Object pronouns in German l3 syntax: Evidence for the l2 status factor

Second Language Research

Volumn 27, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 59-82

  Falk, Ylva ^a   Bardel, Camilla ^b  

^a RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN   (Netherlands)

^b STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

English L1 L2; French L1 L2; German L3; intermediate learners; L2 status factor; L2 transfer; L3 acquisition; object pronouns; syntax

Indexed keywords

EID: 78650505658     PISSN: 02676583     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0267658310386647     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Bardel C. and Falk Y. (2007) The role of the second language in third language acquisition: The case of Germanic syntax. Second Language Research 23: 459-84.
2. Bardel C. and Lindqvist C. (2007) The role of proficiency and psychotypology in lexical cross-linguistic influence: A study of a multilingual learner of Italian L3. Atti del 6° Congresso Internazionale dell'Associazione Italiana di Linguistica Applicata [Proceedings from the 6th international conference of the Italian association of applied linguistics], Naples, 9-10 February2006.
3. Belletti A. (1990) Generalized verb movement. Turin: Rosenberg and Sellier.
4. den Besten H. and Edmondson JA (1983) The verbal complex in Continental West Germanic. In: Abraham W (ed.) On the formal syntax of the Westgermania. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: Benjamins (Linguistik Aktuell 3), 155-216.
5. Cardinaletti A. (1999) Pronouns in Germanic and Romance languages: An overview. In: van Riemsdijk H (ed.) Clitics in the languages of Europe. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 33-82.
6. Chomsky N. (1965) Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge: MIT Press.
7. Council of Europe (2001) Common European framework of reference for languages: Learning, teaching, assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8. Croft W. (1990) Typology and universals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9. Dehaene S., Dupoux E., Mehler J., Cohen L., Paulesu E., Perani D., van de Moortele PF, Lehéricy S., and Le Bihan D. (1997) Anatomical variability in the cortical representation of first and second language. NeuroReport 8, 3809-15.
10. Dewaele JM (2001) Activation or inhibition? The interaction of L1, L2 and L3 on the language mode continuum. In: Cenoz J, Hufeisen B, and Jessner U (eds) Cross-linguistic influence in third language interaction: Psycholinguistic perspectives. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 69-89.
11. Einstufungstests für Anfänger- und Fortgeschrittenenkurse: Deutsch als Fremdsprache [Placement tests for beginners' and intermediates' courses: German as a foreign language] (1994). München: Verlag für Deutsch.
12. Eubank L. (1993/94) On the transfer of parametric values in L2 development. Language Acquisition 3: 183-208.
13. Eubank L. (1994) Optionality and the initial state in L2 development. In: Hoekstra T and Schwartz B (eds) Language acquisition studies in generative grammar. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 369-88.
14. Eubank L., Bischof J., Huffstutler A., Leek P., and West C. (1997) Tom eats slowly cooked eggs: Thematic-verb raising in L2 knowledge. Language Acquisition 6: 171-99.
15. Falk Y. and Bardel C. (2010) The study of the role of the background languages in third language acquisition: The state of the art. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching (IRAL) 48: 185-219.
16. Flege JE, Yeni-Komshian GH, and Liu S. (1999) Age constraints on second-language acquisition. Journal of Memory and Language 41: 78-104.
17. Flynn S., Vinnitskaya I., and Foley C. (2004) The cumulative-enhancement model for language acquisition: Comparing adults and children's patterns of development in first, second and third language acquisition of relative clauses. International Journal of Multilingualism 1: 3-16.
18. Gass S. (1994) The reliability of second-language grammaticality judgements. In: Tarone E, Gass S, and Cohen A, (eds)Research methodology in second language acquisition, 303-22.
19. Grewendorf G. (1988) Aspekte der deutschen Syntax: Eine Rektions-Bindungs-Analyse [Aspects of the German syntax: An analysis of government and binding]. Tübingen: Studien zur deutschen Grammatik.
20. Haegeman L. and Guéron J. (1999) English grammar: A generative perspective. Oxford: Blackwell.
21. Haider H. (1993) Deutsche Syntax-generative [German Syntax-generative]. Tübingen: Narr.
22. Hawkins R. (2001) Second language syntax: A generative introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.
23. Hawkins R. and Chan C. (1997) The partial accessibility of Universal Grammar in second language acquisition: The failed functional features hypothesis. Second Language Research 13: 187-226.
24. Hawkins R. and Hattori H. (2006) Interpretation of English multiple wh-questions by Japanese speakers, a missing uninterpretable feature account. Second Language Research 22: 269-301.
25. Hawkins R., Al-Eid S., Almahboob I., Athanasopoulos P., Chaengchenkit R., Hu J., Rezai M., Jaensch C., Jeon Y., Jang A., Leung Y-KI, Matsunaga K., Ortega M., Sarko G., Snape N., and Velasco-Zárate K. (2006) Accounting for English article interpretation by L2 speakers. In: Foster-Cohen S, Medved Krajnovic M, and Mihaljević Djigunović J (eds) EUROSLA Yearbook 6. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 7-25.
26. Heine L. (2001) Zum Einfluss vorher erworberner Sprachen auf das aktuelle Sprachenlernen: Eine empirische Untersuchung am Beispiel des Schwedischen als neu zu lernender Sprache [About the influence from earlier acquired languages on current language learning: An empirical study exemplified by Swedish as a new language]. Master thesis, University of Hamburg.
27. Hufeisen B. (1998) L3: Stand der Forschung: Was bleibt zu tun? [State of the research: What remains to be done?] In: Hufeisen B and Lindemann B (eds) Tertiärsprachen: Theorien, Modelle, Methoden [Tertiary languages: Theories, models, methods]. Tübingen: Stauffenburg Verlag, 169-84.
28. Hufeisen B. and Marx N. (2007) How can DaFnE and EuroComGerm contribute to the concept of receptive multilingualism? Theoretical and practical considerations. In: ten Thije JD and Zeevaert L (eds) Receptive multilingualism Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 307-22.
29. Jarvis S. and Pavlenko A. (2008) Crosslinguistic influence in language and cognition. New York: Routledge.
30. Jones MA (1996) Foundations of French syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
31. Kayne R. (1991) Romance clitics, verb movement, and PRO. Linguistic Inquiry 22: 617-86.
32. Kayne R. (1994) The antisymmetry of syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
33. Kellerman E. (1983) Now you see it, now you don't. In: Gass S and Selinker L (eds) Language transfer in language learning. Rowley, MA: Newbury House, 112-34.
34. Kim KHS, Relkin NR, Lee K-M., and Hirsch J. (1997) Distinct cortical areas associated with native and second languages. Nature 388: 171-4.
35. Leung Y.-KI(2005) L2 vs. L3 initial state: A comparative study of the acquisition of French DPs by Vietnamese monolinguals and Cantonese-English bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 8: 39-61.
36. Mandell PB (1999) On the reliability of grammaticality judgement tests in second language acquisition research. Second Language Research 15: 101-9.
37. Meisel J. (1983) Transfer as a second language strategy. Language and Communication 3: 11-46.
38. Montgomery DC (1991) Design and analysis of experiments. 3rd edition. New York: John Wiley.
39. Munnich E., Flynn S., and Marthohardjono G. (1994) Elicited imitation and grammaticality tasks: What they measure and how they relate to each other. In: Tarone E, Gass S, and Cohen A (eds) Research methodology in second language acquisition. 227-43. Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
40. Na Ranong S. and Leung Y-KI(2009) Null objects in L1 Thai-L2 English-L3 Chinese: An empiricist take on a theoretical problem. In: Leung Y-KI(ed.) Third language acquisition and Universal Grammar. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 162-91.
41. Neeleman A. and Weerman F. (1997) L1 and L2 word order acquisition. Language Acquisition 6: 125-70.
42. Pallotti G. (2007) An operational definition of the emergence criterion. Applied Linguistics 28: 361-82.
43. Pillai JJ, Araque JM, Allison JD, Sethuraman S., Loring DW, Thiruvaiyaru D., Ison CB, Balan A., and Lavin T. (2003) Functional MRI study of semantic and phonological language processing in bilingual subjects: Preliminary findings. NeuroImage 19: 565-76.
44. Pollock J-Y (1989) Verb movement, Universal Grammar and the structure of IP. Linguistic Inquiry 20: 365-424.
45. Rothman J. and Cabrelli Amaro J. (2010) What variables condition syntactic transfer? A look at the L3 initial state. Second Language Research 26: 189-218.
46. SAS Institute Inc (1999-2001) The SAS system for Windows. Release 8.02. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
47. Schmitz K. and Müller N. (2008) Strong and clitic pronouns in monolingual and bilingual acquisition of French and Italian. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 11: 19-41.
48. Schütze CT (1996) The empirical base of linguistics: Grammaticality judgements and linguistic methodology. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
49. Stechow A. and Sternefeld W. (1988) Bausteine syntaktisches Wissens: Ein Lehrbuch der generativen Grammatik [Foundations of syntactic knowledge: A handbook of generative grammar]. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
50. Travis L. (1994) Parameters of phrase structure and verb-second phenomena. In: Freidin R (ed.) Principles and parameters in comparative grammar. Cambridge MA: MIT, 339-64.
51. Ullman M. (2005) A cognitive neuroscience perspective on second language acquisition: Declarative/procedural model. In: Sanz C (ed.) Mind and context in adult second language acquisition: Methods, theory, and practice. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 141-78.
52. Vainikka A. and Young-Scholten M. (1994) Direct access to X-theory: Evidence from Korean and Turkish adults learning German. In: Hoekstra T and Schwartz B (ed.) Language acquisition studies in generative grammar. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 265-316.
53. Vainikka A. and Young-Scholten M. (1996) Gradual development of L2 phrase structure. Second Language Research 12: 7-39.
54. Vikner S. (1995) Verb movement and expletive in the Germanic languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
55. White L. (1989) Universal grammar and second language acquisition. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
56. Williams S. and Hammarberg B. (1998) Language switches in L3 production: Implications of a polyglot speaking model. Applied Linguistics 19: 295-333. Reprinted in: Hammarberg B (ed.) (2009) Processes in third language acquisition. Edinburgh University Press, 28-73.
57. Wood Bowden H., Sanz C., and Stafford CA (2005) Individual differences: Age, sex, working memory, and prior knowledge. In: Sanz C (ed.) Mind and context in adult second language acquisition: Methods, theory, and practice. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 105-40.
58. Zifonun G., Hoffmann L., and Strecker B. (1997) Grammatik der deutschen Sprache [Grammar of the German language]. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
59. Zwart JW (1993) Dutch syntax: A minimalist approach. Unpublished dissertation, University of Groningen.