Leadership responses to a conflict of gender-based tension: A comparison of responses between men and women in the US and South Africa

International Journal of Cross Cultural Management

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 285-301

  Gentry, William A ^a   Booysen, Lize ^b   Hannum, Kelly M ^a   Weber, Todd J ^c  

^a CENTER FOR CREATIVE LEADERSHIP   (United States)

^b Antioch University   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA LINCOLN   (United States)

Author keywords

gender; implicit leadership theory; leadership responses; social identity; South Africa; United States

Indexed keywords

EID: 78650887183     PISSN: 14705958     EISSN: 17412838     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1470595810384588     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Abrams D and Hogg MA (2004) Metatheory: lessons from social identity research. Personality and Social Psychology Review 8: 98-106.
2. Ashforth BE and Mael F (1989) Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review 14: 20-39.
3. Ashmore RD, Del Boca FK, and Wohlers AJ (1986) Gender stereotypes. In: Ashmore RD, Del Boca FK (eds) The Social Psychology of Female-Male Relations: A Critical Analysis of Central Concepts. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 69-119.
4. Bass BM (1990) Bass and Stogdill's Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research and Managerial Applications, 3rd edn. New York: Free Press.
5. Booysen L (1999) Male and female managers: gender influences on South African managers in retail banking. South African Journal of Labour Relations 23(2/3): 25-35.
6. Booysen L (2006) Social identity changes: challenges facing leadership. In: April K, Shockley M (eds) Diversity in Africa: The Coming of Age of a Continent. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 51-92.
7. Booysen L (2007) Societal power shifts and changing social identities in South Africa: workplace implications. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 10(1): 1-20.
8. Booysen L and Nkomo SM (2006) Think manager: think female. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences 2(1): 24-36.
9. Booysen L and van Wyk M (2007) Culture and leadership in South Africa. In: Chhokar JS, Brodbeck FC, and House RJ (eds) Culture and Leadership across the World: The GLOBE Book of In-Depth Studies of 25 Societies. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 433-74.
10. Boyacigiller N and Adler N (1991) The parochial dinosaur: organizational science in a global context. Academy of Management Review 16: 262-90.
11. Brewer MB and Brown RJ (1998) Intergroup Relations. In Gilbert DT, Fiske ST, and Lindzey G (eds) The Handbook of Social Psychology, vol. 2, 4th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill, 554-95.
12. Cann A and Siegfried WD (1990) Gender stereotypes and dimensions of effective leader behaviour. Sex Roles 23: 413-19.
13. Cantor N and Mischel W (1979) Prototypes in person perception. In Berkowitz L (ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. New York: Academic Press, 3-52.
14. Carl D, Gupta V, and Javidan M (2004) Power distance. In: House RJ, Hanges PJ, Javidan M, Dorman PW, and Gupta V (eds) Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of Sixty-Two Societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 513-63.
15. Chrobot-Mason D, Ruderman MN, Weber TJ, Ohlott PJ, and Dalton MA (2007) Illuminating a cross-cultural leadership challenge: when identity groups collide. International Journal of Human Resources Management 18: 2011-36.
16. Costigan RD, Insinga RC, Berman JJ, Ilter SS, Kranas G, and Kureshov VA (2006) The effect of employee trust of the supervisor on enterprising behavior: a cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Business and Psychology 21: 273-91.
17. Deaux K and Major B (1987) Putting gender into context: an integrative model of gender-related behavior. Psychological Review 94: 369-89.
18. DeCremer D (2002) Respect and cooperation in social dilemmas: the importance of feeling included. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28: 1335-41.
19. Den Hartog D, House RJ, Hanges PJ, Ruiz-Quintanilla SA, Dorfman PW, and GLOBE Associates (1999) Culture specific and cross-culturally generalizable implicit leadership theories: are attributes of charismatic/transformational leadership universally endorsed? Leadership Quarterly 10: 219-56.
20. Dobbins GH (1985) Effects of gender on leaders' responses to poor performers: an attributional interpretation. Academy of Management Journal 28: 587-98.
21. Dorfman PW (1996) International and cross-cultural leadership research. In: Punnett BJ and Shenkar O (eds) Handbook for International Management Research. Oxford: Blackwell, 269-349.
22. Eagly AH (1987) Sex Differences in Social Behavior: A Social-Role Interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
23. Eagly AH and Carli LL (2003) The female leadership advantage: an evaluation of the evidence. Leadership Quarterly 14: 807-34.
24. Eagly AH and Johnson BT (1990) Gender and leadership style: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 108: 233-56.
25. Eagly AH and Karau SJ (1991) Gender and the emergence of leaders: a meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60: 685-710.
26. Eagly AH and Karau SJ (2002) Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review 109: 573-98.
27. Eden D and Leviathan U (1975) Implicit leadership theory as a determinant of the factor structure underlying supervisory behavior scales. Journal of Applied Psychology 60: 736-41.
28. Ellemers N, Spears R, and Doosje B (2002) Self and social identity. Annual Review of Psychology, 53: 161-86.
29. Emrich CG, Denmark FL, and Den Hartog DN (2004) Cross-cultural differences in gender egalitarianism: implications for societies, organizations, and leaders. In House RJ, Hanges PJ, Javidan M, Dorman PW, and Gupta V (eds) Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of Sixty-Two Societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 343-94.
30. Foti RJ and Luch CH (1992) The influence of individual differences on the perception and categorization of leaders. Leadership Quarterly 3: 55-66.
31. Hall JA (1984) Nonverbal Sex Differences: Communication Accuracy and Expressive Style. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
32. Haslam SA (2001) Psychology in Organizations: The Social Identity Approach. London: SAGE.
33. Haslam SA and Platow MJ (2001) The link between leadership and followership: how affirming social identity translates vision into action. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27: 1469-79.
34. Haslam SA and Turner JC (1992) Context-dependent variation in social stereotyping 2: the relationship between frame of reference, self-categorization and accentuation. European Journal of Social Psychology 22: 251-77.
35. Haslam SA and Turner JC (1995) Context-dependent variation in social stereotyping: III. Extremism as a self-categorical basis for polarized judgment. European Journal of Social Psychology 25: 341-71.
36. Helgesen S (1990) The Female Advantage: Women's Ways of Leadership. New York: Currency/Doubleday.
37. Heuer L, Blumenthal E, Douglas A, and Weinblatt T (1999) A deservingness approach to respect as a relationally based fairness judgment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 25: 1279-92.
38. Hofstede G (1980) Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work Related Beliefs. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE.
39. Hofstede G (1991) Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. London: McGraw-Hill.
40. Hogg MA (2001) A social identity theory of leadership. Personality and Social Psychology Review 5: 184-200.
41. House RJ (1995) Leadership in the 21st century: a speculative enquiry. In: Howard A (ed.) The Changing Nature of Work. San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 411-50.
42. House RJ, Hanges PJ, Javidan M, Dorfman PW, and Gupta V (eds) (2004) Culture, Leadership and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of Sixty-Two Societies. London: SAGE.
43. House RJ, Wright NS, and Aditya RN (1997) Cross-cultural research in organizational leadership: a critical analysis and a proposed theory. In: Earley PC, Erez M (eds) New Perspectives in International Industrial Organizational Psychology. San Francisco: New Lexington, 535-625.
44. Hunt JG, Boal KB, and Sorensen RL (1990) Top management leadership: inside the black box. Leadership Quarterly 1: 41-65.
45. Kaiser CR and Miller CT (2001) Reacting to impending discrimination: compensation for prejudice and attributions to discrimination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27: 1357-67.
46. Kenney RA, Blascovich J, and Shaver PR (1994) Implicit leadership theories: prototypes for new leaders. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 15: 409-37.
47. Klenke K (1996) Women and Leadership: A Contextual Perspective. New York: Springer.
48. Lenartowicz T and Roth K (1999) A framework for culture assessment. Journal of International Business Studies 30(4): 781-98.
49. Lord RG and Maher KJ (1991) Leadership and Information Processing. London: Routledge.
50. Lord RG, Foti RJ, and De Vader CL (1984) A test of leadership categorization theory: internal structure, information processing, and leadership perceptions. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 34: 343-78.
51. Meindl JR (1990) On leadership: an alternative to the conventional wisdom. In: Staw BM and Cummings LL (eds) Research in Organizational Behavior, vol. 12. Greenwich, CT: JAI, 159-203.
52. Meindl JR, Ehrlich SB, and Dukerich JM (1985) The romance of leadership. Administrative Science Quarterly 30: 78-102.
53. Offermann LR, Kennedy JK, and Wirtz PW (1994) Implicit leadership theories: content structure, and generalizability. Leadership Quarterly 5: 43-55.
54. Oshagbemi T and Gill R (2003) Gender differences and similarities in the leadership styles and behaviour of UK managers. Women in Management Review 18: 288-98.
55. Phillips JS and Lord RG (1981) Causal attributions and perceptions of leadership. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 28: 58-83.
56. Reicher SD, Haslam SA, and Hopkins N (2005) Social identity and the dynamics of leadership: categorization, entrepreneurship and power in the transformation of social reality. Leadership Quarterly 16: 547-68.
57. Roccas S and Brewer MB (2002) Social identity complexity. Personality and Social Psychology Review 6(2): 88-106.
58. Rosch E (1978) Principles of categorization. In: Rosch E and Lloyd BB (eds) Cognition and Categorization. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 27-48.
59. Rosener JB (1990) Ways women lead. Harvard Business Review 68(6): 119-25.
60. Runde CE and Flanagan TA (2007) Becoming a Conflict Competent Leader. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons.
61. Ryan MK and Haslam SA (2007) The glass cliff: exploring the dynamics surrounding the appointment of women to precarious leadership positions. Academy of Management Review 32: 549-72.
62. Schein VE (2001) The global look at psychological barriers to women's progress in management. Journal of Social Sciences 57: 675-88.
63. Shamir B (1992) Attribution of charisma and influence to the leader: the romance of leadership revisited. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 22: 386-407.
64. Shaw JB (1990) A cognitive categorization model for the study of intercultural management. Academy of Management Review 10: 435-54.
65. Simon B and Sturmer S (2003) Respect for group members: intragroup determinants of collective identification and group-serving behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29: 183-93.
66. Spector PE, Cooper CL, Poelmans S, Allen TD, O'Driscoll M, Sanchez JI, Siu OL, Dewe P, Hart P, and Lu L (2004) A cross-national comparative study of work-family stressors, working hours, and well-being: China and Latin America versus the Anglo world. Personnel Psychology 57: 119-42.
67. Tajfel H and Turner JC (1986) The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In: Worchel S and Austin W (eds) Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 7-24.
68. Triandis HC (1993) The contingency model in cross-cultural perspective. In: Chemers MM and Ayman R (eds) Leadership Theory and Research: Perspectives and Directions. San Diego: Academic Press, 167-88.
69. Turner JC and Giles H (eds) (1981) Intergroup Behavior. Oxford: Blackwell.
70. Turner JC and Haslam SA (2001) Social identity, organizations and leadership. In: Turner ME (ed.) Groups at Work: Advances in Theory and Research. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 25-65.
71. Turner JC, Hogg MA, Oakes PJ, Reicher SD, and Wetherell M (1987) Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
72. Turner JC and Oakes PJ (1989) Self-categorization theory and social influence. In: Paulus PB (ed.) The Psychology of Group Influence, 2nd edn. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 233-75.
73. Tyler T and Lind A (1992) A relational model of authority in groups. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 25: 115-91.