To be or not to be a pathogen: That is the mucosally relevant question

Mucosal Immunology

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 8-14

  Sansonetti, P J ^a,b  

^a INSTITUT PASTEUR   (France)

^b l'alimentation et l'Environnement   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 17; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 22; PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTOR; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 5;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; BACILLUS SUBTILIS; BACTERIAL GENOME; BACTERIAL GROWTH; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BACTEROIDES FRAGILIS; BACTEROIDETES; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CROHN DISEASE; HELICOBACTER HEPATICUS; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INFLAMMATION; INNATE IMMUNITY; INTESTINE EPITHELIUM CELL; INTESTINE FLORA; MUCOSAL IMMUNITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUORUM SENSING; REVIEW; SYMBIOSIS; TH17 CELL;

EID: 78650843522     PISSN: 19330219     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.77     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. Marteau, P. Bacterial fl ora in infl ammatory bowel disease. Dig. Dis. 27, 99-103 (2009).
2. Quin, J. et al. A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature 464, 59-65 (2010).
3. Bocci, V. The neglected organ: Bacterial fl ora has a crucial immunostimulatory role. Perspect. Biol. Med. 35, 251-260 (1992).
4. Bäckhed, F. et al. Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science 307, 1915-1920 (2005).
5. Marteyn, B. et al. Modulation of Shigella virulence in response to available oxygen in vivo. Nature 465, 355-358 (2010).
6. Sansonetti, P. J. & Medzhitov, R. Learning tolerance while fi ghting ignorance. Cell 183, 416-420 (2009).
7. Medzhitov, R. & Janeway, C. A. Innate immunity: The virtues of a nonclonal system of recognition. Cell 91, 295-298 (1997).
8. Abreu, M. T. Toll-like receptor signaling in the intestinal epithelium: How bacterial recognition shapes intestinal function. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 10, 131-144 (2010).
9. Franchi, L. et al. Function of Nod-like receptors in microbial recognition and host defense. Immunol. Rev. 227, 106-128 (2009).
10. Ip, W. K et al. Mannose-binding lectin and innate immunity. Immunol. Rev. 230, 9-21 (2010).
11. Munford, R. S. & Varley, A. W. Shield as signal: Lipopolysaccharides and the evolution of immunity to gram-negative bacteria. PLoS Path. 2, e67 (2006).
12. Peterson, D. A. et al. Metagenomic approaches for defi ning the pathogenesis of infl ammatory bowel diseases. Cell Host Microbe 3, 417-427 (2008).
13. Swidsinski, A. et al. Mucosal fl ora in infl ammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 122, 44-54 (2002).
14. Lotz, M. et al. Postnatal acquisition of endotoxin tolerance in intestinal epithelial cells. J. Exp. Med. 203, 973-984 (2006).
15. Reife, R. A. et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide lipid A heterogeneity: Differential activities of tetra- and penta-acylated lipid A structures on E-selectin expression and TLR4 recognition. Cell. Microbiol. 8, 857-868 (2006).
16. Montminy, S. W. et al. Virulence factors of Yersinia pestis are overcome by a strong lipopolysaccharide response. Nat. Immunol. 7, 1066-1073 (2006).
17. Andersen-Nissen, E. et al. Evasion of Toll-like receptor 5 by fl agellated bacteria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 28, 9247-9252 (2005).
18. Aderem, A. Phagocytosis and the infl ammatory response. J. Infect. Dis. 187, S340-S345 (2003).
19. Neish, A. S. et al. Prokaryotic regulation of epithelial responses by inhibition of I- β B β ubiquitination. Science 289, 1560-1563 (2006).
20. Kelly, D. et al. Commensal anaerobic gut bacteria attenuate infl ammation by regulating nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of PPAR-gamma and RelA. Nat. Immunol. 5, 104-112 (2004).
21. Tien, M. Y. Anti-infl ammatory effect of Lactobacillus casei on Shigella-infected human intestinal epithelial cells. J. Immunol. 176, 1228-1237 (2006).
22. Mazmanian, S. K. et al. A microbial symbiosis factor prevents intestinal infl ammatory disease. Nature 453, 620-625 (2008).
23. Round, J. L. & Mazmanian, S. K. Inducible Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell development by a commensal bacterium of the intestinal microbiota. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107, 12204-12209 (2010).
24. Belkaid, Y., Liesenfeld, O. & Maizels, R. M. 99th Dahlem conference on infection, infl ammation and chronic infl ammatory disorders: Induction and control of regulatory T cells in the gastrointestinal tract: Consequences for local and peripheral immune responses. Clin Exp Immunol 160, 35-41 (2010).
25. Chow, J. & Mazmanian, S. K. A pathobiont of the microbiota balances host colonization and intestinal infl ammation. Cell Host Microbe 7, 265-276 (2010).
26. Maslowski, K. M. et al. Regulation of infl ammatory responses by gut microbiota and chemoattractant receptor GPR43. Nature 461, 1282-1286 (2010).
27. Gaboriau-Routhiau, V. et al. The key role of segmented fi lamentous bacteria in the coordinated maturation of gut helper T cell responses. Immunity 31, 677-689 (2009).
28. Ivanov, I. I. et al. Induction of intestinal Th17 cells by segmented fi lamentous bacteria. Cell 139, 485-498 (2009).
29. Bates, J. M. et al. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase detoxifi es lipopolysaccharide and prevents infl ammation in zebrafi sh in response to the gut microbiota. Cell Host Microbe 2, 371-382 (2007).
30. Vavricka, S. R. et al. hPepT1 transports muramyl dipeptide, activating NF- β B and stimulating IL-8 secretion in human colonic Caco2/bbe cells. Gastroenterology 12, 1401-1409 (2004).
31. Fujiya, M. et al. The Bacillus subtilis quorum sensing molecule CSF contributes to intestinal homeostasis via OCTN2, a host cell membranes transporter. Cell Host Microbe 1, 299-308 (2007).
32. Dobrindt, U. et al. Genome dynamics and its impact on evolution of Escherichia coli. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 199, 145-154 (2010).
33. Brunn, G. J. & Platt, J. L. The etiology of sepsis: Turned inside out. Trends Mol. Med. 12, 10-16 (2006).
34. Matzinger, P. Friendly and dangerous signals: Is the tissue in control? Nat. Immunol. 8, 11-13 (2007).
35. Sansonetti, P. J. War and Peace at mucosa surfaces. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 4, 953-964 (2004).
36. Vance, R. E. et al. Patterns of pathogenesis: Discrimination of pathogenic and nonpathogenic microbes by the innate immune system. Cell Host Microbe 6, 10-21 (2009).
37. Nigro, G. et al. Muramylpeptide shedding modulates cell sensing of Shigella fl exneri. Cell. Microbiol. 10, 682-695 (2008).
38. Zimmermann, S. et al. Induction of neutrophil chemotaxis by the quorumsensing molecule N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone. Infect. Immun. 74, 5687-5692 (2006).
39. Smith, R. S. et al. IL-8 production in human lung fi broblasts and epithelial cells activated by the Pseudomonas autoinducer N-3-oxododecanoyl homoserine lactone is transcriptionally regulated by NF- β B and activator protein 2. J. Immunol. 167, 366-374 (2001).
40. Tateda, K. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa autoinducer N-3- oxododzecanoyl homoserine lactone accelerates apoptosis in macrophages and neutrophils. Infect. Immun. 71, 5785-5793 (2003).
41. Kravchenko, V. V. et al. N-(3-oxo-acyl) homoserine lactones signal cell activation through a mechanism distinct from the canonical pathogenassociated molecular pattern recognition receptor pathways. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 28822-28830 (2006).
42. Hintz, M. et al. Identifi cation of -4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate as a major activator for human gammadelta T cells in Escherichia coli. FEBS Lett. 509, 317-322 (2001).
43. Karaolis, D. K. et al. Bacterial c-di-GMP is an immunostimulatory molecule. J. Immunol. 178, 2171-2181 (2007).
44. Hedlund, M. et al. Role of the ceramide-signaling pathway in cytokine responses to P-fi mbriated Escherichia coli. J. Exp. Med. 183, 1037-1044 (1996).
45. Girardin, S. E. et al. CARD4/Nod1 mediates NF-kappaB and JNK activation by invasive Shigella fl exneri. EMBO Rep. 2, 736-742 (2001).
46. Viala, J. et al. Nod1 responds to peptidoglycan delivered by the Helicobacter pylori cag pathogenicity island. Nat. Immunol. 5, 1166-1174 (2004).
47. Miao, E. A. et al. TLR5 and Ipaf: Dual sensors of bacterial fl agellin in the innate immune system. Semin. Immunopathol. 29, 275-288 (2007).
48. Pétrilli, V. et al. Activation of the NALP3 infl amasomme is triggered by low intracellular potassium concentration. Cell Death Differ. 14, 1583-1589 (2007).
49. Martinon, F. et al. The infl ammasomes: Guardians of the body. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 27, 229-265 (2009).
50. Hobert, M. E. et al. Cdc42 and Rac1 regulate late events in Salmonella typhimurium-induced interleukin-8 secretion from polarized epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 51025-51032 (2002).
51. Grassi, G. A. et al. Activation of NF-kappaB and IL-8 by Yersinia enterocolitica invasin protein is conferred by engagement of Rac1 and MAP kinase cascades. Cell. Microbiol. 5, 957-971 (2003).
52. Bischofberger, M. et al. Membrane injury by pore-forming proteins. Curr. Opin. Cell. Biol. 21, 589-595 (2009).
53. Gurcel, L. et al. Caspase-1 activation of lipid metabolic pathways in response to bacterial pore-forming toxins promotes cell survival. Cell 126, 1135-1145 (2006).
54. Freche, B. et al. The role of the infl ammasome in cellular responses to toxins and bacterial effectors. Semin. Immunopathol. 29, 249-260 (2007).
55. Dupont, N. et al. Shigella phagocytic vacuolar membrane remnants participate in the cellular response to pathogen invasion and are regulated by autophagy. Cell Host Microbe 6, 137-149 (2009).
56. Ahmed, N. et al. Genomic fl uidity and pathogenic bacteria: Applications in diagnostics, epidemiology and intervention. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 6, 387-394 (2008).
57. Toledo-Arana, A. et al. In vivo transcriptional profi ling of Listeria monocytogenes and mutagenesis identify new virulence factors involved in infection. Nature 459, 950-956 (2009).