Violence in advertising: A multilayered content analysis

Journal of Advertising

Volumn 39, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 11-36

  Jones, Tim ^a   Cunningham, Peggy H ^b   Gallagher, Katherine ^a  

^a MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND   (Canada)

^b DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 78651405553     PISSN: 00913367     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2753/JOA0091-3367390402     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Abela, Andrew V., and Patrick E. Murphy (2008), "Marketing with Integrity: Ethics and the Service-Dominant Logic," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 36 (1), 39-53.
2. Advertising Standards Canada (2006), "Ad Complaints Report," Ad Complaints Report Archive, Toronto, Ontario, available at www.adstandards.com/ en/ConsumerComplaints/2006Ad ComplaintsReport.pdf (accessed October 2, 2010).
3. Ahuvia, Aaron (1998), "Social Criticism of Advertising: On the Role of Literary Theory and the Use of Data," Journal of Advertising, 27 (1), 143-163.
4. Anderson, Charles R. (1997), "Violence in Television Commercials During Nonviolent Programming: The 1996 Major League Baseball Playoffs," Journal of the American Medical Association, 278 (13), 1045-1046.
5. - (2000), "Television Commercial Violence During Nonviolent Programming: The 1998 Major League Baseball Playoffs," Pediatrics, 106 (4), e46.
6. Anderson, Craig A., and Brad J. Bushman (2002), "The Effects of Media Violence on Society," Science, 295 (March 29), 2377-2378.
7. -, Leonard Berkowitz, Edward Donnerstein, L. Rowell Huesmann, James D. Johnson, Daniel Linz, Neil M. Malamuth, and Ellen Wartella (2003), "The Influence of Media Violence on Youth," Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4 (3), 81-110.
8. Andersson, Svante, Anna Hedelin, Anna Nilson, and Charlotte Welander (2004), "Violent Advertising in Fashion Marketing," Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 8 (1), 96-112.
9. Barnes, James H., and Michael J. Dotson (1990), "An Exploratory Investigation into the Nature of Offensive Television Advertising," Journal of Advertising, 19 (3), 61-69.
10. Baron, Larry, Murray A. Straus, and David Jaffee (1988), "Legitimate Violence, Violent Attitudes, and Rape: A Test of the Cultural Spillover Theory," Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 528 (August), 79-110.
11. Bourassa, Maureen, and Peggy Cunningham (2008), "Respect in Business-to-Business Marketing Relationships," in Proceedings of the 2008 American Marketing Association Summer Educators' Conference, James R. Brown and Rajiv P. Dant, eds., San Diego: American Marketing Association, 86-87.
12. Boyatzis, Richard E. (1998), Transforming Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
13. Bradley, Margaret M., and Peter J. Lang (2000), "Measuring Emotion: Behavior, Feeling, and Physiology," in Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion, Richard D. Lane and Lynn Nadel, eds., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 242-276.
14. Bushman, Brad J. (2007), "That Was a Great Commercial, but What Were They Selling? Effects of Violence and Sex on Memory for Products in Television Commercials," Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37 (8), 1784-1796.
15. -, and Craig A. Anderson (2001), "Media Violence and the American Public," American Psychologist, 56 (6/7), 477-489.
16. -, and Angelica M. Bonacci (2002), "Violence and Sex Impair Memory for Television Ads," Journal of Applied Psychology, 87 (3), 557-564.
17. Cacioppo, John T., and Gary G. Berntson (1994), "Relationship Between Attitudes and Evaluative Space: A Critical Review, with Emphasis on the Separability of Positive and Negative Substrates," Psychological Bulletin, 115 (3), 401-423.
18. Christy, Timothy P., and Eric Haley (2007), "The Influence of Context on College Students' Perceptions of Advertising Offensiveness," in American Academy of Advertising 2007 Annual Conference, Kim Sheehan, ed., Burlington, VT: American Academy of Advertising, 69.
19. Cooper, Tom (2008), "Between the Summits: What Americans Think About Mass Media Ethics," Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 23 (1), 15-27.
20. Croft, Martin (2002), "Must Ads Disgust to Get Discussed?" Marketing Week, 25 ( June 13), 22.
21. Dahl, Darren W., Kristina D. Frankenberger, and Rajesh V. Manchanda (2003), "Does It Pay to Shock? Reactions to Shocking and Nonshocking Advertising Content Among University Students," Journal of Advertising Research, 43 (3), 268-280.
22. Debling, Fiona (1998), "Mail Myopia: Or Examining Financial Services Marketing from a Brand Commitment Perspective," Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 16 (1), 38-46.
23. deChenecey, Sean Pillot (2000), "When Is It Right to Use Shock Ad Strategies?" Marketing (March 30), 19.
24. Draucker, Claire B., Donna S. Martsoff, Ratchneewan Ross, and Thomas B. Rusk (2007), "Theoretical Sampling and Category Development in Grounded Theory," Qualitative Health Research, 17 (8), 1137-1148.
25. Field, Richard (1999), "A Practical Guide to Ethical Theory," available at http://catpages.nwmissouri.edu/m/ rfield/274guide/title.htm (accessed July 28, 2008).
26. Freedman, Jonathan L. (2002), Media Violence and Its Effect on Aggression: Assessing the Scientific Evidence, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
27. FrenchConnection (2008), "A History of FCUK Advertising," available at www.frenchconnection.com/content/marketing/ history-of-advertising. htm (accessed May 19, 2008).
28. Friestad, Marian, and Peter Wright (1994), "The Persuasion Knowledge Model: How People Cope with Persuasion Attempts," Journal of Consumer Research, 21 (1), 1-31.
29. Frijda, Nico H. (1986), The Emotions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
30. Garrett, Jade (1999), "Charities Snub Shock Tactics for Subtle Approach," Campaign, available at www.campaignlive .co.uk/news/28250/LIVE- ISSUE-CHARITY-ADVERTISING- Charities-snub-shock-tactics-subtle-approach- nolonger- enough-agencies-just-upset-public-Jade-Garrettwrites/? DCMP=ILC-SEARCH/ (accessed October 2, 2010).
31. Gerbner, G., and L. Gross (1976), "Living with Television: The Violence Profile," Journal of Communication, 26 (2), 173-199.
32. Gilligan, Carol (1982), In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
33. Gosselin, Andre, Jacques DeGuise, Guy Paquette, and Laplante Benoit (1997), "Violence on Canadian Television and Some of Its Cognitive Effects," Canadian Journal of Communication, 22 (2), 143-160.
34. Gunter, Barrie, Adrian Furnham, and Eleni Pappa (2005), "Effects of Television Violence on Memory for Violent and Nonviolent Advertising," Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35 (8), 1680-1697.
35. Guria, Jagadish, and Joanne Leung (2004), "An Evaluation of a Supplementary Road Safety Package," Accident Analysis and Prevention, 36 (5), 893-904.
36. Henthorne, Tony L., Michael S. LaTour, and Rajan Nataraajan (1993), "Fear Appeals in Print Advertising: An Analysis of Arousal and Ad Response," Journal of Advertising, 22 (2), 59-68.
37. Huesmann, L. Rowell, Jessica Moise-Titus, Cheryl-Lynn Podolski, and Leonard D. Eron (2003), "Longitudinal Relations Between Children's Exposure to TV Violence and Their Aggressive and Violent Behavior in Young Adulthood: 1977-1992," Development Psychology, 39 (2), 201-221.
38. Ji, Mindy F., and Russell N. Laczniak (2007), "Advertisers' Implementation of CARU Guidelines for Advertising Targeted at Children," Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 29 (2), 27-38.
39. Jones, Morag Cudderford (2002), "Shaken by Ad Aftershock," Brand Strategy (July 1).
40. Jones, Tim, and Peggy H. Cunningham (2008), "Violent Advertising on Canadian Primetime Television: A Frequency Analysis and Potential Impact," Canadian Journal of Media Studies, 4 (1), 41-70.
41. Kennedy, John F. (1962), "Special Message on Protecting the Consumer Interest," in The Politics of Consumer Protection, Mark V. Nadel, ed., Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, xvii.
42. Kilbourne, Jean (1979), Killing Us Softly, Boston: Media Education Foundation.
43. - (1987), Still Killing Us Softly, Boston: Media Education Foundation.
44. - (2000), Killing Us Softly 3, Boston: Media Education Foundation.
45. Laczniak, Gene, and Partick E. Murphy (2006), "Normative Perspectives for Ethical and Socially Responsible Marketing," Journal of Macromarketing, 26 (2), 154-177. (Pubitemid 44718069)
46. Lang, Peter J., Michael Davis, and Arne Ohman (2000), "Fear and Anxiety: Animal Models and Human Cognitive Psychophysiology," Journal of Affective Disorders, 61 (3), 137-159.
47. Larson, Mary Strom (2001), "Interactions, Activities and Gender in Children's Television Commercials: A Content Analysis," Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 45 (1), 41.
48. - (2003), "Gender, Race, and Aggression in Television Commercials That Feature Children," Sex Roles, 48 (1/2), 67-75.
49. LaTour, Michael S. (2006), "Retrospective and Prospective Views of 'Fear Arousal' in 'Fear Appeals,'" International Journal of Advertising, 25 (3), 409-413.
50. -, and Shaker A. Zahra (1989), "Fear Appeals as Advertising Strategy: Should They Be Used?" Journal of Consumer Marketing, 6 (2), 61-70.
51. -, Robin L. Snipes, and Sara J. Bliss (1996), "Don't Be Afraid to Use Fear Appeals: An Experimental Study," Journal of Advertising Research, 36 (2), 59-67.
52. Lawson, Rob W. (1985), "An Analysis of Complaints About Advertising," International Journal of Advertising, 4 (4), 279-295.
53. Lewis, Ioni, Barry Watson, and Richard Tay (2007), "Examining the Effectiveness of Physical Threats in Road Safety Advertising: The Role of Third-Person Effect, Gender, and Age," Transportation Research: Part F, 10 (1), 48-60.
54. Locke, Karen (2001), Grounded Theory in Management Research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
55. Macklin, M. Carole, and Richard H. Kolbe (1984), "Sex Role Stereotyping in Children's Advertising: Current and Past Trends," Journal of Advertising, 13 (2), 34-42.
56. Maguire, Brendan, Diane Sandage, and Georgie Ann Weatherby (2000), "Violence, Morality, and Television Commercials," Sociological Spectrum, 20 (1), 121-143.
57. Martin, Kelly D., and N. Craig Smith (2008), "The Ethical Pitfalls of Unconventional Marketing," INSEAD Business School Working Paper Series, Fontainebleau, France.
58. Murphy, Patrick, and Gene Laczniak (1981), "Marketing Ethics: A Review with Implications for Managers, Educators, and Researchers," in Review of Marketing, Ban M. Enis and Kenneth J. Roering, eds., Chicago: American Marketing Association, 251-266.
59. Mustonen, Anu, and Lea Pulkkinen (1997), "Television Violence: A Development of a Coding Scheme," Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 41 (2), 168-189.
60. Nill, Alexander, and John A. Schibrowsky (2007), "Research on Marketing Ethics: A Systematic Review of the Literature," Journal of Macromarketing, 27 (3), 256-273.
61. Oliver, Mary Beth, and Sriram Kalyanaraman (2002), "Appropriate for All Viewing Audiences? An Examination of Violent and Sexual Portrayals in Movie Previews Featured on Video Rentals," Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 46 (2), 283-299.
62. Paik, Haejung, and George Comstock (1994), "The Effects of Television Violence on Anti-Social Behavior: A Meta-Analysis," Communication Research, 21 (4), 516-546.
63. Perreault, William D., Jr., and Laurence E. Leigh (1989), "Reliability of Nominal Data Based on Qualitative Judgments," Journal of Marketing Research, 26 (May), 135-148.
64. Phillips, Barbara (1997), "Thinking into It: Consumer Interpretation of Complex Advertising Images," Journal of Advertising, 26 (2), 77-88.
65. Phillips, Michael J. (1997), Ethics and Manipulation in Advertising: Answering a Flawed Indictment, Westport, CT: Greenwood.
66. Rajecki, D.W., Donald G. McTavish, Jeffrey Lee Rasmussen, Madelon Schreuders, Diane C. Byers, and K. Sean Jessup (1994), "Violence, Conflict, Trickery, and Other Story Themes in TV Food Ads for Children," Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24 (19), 1685-1699.
67. Resnik, David B. (1988), The Ethics of Science: An Introduction, New York: Routledge.
68. Ross, William D. (2002), "The Right and the Good," in Moral Writings and the Right and the Good, Philip Stratton-Lake, ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1-15.
69. Ruiter, Robert A. C., Charles Abraham, and Gerjo Kok (2001), "Scary Warnings and Rational Precautions: A Review of the Psychology of Fear Appeals," Psychology and Health, 16 (6), 613-630.
70. Scharrer, Erica (2004), "Virtual Violence: Gender and Aggression in Video Game Advertisements," Mass Communications and Society, 7 (4), 393-412.
71. -, Andrea Bergstrom, Angela Paradise, and Qianqing Ren (2006), "Laughing to Keep from Crying: Humor and Aggression in Television Commercial Content," Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 50 (4), 615-634.
72. Schoenbachler, Denise D., and Tommy E. Whittler (1996), "Adolescent Processing of Social and Physical Threat Communications," Journal of Advertising, 25 (4), 37-54.
73. Shanahan, Kevin J., Charles M. Hermans, and Michael R. Hyman (2003), "Violent Commercials in Television Programs for Children," Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 25 (1), 61-69.
74. Shimp, Terence A. (2003), Advertising, Promotion, and Supplemental Aspects of Integrated Marketing Communications, 6th ed., Mason, OH: Thomson.
75. Smith, Valerie (2002), "The Free Radical: A Website Outlining Research on Media Violence and Civil Action Against Media Violence," available at www.thefreeradical.ca (accessed November 1, 2009).
76. Tajfel, H. J., and J. C. Turner (1986), "The Social Identity Theory of Inter-Group Behavior," in Psychology of Intergroup Relations, S. Worchel and L. W. Austin, eds., Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 7-24.
77. Tamburro, Robert F., Patricia L. Gordon, James P. D'Apolito, and Scott C. Howard (2004), "Unsafe and Violent Behavior in Commercials Aired During Televised Major Sporting Events," Pediatrics, 114 (6), 694-698.
78. Tomblin, Mark (2002), "Shock Advertising: Is the Rise in Advertising Complaints Due to Offensive Material or Is the Public Feeling Jaded by the Lack of Relevance?" Brand Strategy (November 1), 9.
79. Trochim, William M. (2006), "The Research Methods Knowledge Base, 2d ed.," available at www.socialresearchmethods.net/ kb/ (accessed October 20, 2006).
80. Wilson, Barbara J., Stacy L. Smith, W. James Potter, Dale Kunkel, Daniel Linz, Carolyn M. Colvin, and Edward Donnerstein (2002), "Violence in Children's Television Programming: Assessing the Risks," Journal of Communication, 52 (1), 5-35.
81. -, Dale Kunkel, Daniel Linz, W. James Potter, Edward Donnerstein, Stacey L. Smith, Eva Blumenthal, and Timothy Gray (1997), "Television Violence and Its Context," in National Television Violence Study, vol. 1, M. Seawall, ed., Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 7-10.
82. Woodward, David (2005), "When Incorrectness Is a Political Ploy," Director, 58 (9), 38.
83. Zhang, Yong, and George M. Zinkhan (1991), "Humor in Television Advertising: The Effects of Repetition and Social Setting," in Advances in Consumer Research, vol. 18, Rebecca H.
84. Holman and Michael R. Solomon, eds., Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, 813-818.