Habetler, and R. G. Harley, "Methods for thermal protection of medium voltage induction motors: A review," in Proc. Int. Conf. CMD, 2008, pp. 229-233.
15. R. L. Nailen, "Can field tests prove motor efficiency?" IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 391-396, May/Jun. 1989.
16. G. Donner, B. Oakes, and S. Raynor, "A motor primer-Part 6," in Proc. IEEE PCIC, 2007, pp. 1-9.
17. S. F. Farag, R. G. Bartheld, and T. G. Habetler, "An integrated on-line motor protection system," IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 21- 26, Mar./Apr. 1996.
18. T. Albers and A. H. Bonnett, "Motor temperature considerations for pulp and paper mill applications," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 1701-1713, Nov./Dec. 2002.
19. Z. Gao, T. G. Habetler, R. G. Harley, and R. S. Colby, "A sensorless adaptive stator winding temperature estimator for mainsfed induction machines with continuous-operation periodic duty cycles," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 1533-1542, Sep./Oct. 2008.
20. M. S. Abou-El-Ela, A. I. Megahed, and O. P. Malik, "Thermal model based digital relaying algorithm for induction motor protection," in Proc. Can. Conf. Elect. Comput. Eng., 1996, vol. 2, pp. 1016-1019.
21. K. D. Hurst and T. G. Habetler, "A thermal monitoring and parameter tuning scheme for induction machines," in Conf. Rec. 32nd IEEE IAS Annu. Meeting, 1997, vol. 1, pp. 136-142.
22. J. F. Moreno, F. P. Hidalgo, and M. D. Martinez, "Realisation of tests to determine the parameters of the thermal model of an induction machine," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng.-Elect. Power Appl., vol. 148, no. 5, pp. 393-397, Sep. 2001.
23. A. Boglietti, A. Cavagnino, M. Lazzari, and A. Pastorelli, "A simplified thermal model for variable speed self cooled industrial induction motor," in Conf. Rec. 37th IEEE IAS Annu. Meeting, 2002, vol. 2, pp. 723-730.
24. A. Bousbaine, M. McCormick, and W. F. Low, "In-situ determination of thermal coefficients for electrical machines," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 385-391, Sep. 1995.
25. G. Champenois, D. Roye, and D. S. Zhu, "Electrical and thermal performance predictions in inverter-fed squirrel-cage induction motor drives," Elect. Mach. Power Syst., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 355-369, May/Jun. 1994.
26. P. H. Mellor, D. Roberts, and D. R. Turner, "Lumped parameter thermal model for electrical machines of TEFC design," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng.- Elect. Power Appl., vol. 138, no. 5, pp. 205-218, Sep. 1991.
27. P. S. H. Nestler, "On-line estimation of temperatures in electrical machines by an observer," Elect. Mach. Power Syst., vol. 21, pp. 39-50, 1993.
28. S.-B. Lee, T. G. Habetler, R. G. Harley, and D. J. Gritter, "A stator and rotor resistance estimation technique for conductor temperature monitoring," in Conf. Rec. IEEE IAS Annu. Meeting, 2000, vol. 1, pp. 381-387.
29. D. A. Paice, "Motor thermal protection by continuous monitoring of winding resistance," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., Control, Instrum., vol. IECI-27, no. 3, pp. 137-141, Aug. 1980.
30. S.-B. Lee and T. G. Habetler, "A remote and sensorless thermal protection scheme for small line-connected AC machines," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 1323-1332, Sep./Oct. 2003.
31. S.-B. Lee and T. G. Habetler, "An online stator winding resistance estimation technique for temperature monitoring of line-connected induction machines," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 685- 694, May/Jun. 2003.
32. P. Zhang, B. Lu, and T. G. Habetler, "A nonintrusive induction motor stator resistance estimation method using a soft-starter," in Proc. IEEE Int. SDEMPED, 2007, pp. 197-202.
33. P. Zhang, B. Lu, and T. G. Habetler, "A remote and sensorless stator winding resistance estimation method for thermal protection of soft-starter-connected induction machines," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 10, pp. 3611-3618, Oct. 2008.
34. P. Zhang, Y. Du, B. Lu, and T. G. Habetler, "A DC signal injection-based thermal protection scheme for soft-starter-connected induction motors," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 1351-1358, Jul./Aug. 2009.
35. P. Zhang, B. Lu, and T. G. Habetler, "An active stator temperature estimation technique for thermal protection of inverter-fed induction motors with considerations of impaired cooling detection," in Proc. IEEE IEMDC, 2009, pp. 1326-1332.
36. P. Zhang, B. Lu, and T. G. Habetler, "Practical implementation of a remote and sensorless stator resistance-based thermal protection method," in Proc. Int. Conf. CMD, 2008, pp. 159-162.
37. R. Beguenane, M. El Hachemi Benbouzid, M. Tadjine, and A. Tayebi, "Speed and rotor time constant estimation via MRAS strategy for induction motor drives," in Proc. IEEE Int. Elect. Mach. Drives Conf., 1997, pp. TB3/5.1-TB3/5.3.
38. R. Beguenane and M. E. H. Benbouzid, "Induction motors thermal monitoring by means of rotor resistance identification," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 566-570, Sep. 1999.
39. W. Gao, "A simple model-based online rotor time constant estimator for an induction machine," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 793-794, Dec. 2004.
40. Z. Gao, T. G. Habetler, R. G. Harley, and R. S. Colby, "A sensorless rotor temperature estimator for induction machines based on a current harmonic spectral estimation scheme," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 407-416, Jan. 2008.
41. Z. Gao, T. G. Habetler, and R. G. Harley, "A complex space vector approach to rotor temperature estimation for line-connected induction machines with impaired cooling," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 239-247, Jan. 2009.
42. C. Yung, "Opportunities to improve reliability and efficiency of mediumvoltage electric motors," in Proc. Ind. Appl. Soc. 52nd Annu. Petroleum Chem. Ind. Conf., 2005, pp. 199-208.
43. G. C. Stone, I. M. Culbert, and B. A. Lloyd, "Stator insulation problems associated with low voltage and medium voltage PWM drives," in Conf. Rec. IEEE Cement Ind. Tech. Conf., 2007, pp. 187-192.
44. R. M. Tallam, T. G. Habetler, and R. G. Harley, "Experimental testing of a neural-network-based turn-fault detection scheme for induction machines under accelerated insulation failure conditions," in Proc. 4th IEEE Int. SDEMPED, 2003, pp. 58-62.
45. R. C. Gleichman, "Failure modes and field testing of medium-voltage motor windings," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 1473-1476, Sep./Oct. 2002.
46. P. M. John, J. A. de Kock, and A. D. W. Wolmerans, "A qualitative assessment of the insulation systems of medium voltage induction motors," in Proc. ICEMS, 2007, pp. 979-982.
47. S.Williamson and K. Mirzoian, "Analysis of cage induction motors with stator winding faults," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-104, no. 7, pp. 1838-1842, Jul. 1985.
48. A. J. Marques Cardoso, S. M. A. Cruz, and D. S. B. Fonseca, "Interturn stator winding fault diagnosis in three-phase induction motors, by Park's vector approach," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 595-598, Sep. 1999.
49. J. F. Martins, V. F. Pires, and A. J. Pires, "Unsupervised neural-networkbased algorithm for an on-line diagnosis of three-phase induction motor stator fault," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 259-264, Feb. 2007.
50. S. M. A. Cruz and A. J. M. Cardoso, "Stator winding fault diagnosis in three-phase synchronous and asynchronous motors, by the extended Park's vector approach," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 1227-1233, Sep./Oct. 2001.
51. A. M. da Silva, R. J. Povinelli, and N. A. O. Demerdash, "Induction machine broken bar and stator short-circuit fault diagnostics based on three-phase stator current envelopes," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1310-1318, Mar. 2008.
52. S. M. A. Cruz and A. J. M. Cardoso, "Multiple reference frames theory: A new method for the diagnosis of stator faults in three-phase induction motors," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 611-619, Sep. 2005.
53. S. M. A. Cruz, H. A. Toliyat, and A. J. M. Cardoso, "DSP implementation of the multiple reference frames theory for the diagnosis of stator faults in a DTC induction motor drive," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 329-335, Jun. 2005.
54. O. A. Mohammed, N. Y. Abed, and S. Ganu, "Modeling and characterization of induction motor internal faults using finite-element and discrete wavelet transforms," IEEE Trans.Magn., vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 3434-3436, Oct. 2006.
55. J. Cusido, L. Romeral, J. A. Ortega, J. A. Rosero, and A. Garcia Espinosa, "Fault detection in induction machines using power spectral density in wavelet decomposition," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 633-643, Feb. 2008.
56. F. Briz, M. W. Degner, J. M. Guerrero, and P. Garcia, "Stator windings fault diagnostics of induction machines operated from inverters and soft-starters using high-frequency negative-sequence currents," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 1637-1646, Sep./Oct. 2009.
57. R. Maier, "Protection of squirrel-cage induction motor utilizing instantaneous power and phase information," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 376-380, Mar./Apr. 1992.
58. J. S. Hsu, "Monitoring of defects in induction motors through air-gap torque observation," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 1016-1021, Sep./Oct. 1995.
59. R. M. Tallam, S. B. Lee, G. C. Stone, G. B. Kliman, Y. Jiyoon, T. G. Habetler, and R. G. Harley, "A survey of methods for detection of stator-related faults in induction machines," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 920-933, Jul./Aug. 2007.
60. G. B. Kliman, W. J. Premerlani, R. A. Koegl, and D. Hoeweler, "A new approach to on-line turn fault detection in AC motors," in Conf. Rec. 31st IEEE IAS Annu. Meeting, 1996, vol. 1, pp. 687-693.
61. M. A. Cash, T. G. Habetler, and G. B. Kliman, "Insulation failure prediction in AC machines using line-neutral voltages," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 1234-1239, Nov./Dec. 1998.
62. G. M. Joksimovic and J. Penman, "The detection of inter-turn short circuits in the stator windings of operating motors," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1078-1084, Oct. 2000.
63. B. Mirafzal and N. A. O. Demerdash, "On innovative methods of induction motor interturn and broken-bar fault diagnostics," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 405-414, Mar./Apr. 2006.
64. B. Mirafzal, R. J. Povinelli, and N. A. O. Demerdash, "Interturn fault diagnosis in induction motors using the pendulous oscillation phenomenon," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 871-882, Dec. 2006.
65. J. L. Kohler, J. Sottile, and F. C. Trutt, "Alternatives for assessing the electrical integrity of induction motors," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 1109-1117, Sep./Oct. 1992.
66. F. Briz, M. W. Degner, A. Zamarron, and J. M. Guerrero, "Online stator winding fault diagnosis in inverter-fed AC machines using highfrequency signal injection," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 1109-1117, Jul./Aug. 2003.
67. F. Briz, M. W. Degner, A. B. Diez, and J. M. Guerrero, "Online diagnostics in inverter-fed induction machines using high-frequency signal injection," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 1153-1161, Jul./Aug. 2004.
68. S. Bachir, S. Tnani, J. C. Trigeassou, and G. Champenois, "Diagnosis by parameter estimation of stator and rotor faults occurring in induction machines," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 963-973, Jun. 2006.
69. C. S. Kallesoe, R. Izadi-Zamanabadi, P. Vadstrup, and H. Rasmussen, "Observer-based estimation of stator-winding faults in delta-connected induction motors: A linear matrix inequality approach," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 1022-1031, Jul./Aug. 2007.
70. S. Nandi and H. A. Toliyat, "Novel frequency-domain-based technique to detect stator interturn faults in induction machines using statorinduced voltages after switch-off," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 101-109, Jan./Feb. 2002.
71. S. Nandi, "Detection of stator faults in induction machines using residual saturation harmonics," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 1201-1208, Sep./Oct. 2006.
72. M. Arkan, D. K. Perovic, and P. Unsworth, "Online stator fault diagnosis in induction motors," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng.-Elect. Power Appl., vol. 148, no. 6, pp. 537-547, Nov. 2001.
73. J. L. Kohler, J. Sottile, and F. C. Trutt, "Condition monitoring of stator windings in induction motors. I. Experimental investigation of the effective negative-sequence impedance detector," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 1447-1453, Sep./Oct. 2002.
74. J. Sottile, F. C. Trutt, and J. L. Kohler, "Condition monitoring of stator windings in induction motors. II. Experimental investigation of voltage mismatch detectors," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 1454-1459, Sep./Oct. 2002.
75. S.-B. Lee, R. M. Tallam, and T. G. Habetler, "A robust, on-line turn-fault detection technique for induction machines based on monitoring the sequence component impedance matrix," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 865-872, May 2003.
76. T. M. Wolbank, K. A. Loparo, and R. Wohrnschimmel, "Inverter statistics for online detection of stator asymmetries in inverter-fed induction motors," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 1102-1108, Jul./Aug. 2003.
77. A. Bellini, F. Filippetti, G. Franceschini, and C. Tassoni, "Closedloop control impact on the diagnosis of induction motors faults," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 1318-1329, Sep./Oct. 2000.
78. S. Cheng and T. G. Habetler, "A new method to detect stator turn-to-turn faults in a closed-loop multiple-motor drive system," in Proc. IEEE Int. SDEMPED, 2009, pp. 1-6.
79. R. M. Tallam, T. G. Habetler, and R. G. Harley, "Self-commissioning training algorithms for neural networks with applications to electric machine fault diagnostics," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 1089-1095, Nov. 2002.
80. R. M. Tallam, T. G. Habetler, and R. G. Harley, "Stator winding turn-fault detection for closed-loop induction motor drives," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 720-724, May/Jun. 2003.
81. P. E. Sutherland, "Surge protection of a large medium voltage motor-A case study," in Conf. Rec. IEEE Ind. Commercial Power Syst. Tech. Conf. Annu. Meeting, 1997, pp. 36-40.
82. G. Stone and J. Kapler, "Stator winding monitoring," IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag., vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 15-20, Sep./Oct. 1998.
83. G. C. Stone and I. Culbert, "Electrical testing of low and medium voltage motors," in Conf. Rec. Annu. Pulp Paper Ind. Tech. Conf., 2007, pp. 48-54.
84. S.-B. Lee, K. Younsi, and G. B. Kliman, "An online technique for monitoring the insulation condition of AC machine stator windings," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 737-745, Dec. 2005.
85. S. B. Lee, J. Yang, K. Younsi, and R. M. Bharadwaj, "An online groundwall and phase-to-phase insulation quality assessment technique for AC-machine stator windings," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 946-957, Jul./Aug. 2006.
86. F. Wang, "Motor shaft voltages and bearing currents and their reduction in multi-level medium voltage PWM voltage source inverter drive applications," in Conf. Rec. 34th IEEE IAS Annu. Meeting, 1999, vol. 3, pp. 1602-1607.
87. S. Chen and T. A. Lipo, "Bearing currents and shaft voltages of an induction motor under hard- and soft-switching inverter excitation," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 1042-1048, Sep./Oct. 1998.
88. W. Zhou, T. G. Habetler, and R. G. Harley, "Bearing condition monitoring methods for electric machines: A general review," in Proc. IEEE Int. SDEMPED, 2007, pp. 3-6.
89. W. Zhou, T. G. Habetler, and R. G. Harley, "Stator current-based bearing fault detection techniques: A general review," in Proc. IEEE Int. SDEMPED, 2007, pp. 7-10.
90. B. Li, M.-Y. Chow, Y. Tipsuwan, and J. C. Hung, "Neural-networkbased motor rolling bearing fault diagnosis," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1060-1069, Oct. 2000.
91. S. A. McInerny and Y. Dai, "Basic vibration signal processing for bearing fault detection," IEEE Trans. Educ., vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 149-156, Feb. 2003.
92. J. R. Stack, T. G. Habetler, and R. G. Harley, "Effects of machine speed on the development and detection of rolling element bearing faults," IEEE Power Electron. Lett., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 19-21, Mar. 2003.
93. F. Zhong, T. Shi, and T. He, "Fault diagnosis of motor bearing using selforganizing maps," in Proc. 8th ICEMS, 2005, vol. 3, pp. 2411-2414.
94. Mechanical Vibration-Evaluation of Machine Vibration by Measurements on Non-Rotating Parts-Part 1: General Guidelines, ISO 10816-1, 1995.
95. Mechanical Vibration-Evaluation of Machine Vibration by Measurements on Non-Rotating Parts-Part 3: General Guidelines, ISO 10816-3:2009, 1998.
96. B. Maru and P. A. Zotos, "Anti-friction bearing temperature rise for NEMA frame motors," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 883-888, Sep./Oct. 1989.
97. Severe Duty Totally Enclosed Fan-Cooled (TEFC) Squirrel Cage Induction Motors-Up to and Including 370 kW (500 hp), IEEE Std. 841-2001, 2001.
98. J. A. Henao-Sepulveda, M. Toledo-Quinones, and Y. Jia, "Contactless monitoring of ball bearing temperature," in Proc. IEEE IMTC, 2005, pp. 1571-1573.
99. P. J. Tavner and J. Pennman, Condition Monitoring of Electrical Machines. Letchworth, U.K.: Res. Stud. Press Ltd., 1987.
100. M. W. Hawman and W. S. Galinaitis, "Acoustic emission monitoring of rolling element bearings," in Proc. IEEE Ultrason. Symp., 1988, vol. 2, pp. 885-889.
101. R. B. W. Heng and M. J. M. Nor, "Statistical analysis of sound and vibration signals for monitoring rolling element bearing condition," Appl. Acoust., vol. 53, no. 1-3, pp. 211-226, Jan.-Mar. 1998.
102. S. J. Yang, Low-Noise Electrical Motors. NewYork: Oxford Univ. Press, 1981.
103. T. A. Harris, Rolling Bearing Analysis, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1984.
104. R. R. Schoen, T. G. Habetler, F. Kamran, and R. G. Bartfield, "Motor bearing damage detection using stator current monitoring," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 1274-1279, Nov./Dec. 1995.
105. B. Yazici and G. B. Kliman, "An adaptive statistical time-frequency method for detection of broken bars and bearing faults in motors using stator current," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 442-452, Mar./Apr. 1999.
106. M. J. Devaney and L. Eren, "Detecting motor bearing faults," IEEE Instrum. Meas. Mag., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 30-50, Dec. 2004.
107. L. Eren and M. J. Devaney, "Bearing damage detection via wavelet packet decomposition of the stator current," IEEE Trans. Instrum.Meas., vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 431-436, Apr. 2004.
108. J. Zarei and J. Poshtan, "An advanced Park's vectors approach for bearing fault detection," in Proc. IEEE ICIT, 2006, pp. 1472-1479.
109. I. Y. Onel and M. El Hachemi Benbouzid, "Induction motor bearing failure detection and diagnosis: Park and concordia transform approaches comparative study," IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatronics, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 257-262, Apr. 2008.
110. J. L. H. Silva and A. J. M. Cardoso, "Bearing failures diagnosis in threephase induction motors by extended Park's vector approach," in Proc. 31st IEEE IECON, 2005, pp. 2591-2596.
111. R. R. Schoen, B. K. Lin, T. G. Habetler, J. H. Schlag, and S. Farag, "An unsupervised, on-line system for induction motor fault detection using stator current monitoring," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 1280-1286, Nov./Dec. 1995.
112. M. Blodt, P. Granjon, B. Raison, and G. Rostaing, "Models for bearing damage detection in induction motors using stator current monitoring," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 1813-1822, Apr. 2008.
113. J. R. Stack, T. G. Habetler, and R. G. Harley, "Bearing fault detection via autoregressive stator current modeling," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 740-747, May/Jun. 2004.
114. W. Zhou, T. G. Habetler, and R. G. Harley, "Bearing fault detection via stator current noise cancellation and statistical control," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 4260-4269, Dec. 2008.
115. A. Bellini, M. Cocconcelli, F. Immovilli, and R. Rubini, "Diagnosis of mechanical faults by spectral kurtosis energy," in Proc. 34th IEEE IECON, 2008, pp. 3079-3083.
116. F. Immovilli, M. Cocconcelli, A. Bellini, and R. Rubini, "Detection of generalized-roughness bearing fault by spectral-kurtosis energy of vibration or current signals," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 11, pp. 4710-4717, Nov. 2009.
117. A. H. Bonnett and G. C. Soukup, "Rotor failures in squirrel cage induction motors," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. IA-22, no. 6, pp. 1165-1173, Nov. 1986.
118. I. M. Culbert and W. Rhodes, "Using current signature analysis technology to reliably detect cage winding defects in squirrel-cage induction motors," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 422-428, Mar./Apr. 2007.
119. M. F. Cabanas, J. L. Ruiz Gonzalez, J. L. B. Sampayo, M. G. Melero, C. H. Rojas, F. Pedrayes, A. Arguelles, and J. Vina, "Analysis of the fatigue causes on the rotor bars of squirrel cage asynchronous motors: Experimental analysis and modelling of medium voltage motors," in Proc. 4th IEEE Int. SDEMPED, 2003, pp. 247-252.
120. G. B. Kliman, R. A. Koegl, J. Stein, R. D. Endicott, and M.W. Madden, "Noninvasive detection of broken rotor bars in operating induction motors," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 873- 879, Dec. 1988.
121. N. M. Elkasabgy, A. R. Eastham, and G. E. Dawson, "Detection of broken bars in the cage rotor on an induction machine," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 165-171, Jan./Feb. 1992.
122. F. Filippetti, G. Franceschini, C. Tassoni, and P. Vas, "AI techniques in induction machines diagnosis including the speed ripple effect," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 98-108, Jan./Feb. 1998.
123. C. Bruzzese, "Analysis and application of particular current signatures (symptoms) for cage monitoring in nonsinusoidally fed motors with high rejection to drive load, inertia, and frequency variations," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 4137-4155, Dec. 2008.
124. H. A. Toliyat and T. A. Lipo, "Transient analysis of cage induction machines under stator, rotor bar and end ring faults," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 241-247, Jun. 1995.
125. R. R. Schoen and T. G. Habetler, "Effects of time-varying loads on rotor fault detection in induction machines," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 900-906, Jul./Aug. 1995.
126. S. H. Kia, H. Henao, and G. A. Capolino, "A high-resolution frequency estimation method for three-phase induction machine fault detection," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2305-2314, Aug. 2007.
127. A. Bellini, G. Franceschini, and C. Tassoni, "Monitoring of induction Machines by maximum covariance method for frequency tracking," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 69-78, Jan./Feb. 2006.
128. V. V. Thomas, K. Vasudevan, and V. J. Kumar, "Online cage rotor fault detection using air-gap torque spectra," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 265-270, Jun. 2003.
129. A. M. Trzynadlowski and E. Ritchie, "Comparative investigation of diagnostic media for induction motors: A case of rotor cage faults," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1092-1099, Oct. 2000.
130. M. Eltabach, A. Charara, and I. Zein, "A comparison of external and internal methods of signal spectral analysis for broken rotor bars detection in induction motors," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 107-121, Feb. 2004.
131. G. Didier, E. Ternisien, O. Caspary, and H. Razik, "Fault detection of broken rotor bars in induction motor using a global fault index," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 79-88, Jan./Feb. 2006.
132. A. Bellini, "Quad demodulation: A time-domain diagnostic method for induction machines," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 712-719, Mar./Apr. 2009.
133. I. Jaksch and P. Fuchs, "Demodulation analysis for exact rotor faults detection under changing parameters," in Proc. IEEE Int. SDEMPED, 2009, pp. 1-7.
134. M. Haji and H. A. Toliyat, "Pattern recognition-a technique for induction machines rotor broken bar detection," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 312-317, Dec. 2001.
135. B. Ayhan, M.-Y. Chow, andM.-H. Song, "Multiple signature processingbased fault detection schemes for broken rotor bar in induction motors," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 336-343, Jun. 2005.
136. B. Ayhan, M.-Y. Chow, and M.-H. Song, "Multiple discriminant analysis and neural-network-based monolith and partition fault-detection schemes for broken rotor bar in induction motors," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1298-1308, Jun. 2006.
137. H. Razik, M. B. de Rossiter Correa, and E. R. C. da Silva, "A novel monitoring of load level and broken bar fault severity applied to squirrelcage induction motors using a genetic algorithm," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 11, pp. 4615-4626, Nov. 2009.
138. C. Hargis, B. G. Gaydon, and K. Kamash, "The detection of rotor defects in induction motors," in Proc. IEEE Conf. Elect. Mach., 1982, pp. 216-220.
139. W. T. Thomsom and D. Rankin, "Cases histories of rotor winding fault diagnosis in induction motors," in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Condition Monit. Univ. College Swansea, 1987, pp. 798-819.
140. A. Bellini, F. Filippetti, G. Franceschini, C. Tassoni, and G. B. Kliman, "Quantitative evaluation of induction motor broken bars by means of electrical signature analysis," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 1248-1255, Sep./Oct. 2001.
141. A. Bellini, F. Filippetti, G. Franceschini, C. Tassoni, R. Passaglia, M. Saottini, G. Tontini, M. Giovannini, and A. Rossi, "On-field experience with online diagnosis of large induction motors cage failures using MCSA," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 1045-1053, Jul./Aug. 2002.
142. A. Bellini, G. Franceschini, C. Tassoni, and A. Toscani, "Assessment of induction machines rotor fault severity by different approaches," in Proc. 31st IEEE IECON, 2005, pp. 1461-1466.
143. A. Bellini, C. Concari, G. Franceschini, E. Lorenzani, C. Tassoni, and A. Toscani, "Thorough understanding and experimental validation of current sideband components in induction machines rotor monitoring," in Proc. 32nd IEEE IECON, 2006, pp. 4957-4962.
144. K. R. Cho, J. H. Lang, and S. D. Umans, "Detection of broken rotor bars in induction motors using state and parameter estimation," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 702-709, May/Jun. 1992.
145. C. Kral, R. S. Wieser, F. Pirker, and M. Schagginger, "Sequences of field-oriented control for the detection of faulty rotor bars in induction machines-the Vienna monitoring method," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1042-1050, Oct. 2000.
146. B. Mirafzal and N. A. O. Demerdash, "Induction machine brokenbar fault diagnosis using the rotor magnetic field space-vector orientation," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 534-542, Mar./Apr. 2004.
147. B. Mirafzal and N. A. O. Demerdash, "Effects of load magnitude on diagnosing broken bar faults in induction motors using the pendulous oscillation of the rotor magnetic field orientation," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 771-783, May/Jun. 2005.
148. J. A. Antonino-Daviu, M. Riera-Guasp, J. R. Folch, and M. P. M. Palomares, "Validation of a new method for the diagnosis of rotor bar failures via wavelet transform in industrial induction machines," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 990-996, Jul./Aug. 2006.
149. R. Supangat, N. Ertugrul, W. L. Soong, D. A. Gray, C. Hansen, and J. Grieger, "Detection of broken rotor bars in induction motor using starting-current analysis and effects of loading," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng.- Elect. Power Appl., vol. 153, no. 6, pp. 848-855, Nov. 2006.
150. A. Ordaz-Moreno, R. de Jesus Romero-Troncoso, J. A. Vite-Frias, J. R. Rivera-Gillen, and A. Garcia-Perez, "Automatic online diagnosis algorithm for broken-bar detection on induction motors based on discrete wavelet transform for FPGA implementation," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 2193-2202, May 2008.
151. M. Riera-Guasp, J. A. Antonino-Daviu, J. Roger-Folch, and M. P. Molina Palomares, "The use of the wavelet approximation signal as a tool for the diagnosis of rotor bar failures," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 716-726, May/Jun. 2008.
152. J. Milimonfared, H. M. Kelk, S. Nandi, A. D. Minassians, and H. A. Toliyat, "A novel approach for broken-rotor-bar detection in cage induction motors," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 1000-1006, Sep./Oct. 1999.
153. J. Penman, M. N. Dey, A. J. Tait, and W. E. Bryan, "Condition monitoring of electrical drives," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng.-Elect. Power Appl., vol. 133, no. 3, pp. 142-148, May 1986.
154. G. H. Muller and C. F. Landy, "A novel method to detect broken rotor bars in squirrel cage induction motors when interbar currents are present," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 71-79, Mar. 2003.
155. C. Concari, G. Franceschini, and C. Tassoni, "Rotor fault detection in closed loop induction motors drives by electric signal analysis," in Proc. 18th ICEM, 2008, pp. 1-6.
156. S. M. A. Cruz, A. Stefani, F. Filippetti, and A. J. M. Cardoso, "A new model-based technique for the diagnosis of rotor faults in RFOC induction motor drives," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 4218-4228, Dec. 2008.
157. A. Stefani, A. Bellini, and F. Filippetti, "Diagnosis of induction machines' rotor faults in time-varying conditions," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 11, pp. 4548-4556, Nov. 2009.
158. G. R. Bossio, C. H. De Angelo, G. O. Garcia, J. A. Solsona, and M. I. Valla, "Effects of rotor bar and end-ring faults over the signals of a position estimation strategy for induction motors," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 1005-1012, Jul./Aug. 2005.
159. I. Kerszenbaum and C. F. Landy, "The existence of large inter-bar currents in three phase squirrel cage motors with rotor-bar and/or end-ring faults," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-103, no. 7, pp. 1854-1862, Jul. 1984.
160. R. F. Walliser and C. F. Landy, "Determination of interbar current effects in the detection of broken rotor bars in squirrel cage induction motors," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 152-158, Mar. 1994.
161. J. F. Watson, "The use of line current as a condition monitoring tool for three phase induction motors," in Proc. IEE Colloq. Des., Oper. Maintenance High Voltage (3.3 kV to 11 kV) Electr. Motors Process Plant (Ref. 1999/044), 1999, pp. 7/1-7/4.
162. W. T. Thomson and M. Fenger, "Industrial application of current signature analysis to diagnose faults in 3-phase squirrel cage induction motors," in Conf. Rec. Annu. Pulp Paper Ind. Tech. Conf., 2000, pp. 205-211.
163. D. G. Dorrell, W. T. Thomson, and S. Roach, "Analysis of airgap flux, current, and vibration signals as a function of the combination of static and dynamic airgap eccentricity in 3-phase induction motors," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 24-34, Jan./Feb. 1997.
164. J. R. Cameron, W. T. Thomson, and A. B. Dow, "Vibration and current monitoring for detecting airgap eccentricity in large induction motors,"
165. G. M. Joksimovic, "Dynamic simulation of cage induction machine with air gap eccentricity," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng.-Elect. Power Appl., vol. 152, no. 4, pp. 803-811, Jul. 2005.
166. A. Burakov and A. Arkkio, "Low-order parametric force model for eccentric-rotor electrical machine with parallel connections in stator winding," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng.-Elect. Power Appl., vol. 153, no. 4, pp. 592-600, Jul. 2006.
167. J. E. Bangura and N. A. Demerdash, "Comparison between characterization and diagnosis of broken bars/end-ring connectors and airgap eccentricities of induction motors in ASDs using a coupled finite element-state space method," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 48-56, Mar. 2000.
168. J. Faiz, B. M. Ebrahimi, B. Akin, and H. A. Toliyat, "Finite-element transient analysis of induction motors under mixed eccentricity fault," IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 66-74, Jan. 2008.
169. H. A. Toliyat, M. S. Arefeen, and A. G. Parlos, "A method for dynamic simulation of air-gap eccentricity in induction machines," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 910-918, Jul./Aug. 1996.
170. S. Nandi, R. M. Bharadwaj, and H. A. Toliyat, "Performance analysis of a three-phase induction motor under mixed eccentricity condition," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 392-399, Sep. 2002.
171. A. M. Knight and S. P. Bertani, "Mechanical fault detection in a mediumsized induction motor using stator current monitoring," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 753-760, Dec. 2005.
172. X. Li, Q. Wu, and S. Nandi, "Performance analysis of a three-phase induction machine with inclined static eccentricity," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 531-541, Mar./Apr. 2007.
173. A. Ferrah, P. J. Hogben-Laing, K. J. Bradley, G. M. Asher, and M. S. Woolfson, "The effect of rotor design on sensorless speed estimation using rotor slot harmonics identified by adaptive digital filtering using the maximum likelihood approach," in Conf. Rec. 32nd IEEE IAS Annu. Meeting, 1997, vol. 1, pp. 128-135.
174. S. Nandi, S. Ahmed, and H. A. Toliyat, "Detection of rotor slot and other eccentricity related harmonics in a three phase induction motor with different rotor cages," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 253-260, Sep. 2001.
175. A. J. M. Cardoso and E. S. Saraiva, "Computer-aided detection of airgap eccentricity in operating three-phase induction motors by Park's vector approach," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 897-901, Sep./Oct. 1993.
176. Z. Liu, X. Yin, Z. Zhang, D. Chen, and W. Chen, "Online rotor mixed fault diagnosis way based on spectrum analysis of instantaneous power in squirrel cage induction motors," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 485-490, Sep. 2004.
177. M. Drif and A. J. M. Cardoso, "Airgap-eccentricity fault diagnosis, in three-phase induction motors, by the complex apparent power signature analysis," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1404-1410, Mar. 2008.
178. M. Drif and A. J. M. Cardoso, "The use of the instantaneousreactive- power signature analysis for rotor-cage-fault diagnostics in three-phase induction motors," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 11, pp. 4606-4614, Nov. 2009.
179. R. R. Schoen and T. G. Habetler, "Evaluation and implementation of a system to eliminate arbitrary load effects in current-based monitoring of induction machines," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 1571-1577, Nov./Dec. 1997.
180. R. R. Obaid, T. G. Habetler, and D. J. Gritter, "A simplified technique for detecting mechanical faults using stator current in small induction motors," in Conf. Rec. IEEE IAS Annu. Meeting, 2000, vol. 1, pp. 479-483.
181. L. Wu, T. G. Habetler, and R. G. Harley, "Separating load torque oscillation and rotor fault effects in stator current-based motor condition monitoring," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Elect. Mach. Drives, 2005, pp. 1889-1894.
182. L. Wu, X. Huang, T. G. Habetler, and R. G. Harley, "Eliminating load oscillation effects for rotor eccentricity detection in closed-loop driveconnected induction motors," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1543-1551, Jul. 2007.
183. L. Wu, T. G. Habetler, and R. G. Harley, "A review of separating mechanical load effects from rotor faults detection in induction motors," in Proc. IEEE Int. SDEMPED, 2007, pp. 221-225.
184. G. Bossio, C. D. Angelo, J. Solsona, G. O. Garca, and M. I. Valla, "Application of an additional excitation in inverter-fed induction motors for air-gap eccentricity diagnosis," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 839-847, Dec. 2006.
185. X. Huang, T. G. Habetler, and R. G. Harley, "Detection of rotor eccentricity faults in a closed-loop drive-connected induction motor using an artificial neural network," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1552-1559, Jul. 2007.
186. M. J. Kim, B. K. Kim, J. W. Moon, Y. H. Cho, D. H. Hwang, and D. S. Kang, "Analysis of inverter-fed squirrel-cage induction motor during eccentric rotor motion using FEM," IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 1538-1541, Jun. 2008.
187. X. Huang, T. G. Habetler, R. G. Harley, and E. J. Wiedenbrug, "Using a surge tester to detect rotor eccentricity faults in induction motors," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 1183-1190, Sep./Oct. 2007.
188. R. Puche-Panadero, J. Pons-Llinares, J. Roger-Folch, and M. Pineda- Sanchez, "Diagnosis of eccentricity based on the Hilbert transform of the startup transient current," in Proc. IEEE Int. SDEMPED, 2009, pp. 1-6.