Diagnostic and therapeutic use of membrane proteins in cancer cells

Current Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 176-190

  Grimm, D ^a   Bauer, J ^b   Pietsch, J ^c   Infanger, M ^d   Eucker, J ^e   Eilles, C ^f   Schoenberger, J ^f  

^a AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

^b MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE OF BIOCHEMISTRY   (Germany)

^c FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LEIPZIG   (Germany)

^e CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

^f UNIVERSITY OF REGENSBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Biomarker; Breast cancer; Colorectal cancer; Prostate cancer; Proteomics; Thyroid cancer

Indexed keywords

1,4,7,10 TETRAAZACYCLODODECANE 1,4,7,10 TETRAACETIC ACID; 2 MORPHOLINO 8 PHENYLCHROMONE; 5 AZA 2' DEOXYCYTIDINE; BEVACIZUMAB; CARPROFEN; DOCETAXEL; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2; ERTUMAXOMAB; GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 90; LAPATINIB; N ACETYLGALACTOSAMINE; N ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE; N ACETYLNEURAMINIC ACID; NERATINIB; NEU DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR; PACLITAXEL; PENTETREOTIDE; PERTUZUMAB; PROSTATE SPECIFIC MEMBRANE ANTIGEN; SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTOR; SUNITINIB; TANESPIMYCIN; THYROTROPIN; TRASTUZUMAB; VASCULOTROPIN;

ARTICLE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER CELL; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL COMMUNICATION AND CELL CONTACT; CELL STRAIN LNCAP; COLORECTAL CARCINOMA; DRUG INHIBITION; HUMAN; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING; ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PROSTATE CANCER; PROTEIN CLEAVAGE; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN GLYCOSYLATION; RADIOACTIVITY; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY; THYROID MEDULLARY CARCINOMA; THYROID TUMOR; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT; TUMOR XENOGRAFT;

BREAST NEOPLASMS; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MEMBRANE PROTEINS; NEOPLASMS; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; THYROID NEOPLASMS; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 78751559415     PISSN: 09298673     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/092986711794088344     Document Type: Article

References (168)

1. Kamangar, F.; Dores, G. M.; Anderson, W. F. Patterns of cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence across five continents: Defining priorities to reduce cancer disparities in different geographic regions of the world. J. Clin. Oncol., 2006, 24, 2137-2150.
2. Danaei, G.; Van der Hoorn, S.; Lopez, A. D.; Murray, C. J. L.; Ezzati, M. Causes of cancer in the world: comparative risk assessment of nine behavioural and environmental risk factors. Lancet, 2005, 366, 1784-1793.
3. Escribá, P. V.; Gonzalez-Ros, J. M.; Goni, F. M.; Kinnunen, P. K. J.; Vigh, L.; Sanchez-Magraner, L.; Fernandez, A. M.; Busquets, X.; Horvath, I.; Barcelo-Coblijn, G. Membranes: a meeting point for lipids, proteins and therapies. J. Cell. Mol. Med., 2008, 12, 829-875.
4. Arinaminpathy, Y.; Khurana, E.; Engelman, D. M.; Gerstein, M. B. Computational analysis of membrane proteins: the largest class of drug targets. Drug Discov. Today, 2009, 14, 1130-1135.
5. Tan, S.; Tan, H. T.; Chung, M. C. M. Membrane proteins and membrane proteomics. Proteomics, 2008, 8, 3924-3932.
6. Almen, M. S.; Nordstrom, K. J. V.; Fredriksson, R.; Schioth, H. B. Mapping the human membrane proteome: a majority of the human membrane proteins can be classified according to function and evolutionary origin. BMC Biol., 2009, 7, article no. 50.
7. Ahram, M.; Litou, Z. I.; Fang R.; Al-Tawallbeh, G. Estimation of membrane proteins in the human proteome. In Silico Biol., 2006, 6, 379-386.
8. Ghirlanda, G. Design of membrane proteins: toward functional systems. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol., 2009, 13, 643-651.
9. Werten, P. J. L.; Rémigy, H. W.; de Groot, B. L.; Fotiadis, D.; Philippsen, A.; Stahlberg, H.; Grubmuller, H.; Engel, A. Progress in the analysis of membrane protein structure and function. FEBS Lett., 2002, 529, 65-72.
10. Spiro, R. G. Protein glycosylation: nature, distribution, enzymatic formation, and disease implications of glycopeptide bonds. Glycobiol., 2002, 12, 43R-56R.
11. Bast, R. C.; Lilja, H.; Urban, N.; Rimm, D. L.; Fritsche, H.; Gray, J.; Veltri, R.; Klee, G.; Allen, A.; Kim, N.; Gutman, S.; Rubin, M. A.; Hruszkewycz, A. Translational crossroads for biomarkers. Clin. Cancer Res., 2005, 11, 6103-6108.
12. Josic, D.; Clifton, J. G.; Kovac, S.; Hixson, D. C. Membrane proteins as diagnostic biomarkers and targets for new therapies. Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther., 2008, 10, 116-123.
13. Polanski, M.; Anderson, N. A. A list of candidate cancer biomarkers for targeted proteomics. Biomark. Insights, 2007, 1, 1-48.
14. Speers, A. E.; Wu, C. C. Proteomics of integral membrane proteinstheory and application. Chem. Rev., 2007, 107, 3687-3714.
15. Vaisar, T. Proteomic analysis of lipid-protein complexes. J. Lipid Res., 2009, 50, 781-786.
16. Saxon, E.; Bertozzi, C. R. Cell surface engineering by a modified Staudinger reaction. Science, 2000, 287, 2007-2010.
17. Chang, P. V.; Prescher, J. A.; Sletten, E. M.; Baskin, J. M.; Miller, I. A.; Agard, N. J.; Lo, A.; Bertozzi, C. R. Copper-free click chemistry in living animals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2010, 107, 1821-1826.
18. Wisniewski, J. R.; Zougman, A.; Mann, M. Combination of FASP and Stage Tip-based fractionation allows in-depth analysis of the hippocampal membrane proteome. J. Proteome Res., 2009, 8, 5674-5678.
19. Schonberger, J.; Bauer, J.; Spruss, T.; Weber, G.; Chahoud, I.; Eilles, C.; Grimm, D. Establishment and characterization of the follicular thyroid carcinoma cell line ML-1. J. Mol. Med., 2000, 78, 102-110.
20. Weber, G.; Grimm, D.; Bauer, J. Application of binary buffer systems to free flow cell electrophoresis. Electrophoresis, 2000, 21, 325-328.
21. Grimm, D.; Bauer, J.; Hofstädter, F.; Riegger, G. A. J.; Kromer, E. P. Characteristics of multicellular spheroids formed by primary cultures of human thyroid tumor cells. Thyroid, 1997, 7, 859-865.
22. Sawhney, S.; Stubbs, R.; Hood, K. Reproducibility, sensitivity and compatibility of the Proteo Extracts subcellular fractionation kit with saturation labeling of laser microdissected tissues. Proteomics, 2009, 9, 4087-4092.
23. Bauer, J.; Grimm, D.; Hofstaedter, F.; Wieland, W. Techniques for studies on growth-characteristics of human prostatic-cancer cells. Biotechnol. Prog., 1992, 8, 494-500.
24. Nagaraj, N.; Lu, A.; Mann, M.; Wisniewski, J. R. Detergent-based but gel-free method allows identification of several hundred membrane proteins in single LC-MS runs. J. Proteome Res., 2008, 7, 5028-5032.
25. Krause, K.; Schierhorn, A.; Sinz, A.; Wissmann, J. D.; Beck-Sickinger, A. G.; Paschke, R.; Fuhrer, D. Towards the application of proteomics to human thyroid tissue. Thyroid, 2006, 16, 1131-1143.
26. Obermaier, C.; Jankowski, V.; Schmutzler, C.; Bauer, J.; Wildgruber, R.; Infanger, M.; Kohrle, J.; Krause, E.; Weber, G.; Grimm, D. Free-flow isoelectric focusing of proteins remaining in cell fragments following sonication of thyroid carcinoma cells. Electrophoresis, 2005, 26, 2109-2116.
27. Damaraju, S.; Zhang, N.; Li, N.; Tao, L.; Damaraju, V. L.; Dufour, J.; Santos, C.; Sun, X. J.; Mackey, J.; Wishart, D. S.; Cass, C. E.; Li, L. Evidence for copurification of micronuclei in sucrose density gradient-enriched plasma membranes from cell lines. Anal. Biochem., 2010, 396, 69-75.
28. Kang, D.; Yoo, J. S.; Kim, M. O.; Moon, M. H. A soft preparative method for membrane proteome analysis using frit inlet asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation: Application in a prostatic cancer cell Line. J. Proteome Res., 2009, 8, 982-991.
29. Lu, B. W.; McClatchy, D. B.; Kim, J. Y.; Yates, J. R. Strategies for shotgun identification of integral membrane proteins by tandem mass spectrometry. Proteomics, 2008, 8, 3947-3955.
30. Elschenbroich, S.; Kim, Y.; Medin, J. A.; Kislinger, T. Isolation of cell surface proteins for mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Expert Rev. Proteomics, 2010, 7, 141-154
31. Wu, C. C.; MacCoss, M. J.; Howell, K. E.; Yates, J. R. A method for the comprehensive proteomic analysis of membrane proteins. Nat. Biotech., 2003, 21, 532-538.
32. Pietsch, J.; Kussian, R.; Sickmann, A.; Bauer, J.; Weber, G.; Nissum, M.; Westphal, K.; Egli, M.; Grosse, J.; Schonberger, J.; Wildgruber, R.; Infanger, M.; Grimm, D. Application of free-flow IEF to identify protein candidates changing under microgravity conditions. Proteomics, 2010, 10, 904-913.
33. Wang, Y.; Ao, X.; Vuong, H.; Konanur, M.; Miller, F. R.; Goodison, S.; Lubman, D. M. Membrane glycoproteins associated with breast tumor cell progression identified by a lectin affinity approach. J. Proteome Res., 2008, 7, 4313-4325.
34. Vercoutter-Edouart, A. S.; Slomianny, M. C.; Dekeyzer-Beseme, O.; Haeuw, J. F.; Michalski, J. C. Glycoproteomics and glycomics investigation of membrane N-glycosylproteins from human colon carcinoma cells. Proteomics, 2008, 8, 3236-3256.
35. Qiu, H. B.; Wang, Y. S. Quantitative analysis of surface plasma membrane proteins of primary and metastatic melanoma cells. J. Proteome Res. 2008, 7, 1904-1915.
36. Chen, W. N. U.; Yu, L. R.; Strittmatter, E. F.; Thrall, B. D.; Camp, D. G.; Smith, R. D. Detection of in situ labeled cell surface proteins by mass spectrometry: Application to the membrane subproteome of human mammary epithelial cells. Proteomics, 2003, 3, 1647-1651.
37. Zhao, Y. X.; Zhang, W.; Kho, Y. J.; Zhao, Y. M. Proteomic analysis of integral plasma membrane proteins. Anal. Chem., 2004, 76, 1817-1823.
38. Olsen, J. V.; Ong, S. E.; Mann, M. Trypsin cleaves exclusively C-terminal to arginine and lysine residues. Mol. Cell. Proteomics, 2004, 3, 608-614.
39. Fang, X. P.; Balgley, B. M.; Lee, C. S. Recent advances in capillary electrophoresis-based proteomic techniques for biomarker discovery. Electrophoresis, 2009, 30, 3998-4007.
40. Wang, Y.; Rudnick, P. A.; Evans, E. L.; Li, J.; Zhengping, Z.; Devoe, D. L.; Lee, C. S.; Balgley, B. M. Proteome analysis of microdissected tumor tissue using a capillary isoelectric focusing-based multidimensional separation platform coupled with ESI-tandem MS. Anal. Chem., 2005, 77, 6549-6556.
41. Carroll, A. M.; Zalustsky, M.; Schatten, S.; Bhan, A.; Perry, L. L.; Sobotka, C.; Benacerraf, B.; Greene, M. I. Monoclonal-antibodies to tissue-specific cell surface antigens. 1. Characterization of an antibody to a prostate tissue antigen. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 1984, 33, 268-281.
42. Zhang, G.; Zhang, H.; Wang, Q.; Lal, P.; Carroll, A. M.; de la Llera-Moya, M.; Xu, X.; Greene, M. I. Suppression of human prostate tumor growth by a unique prostate-specific monoclonal antibody F77 targeting a glycolipid marker. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2010, 107, 732-737.
43. Tannenberg, A. E. G.; Muller, H. K.; Cauchi, M. N.; Nairn, R. C. Incidence of autoantibodies in cancer patents. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 1973, 15, 153-156.
44. Desmetz, C.; Maudelonde, T.; Mange, A.; Solassol, J. Identifying autoantibody signatures in cancer: a promising challenge. Expert Rev. Proteomics, 2009, 6, 377-386.
45. Tan, H. T.; Low, J.; Lim, S. G.; Chung, M. C. M. Serum autoantibodies as biomarkers for early cancer detection. FEBS J., 2009, 276, 6880-6904.
46. Brandlein, S.; Pohle, T.; Ruoff, N.; Wozniak, E.; Muller-Hermelink, H. K.; Vollmers, H. P. Natural IgM antibodies and immunosurveillance mechanisms against epithelial cancer cells in humans. Cancer Res., 2003, 63, 7995-8005.
47. Gogas, H.; Ioannovich, J.; Dafni, U.; Stavropoulou-Giokas, C.; Frangia, K.; Tsoutsos, D.; Panagiotou, P.; Polyzos, A.; Papadopoulos, O.; Stratigos, A.; Markopoulos, C.; Bafaloukos, D.; Pectasides, D.; Fountzilas, G.; Kirkwood, J. M. Prognostic significance of autoimmunity during treatment of melanoma with interferon. N. Engl. J. Med., 2006, 354, 709-718.
48. Bauer, J. Separation of lymphoid cells using combined countercurrent elutriation and continuous-flow electrophoresis. ACS Symposium Series, 1991, 464, 206-215.
49. Vollmers, H. P.; O'Connor, R.; Müller, J.; Kirchner, T.; Müller-Hermelink, H. K. SC-1, a functional human monoclonal-antibody against autologous stomach carcinoma-cells. Cancer Res., 1989, 49, 2471-2476.
50. Vollmers, H. P.; Brandlein, S. Natural human immunoglobulins in cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy, 2009, 1, 241-248.
51. Kattan, M. W. Judging new markers by their ability to improve predictive accuracy. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 2003, 95, 634-635.
52. Delbeke, D.; Schoder, H.; Martin, W. H.; Wahl, R. L. Hybrid imaging (SPECT/CT and PET/CT): improving therapeutic decisions. Semin. Nucl. Med., 2009, 39, 308-340.
53. Elsässer-Beile, U.; Reischl, G.; Wiehr, S.; Buhler, P.; Wolf, P.; Alt, K.; Shively, J.; Judenhofer, M. S.; Machulla, H. J.; Pichler, B. J. PET Imaging of prostate cancer xenografts with a highly specific antibody against the prostate-specific membrane antigen. J. Nucl. Med., 2009, 50, 606-611.
54. Li, W. P.; Meyer, L. A.; Capretto, D. A.; Sherman, C. D.; Anderson, C. J. Receptor-binding, biodistribution, and metabolism studies of Cu-64-DOTA-cetuximab, a PET-imaging agent for epidermal growth-factor receptor-positive tumors. Cancer Biother. Radiopharm., 2008, 23, 158-171.
55. Kim, H.; Chaudhuri, T. R.; Buchsbaum, D. J.; Wang, D. L.; Zinn, K. R. High-resolution single-photon emission computed tomography and X-ray computed tomography imaging of Tc-99m-labeled anti-DR5 antibody in breast tumor xenografts. Mol. Cancer Ther., 2007, 6, 866-875. (Pubitemid 46554556)
56. Konda, S. D.; Aref, M.; Wang, S.; Brechbiel, M.; Wiener, E. C. Specific targeting of folate-dendrimer MRI contrast agents to the high affinity folate receptor expressed in ovarian tumor xenografts. MAGMA, 2001, 12, 104-113.
57. Reubi, J. C.; Maecke, H. R. Peptide-based probes for cancer imaging. J. Nucl. Med. 2008, 49, 1735-1738.
58. Reubi, J. C.; Waser, B.; Schaer, J. C.; Laissue, J. A. Somatostatin receptor sst1-sst5 expression in normal and neoplastic human tissues using receptor autoradiography with subtype-selective ligands. Eur. J. Nucl. Med., 2001, 28, 836-846.
59. Coughlin, S. S.; Ekwueme, D. U. Breast cancer as a global health concern. Cancer Epidemiol., 2009, 33, 315-318.
60. Madrid, F. F. Autoantibodies in breast cancer sera: candidate biomarkers and reporters of tumorigenesis. Cancer Lett., 2005, 230, 187-198.
61. Yi, J. K.; Chang, J. W.; Han, W.; Lee, J. W.; Ko, E.; Kim, D. H.; Bae, J. Y.; Yu, J.; Lee, C.; Yu, M. H.; Noh, D. Y. Autoantibody to Tumor Antigen, Alpha 2-HS Glycoprotein: A Novel Biomarker of Breast Cancer Screening and Diagnosis. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 2009, 18, 1357-1364.
62. Rudchenko, S.; Scanlan, M.; Kalantarov, G.; Yavelsky, V.; Levy, C.; Estabrook, A.; Old, L.; Chan, G. L.; Lobel, L.; Trakht, I. A human monoclonal autoantibody to breast cancer identifies the PDZ domain containing protein GIPCI as a novel breast cancerassociated antigen. BMC Cancer, 2008, 8, 248.
63. Lund, R.; Leth-Larsen, R.; Jensen, O. N.; Ditzel, H. J. Efficient isolation and quantitative proteomic analysis of cancer cell plasma membrane proteins for identification of metastasis-associated cell surface markers. J. Proteome Res., 2009, 8, 3078-3090.
64. Gast, M. C. W.; Schellens, J. H. M.; Beijnen, J. H. Clinical proteomics in breast cancer: a review. Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 2009, 116, 17-29.
65. Hondermarck, H.; Tastet, C.; El Yazidi-Belkoura, L.; Toillon, R. A.; Le Bourhis, X. Proteomics of breast cancer: The quest for markers and therapeutic targets. J. Proteome Res., 2008, 7, 1403-1411.
66. Whelan, S. A.; Lu, M.; He, J. B.; Yan, W. H.; Saxton, R. E.; Faull, K. F.; Whitelegge, J. P.; Chang, H. R. Mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) site-mapping of N-glycosylated membrane proteins for breast cancer biomarkers. J. Proteome Res., 2009, 8, 4151-4160.
67. Chen, S. T.; Pan, T. L.; Juan, H. F.; Chen, T. Y.; Lin, Y. S.; Huang, C. M. Breast tumor microenvironment: Proteomics highlights the treatments targeting secretome. J. Proteome Res., 2008, 7, 1379-1387.
68. Slamon, D. J.; Clark, G. M.; Wong, S. G.; Levin, W. J.; Ullrich, A.; McGuire, W. L. Human breast cancer: correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER-2/neu oncogene. Science, 1987, 235, 177-182.
69. Coussens, L.; Yang-Feng, T. L.; Liao, Y. C.; Chen, E.; Gray, A.; McGrath, J.; Seeburg, P. H.; Libermann, T. A.; Schlessinger, J.; Francke, U. Tyrosine kinase receptor with extensive homology to EGF receptor shares chromosomal location with neu oncogene. Science, 1985, 230, 1132-1139.
70. Schechter, A. L.; Stern, D. F.; Vaidyanathan, L.; Decker, S. J.; Drebin, J. A.; Greene, M. I.; Weinberg, R. A. The neu oncogene: an erb-B-related gene encoding a 185, 000-Mr tumor antigen. Nature, 1984, 312, 513-516.
71. Lee, J.; Dull, T. J.; Schlessinger, J.; Ullrich, A. Her2 cytoplasmic domain generates normal mitogenic and transforming signals in a chimeric receptor. EMBO J., 1989, 8, 167-173.
72. Peles, E.; Bacus, S. S.; Koski, R. A.; Lu, H. S.; Wen, D. Z.; Ogden, S. G.; Benlevy, R.; Yarden, Y. Isolation of the neu/Her-2 stimulatory ligand - A 44 kD glycoprotein that induces differentiation of mammary tumor cells. Cell, 1992, 69, 205-216.
73. Baselga, J.; Norton, L.; Albanell, J.; Kim, Y. M.; Mendelsohn, J. Recombinant humanized anti-HER2 antibody (Herceptin (TM)) enhances the antitumor activity of paclitaxel and doxorubicin against HER2/neu overexpressing human breast cancer xenografts. Cancer Res., 1998, 58, 2825-2831.
74. Slamon, D. J.; Leyland-Jones, B.; Shak, S.; Fuchs, H.; Paton, V.; Bajamonde, A.; Fleming, T.; Eiermann, W.; Wolter, J.; Pegram, M.; Baselga, J.; Norton, L. Use of chemotherapy plus a monoclonal antibody against HER2 for metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses HER2. N. Engl. J. Med., 2001, 344, 783-792.
75. Spector, N. L.; Blackwell, K. L. Understanding the mechanisms behind Trastuzumab therapy for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol., 2009, 27, 5838-5847.
76. Available from: http//:www.clinicaltrials.gov
77. Brandes, A. A.; Franceschi, E.; Tosoni, A.; Degli Esposti, R. Trastuzumab and lapatinib beyond Trastuzumab progression for metastatic breast cancer: strategies and pitfalls. Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther., 2010, 10, 179-184.
78. Burstein, H. J.; Sun, Y.; Dirix, L. Y.; Jiang, Z.; Paridaens, R.; Tan, A. R.; Awada, A.; Ranade, A.; Jiao, S.; Schwartz, G.; Abbas, R.; Powell, C.; Turnbull, K.; Vermette, J.; Zacharchuk, C.; Badwe, R. Neratinib, an irreversible ErbB receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced ErbB2-positive breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol., 2010, 28, 1301-1307.
79. Ross, J. S.; Slodkowska, E. A.; Symmans, W. F.; Pusztai, L.; Ravdin, P. M.; Hortobagyi, G. N. The HER-2 Receptor and Breast Cancer: Ten Years of Targeted Anti-HER-2 Therapy and Personalized Medicine. Oncologist, 2009, 14, 320-368.
80. Metzger-Filho, O.; Vora, T.; Awada, A. Management of metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer progression after adjuvant Trastuzumab therapy - current evidence and future trends. Expert. Opin. Investig. Drugs, 2010, (Suppl 1), S31-S39.
81. Ferlay, J.; Autier, P.; Boniol, M.; Heanue, M.; Colombet, M.; Boyle, P. Estimates of the cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2006. Annal. Oncol., 2007, 18, 581-592.
82. Roberts, W. W.; Bergstralh, E. J.; Blute, M. L.; Slezak, J. M.; Carducci, M.; Han, M.; Epstein, J. I.; Eisenberger, M. A.; Walsh, P. C.; Partin, A. W. Contemporary identification of patients at high risk of early prostate cancer recurrence after radical retropubic prostatectomy. Urology, 2001, 57, 1033-1037.
83. Mimeault, M.; Batra, S. K. Recent advances on multiple tumorigenic cascades involved in prostatic cancer progression and targeting therapies. Carcinogenesis, 2006, 27, 1-22.
84. Li, Y.; Cozzi, P. J.; Russell, P. J. Promising tumor-associated antigens for future prostate cancer therapy. Med. Res. Rev., 2010, 30, 67-101.
85. Bensalah, K.; Lotan, Y.; Karam, J. A.; Shariat, S. F. New circulating biomarkers for prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis., 2008, 11, 112-120.
86. Sardana, G.; Jung, K.; Stephan, C.; Diamandis, E. P. Proteomic analysis of conditioned media from the PC3, LNCaP, and 22Rv1 prostate cancer cell lines: Discovery and validation of candidate prostate cancer biomarkers. J. Proteome Res., 2008, 7, 3329-3338.
87. Lexander, H.; Palmberg, C.; Hellman, U.; Auer, G.; Hellstrom, M.; Franzen, B.; Jornvall, H.; Egevad, L. Correlation of protein expression, Gleason score and DNA ploidy in prostate cancer. Proteomics, 2006, 15, 4370-4380.
88. Whitaker, H. C.; Stanbury, D. P. B.; Brinham, C.; Girling, J.; Hanrahan, S.; Totty, N.; Neal, D. E. Labeling and identification of LNCaP cell surface proteins: A pilot study. Prostate, 2007, 67, 943-954.
89. Troyer, D. A.; Mubiru, J.; Leach, R. J.; Naylor, S. L. Promise and challenge: Markers of prostate cancer detection, diagnosis and prognosis. Dis. Markers, 2004, 20, 117-128.
90. Romanuik, T. L.; Ueda, T.; Le, N.; Haile, S.; Yong, T. M. K.; Thomson, T.; Vessella, R. L.; Sadar, M. D. Novel biomarkers for prostate cancer including noncoding transcripts. Am. J. Pathol., 2009, 175, 2264-2276.
91. Hastie, C.; Saxton, M.; Akpan, A.; Cramer, R.; Masters, J. R.; Naaby-Hansen, S. Combined affinity labelling and mass spectrometry analysis of differential cell surface protein expression in normal and prostate cancer cells. Oncogene, 2005, 24, 5905-5913.
92. Larkin, S. E. T.; Zeidan, B.; Taylor, M. G.; Bickers, B.; Al-Ruwaili, J.; Aukim-Hastie, C.; Townsend, P. A. Proteomics in prostate cancer biomarker discovery. Expert Rev. Proteomics, 2010, 7, 93-102.
93. Wang, X. J. Autoantibody biomarkers in prostate cancer. Labmedicine, 2008, 39, 165-171.
94. Pflug, B. R.; Onoda, M.; Lynch, J. H.; Djakiew, D. Reduced expression of the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor in benign and malignant human prostate tissue and loss of expression in four human metastatic prostate tumor cell lines. Cancer Res., 1992, 52, 5403-5406.
95. Pflug, B.; Djakiew, D. Expression of p75 (NTR) in a human prostate epithelial tumor cell line reduces nerve growth factor-induced cell growth by activation of programmed cell death. Mol. Carcinog., 1998, 23, 106-114.
96. Quann, E. J.; Khwaja, F.; Zavitz, K. H.; Djakiew, D. The aryl propionic acid R-flurbiprofen selectively induces p75 (NTR)-dependent decreased survival of prostate tumor cells. Cancer Res., 2007, 67, 3254-3262.
97. Khwaja, F. S.; Quann, E. J.; Pattabiraman, N.; Wynne, S.; Djakiew, D. Carprofen induction of p75 (NTR)-dependent apoptosis via the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in prostate cancer cells. Mol. Cancer Ther., 2008, 7, 3539-3545.
98. Friedman, W. J.; Greene, L. A. Neurotrophin signaling via Trks and p75. Exp. Cell Res., 1999, 253, 131-142.
99. Klinger, M. B.; Vizzard, M. A. Role of p75 (NTR) in female rat urinary bladder with cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol., 2008, 295, 1778-1789.
100. Liu, T. C.; Toriyabe, Y.; Berkman, C. E. Purification of prostatespecific membrane antigen using conformational epitope-specific antibody-affinity chromatography. Protein Expr. Purif., 2006, 49, 251-255.
101. Haffner, M. C.; Kronberger, I. E.; Ross, J. S.; Sheehan, C. E.; Zitt, M.; Muhlmann, G.; Ofner, D.; Zelger, B.; Ensinger, C.; Yang, X. M. J.; Geley, S.; Margreiter, R.; Bander, N. H. Prostate-specific membrane antigen expression in the neovasculature of gastric and colorectal cancers. Hum. Pathol., 2009, 40, 1754-1761.
102. Carter, R. E.; Feldman, A. R.; Coyle, J. T. Prostate-specific membrane antigen is a hydrolase with substrate and pharmacologic characteristics of a neuropeptidase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 1996, 93, 749-753.
103. Pinto, J. T.; Suffoletto, B. P.; Berzin, T. M.; Qiao, C. H.; Lin, S. L.; Tong, W. P.; May, F.; Mukherjee, B.; Heston, W. D. W. Prostatespecific membrane antigen: a novel folate hydrolase in human prostatic carcinoma cells. Clin. Cancer Res., 1996, 2, 1445-1451.
104. Barwe, S. P.; Maul, R. S.; Christiansen, J. J.; Anilkumar, G.; Cooper, C. R.; Kohn, D. B.; Rajasekaran, A. K. Preferential association of prostate cancer cells expressing prostate specific membrane antigen to bone marrow matrix. Int. J. Oncol., 2007, 30, 899-904.
105. Colombatti, M.; Grasso, S.; Porzia, A.; Fracasso, G.; Scupoli, M. T.; Cingarlini, S.; Poffe, O.; Naim, H. Y.; Heine, M.; Tridente, G.; Mainiero, F.; Ramarli, D. The prostate specific membrane antigen regulates the expression of IL-6 and CCL5 in prostate tumor cells by activating the MAPK pathways. PLoS One, 2009, 4, 4608.
106. Elsasser-Beile, U.; Buhler, P.; Wolf, P. Targeted therapies for prostate cancer against the prostate specific membrane antigen. Curr. Drug Targets, 2009, 10, 118-125.
107. Chen, F. L.; Armstrong, A. J.; George, D. J. Cell signaling modifiers in prostate cancer. Cancer J., 2008, 14, 40-45.
108. Lara, P. N. Jr.; Chee, K. G.; Longmate, J.; Ruel, C.; Meyers, F. J.; Gray, C. R.; Edwards, R. G.; Gumerlock, P. H.; Twardowski, P.; Doroshow, J. H.; Gandara, D. R. Trastuzumab plus docetaxel in HER-2/neu-positive prostate carcinoma: final results from the California Cancer Consortium Screening and Phase II Trial. Cancer, 2004, 100, 2125-2131. (Pubitemid 38580330)
109. Lantry, L. E.; Cappelletti, E.; Maddalena, M. E.; Fox, J. S.; Feng, W. W.; Chen, J. Q.; Thomas, R.; Eaton, S. M.; Bogdan, N. J.; Arunachalam, T.; Reubi, J. C.; Raju, N.; Metcalfe, E. C.; Lattuada, L.; Linder, K. E.; Swenson, R. E.; Tweedle, M. F.; Nunn, A. D. Lu-177-AMBA: Synthesis and characterization of a selective Lu-177-labeled GRP-R agonist for systemic radiotherapy of prostate cancer. J. Nucl. Med., 2006, 47, 1144-1152.
110. Grimm, D.; Bauer, J.; Schoenberger, J. Blockade of neoangiogenesis, a new and promising technique to control the growth of malignant tumors and their metastases, Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol, 2009, 7, 347-357.
111. Veenendaal, L. M.; Jin, H. Q.; Ran, S.; Cheung, L.; Navone, N.; Marks, J. W.; Waltenberger, J.; Thorpe, P.; Rosenblum, M. G.; In vitro and in vivo studies of a VEGF (121)/rGelonin chimeric fusion toxin targeting the neovasculature of solid tumors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2002, 99, 7866-7871.
112. Di Lorenzo, G.; Figg, W. D.; Fossa, S. D.; Mirone, V.; Autorino, R.; Longo, N.; Imbimbo, C.; Perdonà, S.; Giordano, A.; Giuliano, M.; Labianca, R.; De Placido, S.; Combination of bevacizumab and docetaxel in docetaxel-pretreated hormone-refractory prostate cancer: a phase 2 study. Eur. Urol, 2008, 54, 1089-1094.
113. Vini, L.; Harmer, C. Management of thyroid cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2002, 3, 407-414.
114. Damante, G.; Scaloni, A.; Tell, G. Thyroid tumors: novel insights from proteomic studies. Expert Rev. Proteomics, 2009, 6, 363-376.
115. Gonzalez, H. E.; Leiva, A.; Tobar, H.; Bohmwald, K.; Tapia, G.; Torres, J.; Mosso, L. M.; Bueno, S. M.; Gonzalez, P.; Kalergis, A. M.; Riedel, C. A. Altered chemokine receptor expression in papillary thyroid cancer. Thyroid, 2009, 19, 957-965.
116. Solini, A.; Cuccato, S.; Ferrari, D.; Santini, E.; Gulinelli, S.; Callegari, M. G.; Dardano, A.; Faviana, P.; Madec, S.; Di Virgilio, F.; Monzani, F. Increased P2X7 receptor expression and function in thyroid papillary cancer: a new potential marker of the disease? Endocrinology, 2008, 149, 389-396.
117. Schönberger, J.; Rüschoff, J.; Grimm, D.; Marienhagen, J.; Rümmele, P.; Meyringer, R.; Kossmehl, P.; Hofstaedter, F.; Eilles, C. Glucose transporter 1 gene expression is related to thyroid neoplasms with an unfavorable prognosis: an immunohistochemical study. Thyroid, 2002, 12, 747-754.
118. Mitselou, A.; Ioachim, E.; Peschos, D.; Charalabopoulos, K.; Michael, M.; Agnantis, N. J.; Vougiouklakis, T. E-cadherin adhesion molecule and syndecan-1 expression in various thyroid pathologies. Exp. Oncol, 2007, 29, 54-60.
119. Kogai, T.; Endo, T.; Saito, T.; Miyazaki, A.; Kawaguchi, A.; Onaya, T. Regulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone of sodium/iodide symporter gene expression and protein levels in FRTL-5 cells. Endocrinology, 1997, 138, 2227-2232.
120. Kogai, T.; Sajid-Crockett, S.; Newmarch, L. S.; Liu, Y. Y.; Brent, G. A. Phosphoinositide-3-kinase inhibition induces sodium/iodide symporter expression in rat thyroid cells and human papillary thyroid cancer cells. J. Endocrinol, 2008, 199, 243-252.
121. Fenton, M. S.; Marion, K. M.; Salem, A. K.; Hogen, R.; Naeim, F.; Hershman, J. M. Sunitinib inhibits MEK/ERK and SAPK/JNK pathways and increases sodium/iodide symporter expression in papillary thyroid cancer. Thyroid, 2010, 20, 965-974.
122. Fiore, A. P. Z. P.; Fuziwara, C. S.; Kimura, E. T. High iodine concentration attenuates RET/PTC3 oncogene activation in thyroid follicular cells. Thyroid, 2009, 19, 1249-1256.
123. Riesco-Eizaguirre, G.; Rodríguez, I.; De la Vieja, A.; Costamagna, E.; Carrasco, N.; Nistal, M.; Santisteban, P. The BRAFV600E oncogene induces transforming growth factor (3 secretion leading to sodium iodide symporter repression and increased malignancy in thyroid cancer. Cancer Res., 2009, 69, 8317-8325.
124. Vivaldi, A.; Miasakia, F. Y.; Ciampi, R.; Agatea, L.; Collecchib, P.; Capodannob, A.; Pincheraa, A.; Elisei, R. Re-differentiation of thyroid carcinoma cell 5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine and retinoic acid. Mol Cell. Endocrinol, 2009, 307, 142-148.
125. Schmutzler, C.; Winzer, R.; Meissner-Weigl, J.; Koehrle, J. Retinoic acid increases sodium/iodide symporter mRNA levels in human thyroid cancer cell lines and suppresses expression of functional symporter in nontransformed FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1997, 240, 832-838.
126. Saito, T.; Endo, T.; Kawaguchi, A.; Ikeda, M.; Nakazato, M.; Kogai, T.; Onaya, T. Increased expression of the Na+/I-symporter in cultured human thyroid cells exposed to thyrotropin and in Graves' thyroid tissue. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab., 1997, 82, 3331-3336.
127. Pilli, T.; Brianzoni, E.; Capoccetti, F.; Castagna, M. G.; Fattori, S.; Poggiu, A.; Rossi, G.; Ferretti, F.; Guarino, E.; Burroni, L.; Vattimo, A.; Cipri, C.; Pacini, F. A comparison of 1850 (50 mCi) and 3700 MBq (100 mCi) 131-iodine administered doses for recombinant thyrotropin-stimulated postoperative thyroid remnant ablation in differentiated thyroid cancer. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2007, 92, 3542-3546.
128. Royaux, I. E.; Suzuki, K.; Mori, A.; Katoh, R.; Everett, L. A.; Kohn, L. D.; Green, E. D. Pendrin, the protein encoded by the pendred syndrome gene (PDS), is an apical porter of iodide in the thyroid and is regulated by thyroglobulin in FRTL-5 cells. Endocrinology, 2000, 141, 839-845.
129. Rodriguez, A. M.; Perron, B.; Lacroix, L.; Caillou, B.; Leblanc, G.; Schlumberger, M.; Bidart, J. M.; Pourcher, T. Identification and characterization of a putative human iodide transporter located at the apical membrane of thyrocytes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2002, 87, 3500-3503.
130. Elisei, R.; Vivaldi, A.; Ciampi, R.; Faviana, P.; Basolo, F.; Santini, F.; Traino, C.; Pacini, F.; Pinchera, A. Treatment with drugs able to reduce Iodine efflux significantly increases the intracellular retention time in thyroid cancer cells stably transfected with sodium iodide symporter complementary deoxyribonucleic acid. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2006, 91, 2389-2395.
131. Wong, K. K.; Cahill, J. M.; Frey, K. A.; Avram, A. M. Incremental value of 111-In pentetreotide SPECT/CT fusion imaging of neuroendocrine tumors. Acad. Radiol., 2010, 17, 291-297.
132. Buscombe, J. R.; Caplin, M. E.; Hilson, A. J. W. Long-term efficacy of high-activity In-111-pentetreotide therapy in patients with disseminated neuroendocrine tumors. J. Nucl. Med., 2003, 44, 1-6.
133. Catalano, M. G.; Poli, R.; Pugliese, M.; Fortunati, N.; Boccuzzi, G. Emerging molecular therapies of advanced thyroid cancer. Mol. Aspects Med., 2010, 31, 215-226.
134. Lanzi, C.; Cassinelli, G.; Nicolini, V.; Zunino, F. Targeting RET for thyroid cancer therapy. Biochem. Pharmacol., 2009, 77, 297-309.
135. Sherman, S. I.; Wirth, L. J.; Droz, J. P.; Hofmann, M.; Bastholt, L.; Martins, R:G.; Licitra, L.; Eschenberg, M. J.; Sun, Y. N.; Juan, T.; Stepan, D. E.; Schlumberger M. J.; and Motesanib Thyroid Cancer Study Group. Motesanib diphosphate in progressive differentiated thyroid cancer. N. Engl. J. Med., 2008, 359, 31-42.
136. Sherman, S. I. Advances in chemotherapy of differentiated epithelial and medullary thyroid cancers, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2009, 94, 1493-1499.
137. Schoenberger, J.; Grimm, D.; Kossmehl, P.; Infanger, M.; Kurth, E.; Eilles, C. Effects of PTK787/ZK222584, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on the growth of a poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma: An animal study. Endocrinology, 2004, 145, 1031-1038.
138. Weitz, J.; Koch, M.; Debus, J.; Hohler, T.; Galle, P. R.; Buchler, M. W. Colorectal cancer. Lancet, 2005, 365, 153-165.
139. Lamprecht, S. A.; Lipkin, M. Chemoprevention of colon cancer by calcium, vitamin D and folate: Molecular mechanisms. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2003, 3, 601-614.
140. Ahnen, D. J.; Nakane, P. K.; Brown, W. R. Ultrastructural localization of carcinoembryonic antigen in normal intestine and colon cancer abnormal distribution of carcinoembryonic antigen on the surfaces of colon cancer cells. Cancer, 1990, 49, 2077-2090.
141. Rageul, J.; Mottier, S.; Jarry, A.; Shah, Y.; Theoleyre, S.; Masson, D.; Gonzalez, F. J. Laboisse, C. L.; Denis, M. G. KLF4-dependent, PPAR gamma-induced expression of GPA33 in colon cancer cell lines. Int. J. Cancer, 2009, 125, 2802-2809.
142. Welt, S.; Ritter, G.; Williams, C.; Cohen, L. S.; John, M.; Jungbluth, A.; Richards, E. A.; Old, L. J.; Kemeny, N. E. Phase I study of anticolon cancer humanized antibody A33. Clin. Cancer Res., 2003, 9, 1338-1346.
143. Ychou, M.; Pelegrin, A.; Faurous, P.; Robert, B.; Saccavini, J. C.; Guerreau, D.; Rossi, J. F.; Fabbro, M.; Buchegger, F.; Mach, J. P.; Artus, J. C. Phase-I/II radio-immunotherapy study with iodine-131-labeled anti-CEA monoclonal antibody F6 F (ab') 2 in patients with non-resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Int. J. Cancer, 1998, 75, 615-619.
144. Ladd, J.; Lu, H. L.; Taylor, A. D.; Goodell, V.; Disis, M. L.; Jiang, S. Y. Direct detection of carcinoembryonic antigen autoantibodies in clinical human serum samples using a surface plasmon resonance sensor. Colloids Surf. B. Biointerfaces, 2009, 70, 1-6.
145. Scanlan, M. J.; Welt, S.; Gordon, C. M.; Chen, Y. T.; Gure, A. O.; Stockert, E.; Jungbluth, A. A.; Ritter, G.; Jager, D.; Jager, E.; Knuth, A.; Old, L. J. Cancer-related serological recognition of human colon cancer: Identification of potential diagnostic and immunotherapeutic targets. Cancer Res., 2002, 62, 4041-4047.
146. Mosolits, S.; Steinitz, M.; Harmenberg, U.; Ruden, U.; Eriksson, E.; Mellstedt, H.; Fagerberg, J. Immunogenic regions of the GA733-2 tumour-associated antigen recognised by autoantibodies of patients with colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 2002, 51, 209-218.
147. Reipert, B. M.; Tanneberger, S.; Pannetta, A.; Bedosti, M.; Poell, M.; Zimmermann, K.; Stellamor, M. T. Increase in autoantibodies against Fas (CD95) during carcinogenesis in the human colon: a hope for the immunoprevention of cancer? Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 2005, 54, 1038-1042.
148. Alfonso, P.; Canamero, M.; Fernandez-Carbonie, F.; Nunez, A.; Casal, J. I. Proteome analysis of membrane fractions in colorectal carcinomas by using 2D-DIGE saturation labeling. J. Proteome Res., 2008, 7, 4247-4255.
149. Duncan, R.; Carpenter, B.; Main, L. C.; Telfer, C.; Murray, G. I.
150. Vercoutter-Edouart, A. S.; Slomianny, M. C.; Dekeyzer-Beseme, O.; Haeuw, J. F.; Michalski, J. C. Glycoproteomics and glycomics investigation of membrane N-glycosylproteins from human colon carcinoma cells. Proteomics, 2008, 8, 3236-3256.
151. Golovanov, M. V.; Bauer, J. Electron microscopic characterization of gels formed by blood cells of leukemia patients at hypertonicity. Colloids Surf. B. Biointerfaces, 2005, 44, 167-171.
152. Misra, S.; Hascall, V. C.; Berger, F. G.; Markwald, R. R.; Ghatak, S. Hyaluronan, CD44, and cyclooxygenase-2 in colon cancer. Connect. Tissue Res., 2008, 49, 219-224.
153. Tammi, R. H.; Kultti, A.; Kosma, V. M.; Pirinen, R.; Auvinen, P.; Tammi, M. I. Hyaluronan in human tumors: Pathobiological and prognostic messages from cell-associated and stromal hyaluronan. Semin. Cancer Biol., 2008, 18, 288-295.
154. Alaniz, L.; Rizzo, M.; Malvicini, M.; Jaunarena, J.; Avella, D.; Atorrasagasti, C.; Aquino, J. B.; Garcia, M.; Matar, P.; Silva, M.; Mazzolini, G. Low molecular weight hyaluronan inhibits colorectal carcinoma growth by decreasing tumor cell proliferation and stimulating immune response. Cancer Lett., 2009, 278, 9-16.
155. Dunn, K. M. B.; Lee, P. K.; Wilson, C. M.; Iida, J.; Wasiluk, K. R.; Hugger, M.; McCarthy, J. B.; James, B. Inhibition of hyaluronan synthases decreases matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) expression and activity. Surgery, 2009, 145, 322-329.
156. Ratajczak, J.; Wysoczynski, M.; Hayek, F.; Janowska-Wieczorek, A.; Ratajczak, M. Z. Membrane-derived microvesicles: important and underappreciated mediators of cell-to-cell communication. Leukemia, 2006, 20, 1487-1495.
157. Choi, D. S.; Lee, J. M.; Park, G. W.; Lim, H. W.; Bang, J. Y.; Kim, Y. K.; Kwon, K. H.; Kwon, H. J.; Kim, K. P.; Gho, Y. S. Proteomic analysis of microvesicles derived from human colorectal cancer cells. J. Proteome Res., 2007, 6, 4646-4655.
158. Dai, S.; Wei, D.; Wu, Z.; Zhou, X.; Wei, X.; Huang, H.; Li, G. Phase I clinical trial of autologous ascites-derived exosomes combined with GM-CSF for colorectal cancer. Mol. Ther., 2008, 16, 782-790.
159. Neufeld, G.; Cohen, T.; Gengrinovitch, S.; Poltorak, Z. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors. FASEB J., 1999, 13, 9-22.
160. Infanger, M.; Schmidt, O.; Kossmehl, P.; Grad, S.; Ertel, W.; Grimm, D. Vascular endothelial growth factor serum level is strongly enhanced after burn injury and correlated with local and general tissue edema. Burns, 2004, 30, 305-311.
161. Infanger, M.; Kossmehl, P.; Shakibaei, M.; Baatout, S.; Witzing, A.; Grosse, J.; Bauer, J.; Cogoli, A.; Faramarzi, S.; Derradji, H.; Neefs, M.; Paul, M.; Grimm, D. Induction of three-dimensional assembly and increase in apoptosis of human endothelial cells by simulated microgravity: impact of vascular endothelial growth factor. Apoptosis, 2006, 11, 749-64.
162. Ellis, L. M.; Liu, W. B.; Wilson, M. Down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in human colon carcinoma cell lines by antisense transfection decreases endothelial cell proliferation. Surgery, 1996, 120, 5, 871-878.
163. Takahashi, Y.; Kitadai, Y.; Bucana, C. D.; Cleary, K. R.; Ellis, L. M. Expression of vascular endothelial growth-factor and its Receptor, KDR, correlates with vascularity, metastasis and proliferation of human colon-cancer. Cancer Res., 1995, 55, 3964-3968.
164. Loupakis, F.; Bocci, G.; Pasqualetti, G.; Fornaro, L.; Salvatore, L.; Cremolini, C.; Masi, G.; Danesi, R.; Del Tacca, M.; Falcone, A. Targeting Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor pathway in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: State-of-the-art and future perspectives in clinical and molecular selection of patients. Curr. Cancer Drug Targets, 2010, 10, 37-45.
165. Price, T. J.; Tebbutt, N. C.; Karapetis, C. S.; Segelov, E.; Pavlakis, N.; Cunningham, D.; Sobrero, A. F.; Haller, D. G.; Shapiro, J. D. Current opinion on optimal treatment choices in first-line therapy for advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer: Report from the Adelaide colorectal tumour group meeting; Stockholm, Sweden; September 2008. Clin. Colorectal Cancer, 2010, 9, 8-14
166. Tol, J.; Punt, C. J. Monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: a review. Clin. Ther., 2010, 32, 437-453.
167. Zhang, S. M.; Wang, J.; Bilen, M. A.; Lin, S. H.; Stupp, S. I.; Satcher, R. L. Modulation of prostate cancer cell gene expression by cell-to-cell contact with bone marrow stromal cells or osteoblasts. Clin. Exp. Metastasis, 2009, 26, 993-1004
168. Hanisch, F. G. O-glycosylation of the mucin type. Biol. Chem., 2001, 382, 143-149.