Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis

Schizophrenia Bulletin

Volumn 36, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 1089-1104

  Chan, Raymond C K ^a   Xu, Ting ^a,b,c   Heinrichs, R Walter ^d   Yu, Yue ^a,e   Wang, Ya ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF PSYCHOLOGY   (China)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (China)

^c RENMIN UNIVERSITY OF CHINA   (China)

^d YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^e PEKING UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Meta analysis; Neurological soft signs; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; EFFECT SIZE; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; COGNITION; ENDOPHENOTYPES; FAMILY; HUMANS; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

EID: 78650098028     PISSN: 05867614     EISSN: 17451701     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbp011     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Heinrichs RW, Zakzanis KK. Neurocognitive deficit inschizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology. 1998;12: 426-445.
2. de Wilde OM, Bour LJ, Dingermans PM, Koelman JHTM, Linszen DH. A meta-analysis of the P50 studies in patientswith schizophrenia and relatives: differences in methodologybetween research groups. Schizophr Res. 2007;97: 137-151.
3. Heinrichs DW, Buchanan RW. The significance and meaningof neurological signs in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145: 11-18.
4. Tsuang MT, Gilberson MW, Faraone SV. The genetics of schizophrenia: current knowledge and future directions. Schizophr Res. 1991;4: 157-171.
5. Tsuang MT, Faraone SV. The concept of target features inschizophrenia research. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1999;395: 2-11.
6. Schröder J, Wenz F, Schad LR, Baudendistel K, Knopp MV. Sensorimotor cortex and supplementary motor area changesin schizophrenia: a study with functional magnetic resonanceimaging. Br J Psychiatry. 1995;167: 197-201.
7. Chan RCK, Rao H, Chen EE, Ye B, Zhang C. The neural basisof motor sequencing: an fMRI study of healthy subjects. Neurosci Lett. 2006;398: 189-194.
8. Rao H, Di X, Chan RCK, Ding Y, Ye B, Gao D. A regulationrole of the prefrontal cortex in the fist-edge-palm task: evidence from functional connectivity analysis. Neuroimage. 2008;41: 1345-1351.
9. Mohr F, Hubmann W, Cohen R, et al. Neurological softsigns in schizophrenia: assessment and correlates. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1996;246: 240-248.
10. Cuesta MJ, Peralta V, de Leon J. Neurological frontal signsand neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Res. 1996;20: 15-20.
11. Wong AHC, Voruganti LNP, Heslegrave RJ, Awad AG. Neurocognitive deficits and neurological signs in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 1997;23: 139-146.
12. Chen EYH, Lam LCW, Chen RYL, Nguyen DGH, KwokCL, Au JWY. Neurological signs and sustained attention impairmentin schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2001;251: 1-5.
13. Mohr F, Hubmann W, Albus M, et al. Neurological soft signsand neuropsychological performance in patients with first episodeschizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2003;121: 21-30.
14. Merriam AE, Kay SR, Opler LA, Kushner SF, van PraagHM. Neurological signs and the positive-negative dimensionin schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 1990;28: 181-192.
15. Flashman LA, Flaum M, Gupta S, Andreasen NC. Soft signsand neuropsychological performance in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153: 526-532.
16. Arango C, Bartko JJ, Gold JM, Buchannan RW. Predictionof neuropsychological performance by neurological signs inschizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156: 1349-1357.
17. Sanders RD, Schuepbach D, Goldstein G, Haas GL, SweeneyJA, Keshavan MS. Relationships between cognitive and neurologicalperformance in neuroleptic-naïve psychosis. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004;16: 480-487.
18. Bombin I, Arango C, Buchanan RW. Significance and meaningof neurological signs in schizophrenia: two decades later. Schizophr Bull. 2005;31: 962-977.
19. Chan RCK, Gottesman II. Neurological soft signs as candidateendophenotypes for schizophrenia: a shooting star ora Northern star? Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2008;32: 957-971.
20. Bombin I, Arango C, Buchanan RW. Assessment tools forsoft signs. Psychiatr Ann. 2003;33: 170-176.
21. Heinrichs RW. In Search of Madness: Schizophrenia and Neuroscience. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2001.
22. Heinrichs RW. Meta-analysis and the science of schizophrenia: variant evidence or evidence of variants? Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2004;28: 379-394.
23. Lipsey MW, Wilson DB. The way in which intervention studieshave "personality" and why it is important to metaanalysis. Eval Health Prof. 2001;24: 236-254.
24. Heinrichs RW. The primacy of cognition in schizophrenia. Am Psychol. 2005;60: 229-242.
25. Reichenberg A, Harvey PD. Neuropsychological impairmentsin schizophrenia: integration of performancebasedand brain imaging findings. Psychol Bull. 2007;133: 833-858.
26. Buchannan RW, Heinrichs DW. The Neurological EvaluationScale (NES): a structured instrument for the assessmentof neurological signs in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 1989;27: 335-350.
27. Chen EYH, Shapleske J, Luque R, et al. The Cambridge NeurologicalInventory, a clinical instrument for assessment ofsoft neurological signs. Psychiatry Res. 1995;56: 183-204.
28. Overall JE, Gorham DR. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychol Rep. 1962;10: 799-812.
29. Kay S, Fiszbein A, Opler L. The positive and negative syndromescale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13: 261-276.
30. Andreasen NC. The Scale for the Assessment of PositiveSymptoms (SAPS). Iowa City, Iowa: The University ofIowa; 1984.
31. Andreasen NC. The Scale for the Assessment of NegativeSymptoms (SANS). Iowa City, Iowa: The University ofIowa; 1984.
32. Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised: Manual. New York, NY: The Psychological Corporation;1981.
33. Wechsler D. WMS-III Manual. New York, NY: The Psychological Corporation; 1997.
34. Reitan RM. Trail Making Test: Manual for Administration, Scoring and Interpretation. Bloomington: Section of Neuropsychology, Department of Neurology, Indiana University Medical Centre; 1956.
35. Heaton RK. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual. Odessa, Fla: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1981.
36. Rossi A, Cataldo SD, Michele VD, et al. Neurological softsigns in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 1990;157: 735-739.
37. Borenstein M, Hedges L, Higgins J, Rothstein H. ComprehensiveMeta- analysis. Englewood, NJ: Biostat, Inc. ; 2005.
38. Rosenthal R. The "file drawer problem" and tolerance fornull results. Psychol Bull. 1979;86: 638-641.
39. Sutton AJ, Duval SJ, Tweedie RL, Abrams KR, Jones DR. Empirical assessment of effect of publication bias on metaanalyses. Br Med J. 2000;320: 1574-1577.
40. Rosenberg MS. The file-drawer problem revisited: a generalweighted method for calculating fail-safe numbers in metaanalysis. Evolution. 2005;59: 464-468.
41. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias inmeta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. Br Med J. 1997;315: 629-634.
42. Duval SJ, Tweedie RL. Practical estimates of the effect ofpublication bias in meta-analysis. Australas Epidemiol. 1998;5: 14-17.
43. Ismail B, Cantor-Graae E, McNeil TF. Minor physical anomaliesin schizophrenia, cognitive, neurological and other clinical correlates. J Psychiatr Res. 2000;34: 45-56.
44. Ismail B, Cantor-Graae E, McNeil TF. Neurological abnormalitiesin schizophrenia, clinical, etiological and demographiccorrelates. Schizophr Res. 1998;30: 229-238.
45. Cohen. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed). New York, NY: Academic Press; 1988.
46. Braun CMJ, Lapierre D. Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia: are they related to negative or positive symptoms, neuropsychological performance, and violence? Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 1995;10: 489-509.
47. Chen EYH, Chan CK. The Cambridge Neurological Inventory: clinical, demographic, and ethnic correlates. Psychiatr Ann. 2003;33: 202-210.
48. Jahn T, Hubmann W, Karr M, et al. Motoric neurologicalsoft signs and psychopathological symptoms in schizophrenicpsychoses. Psychiatry Res. 2006;142: 191-199.
49. Quitkin F, Rifkin A, Klein DF. Organicity in schizophreniawith premorbid asociality and emotionally unstable characterdisorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1976;33: 845-853.
50. Sanders RD, Keshavan MS, Forman SD, et al. Factor structureof neurologic examination abnormalities in unmedicatedschizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2000;95: 237-243.
51. Lane A, Colgan K, Moynihan F, et al. Schizophrenia and neurologicalsoft signs, gender differences in clinical correlates andantecedent factors. Psychiatry Res. 1996;64: 105-114.
52. Griffiths TD, Sigmundsson T, Takei N, Rowe D, MurrayRM. Neurological abnormalities in familial and sporadicschizophrenia. Brain. 1998;121: 191-203.
53. O'Reilly RL, Lane A, Cernovsky ZZ, O'Callaghan E. Neurologicalsoft signs, minor physical anomalies and handednessin schizophrenia. Eur J Psychiatry. 2001;15: 189-192.
54. Browne S, Clarke M, Gervin M, et al. Determinants of neurologicaldysfunction in first episode schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 2000;30: 1433-1441.
55. Bachmann S, Bottmer C, Schröder J. Neurological soft signsin first-episode schizophrenia: a follow-up study. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162: 2337-2343. (Pubitemid 41740213)
56. Whitty P, Clarke M, McTigue O, et al. Diagnostic specificityand predictors of neurological soft signs in schizophrenia, bipolardisorder and other psychoses over the first 4 years of illness. Schizophr Res. 2006;86: 110-117.
57. Obiols JE, Serrano F, Caparrós B, Subirá S, Barrantes N. Neurologicalsoft signs in adolescents with poor performance on thecontinuous performance test: markers of liability for schizophreniaspectrum disorders? Psychiatry Res. 1999;86: 217-228.
58. King DJ, Wilson A, Cooper SJ, Waddington JL. The clinical correlates of neurological soft signs in chronic schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 1991;158: 770-775.
59. Bartko G, Zador G, Horvath S, Herczeg I. Neurological softsigns in chronic schizophrenic patients: clinical correlates. SocBiol Psychiatry. 1988;24: 458-460.
60. Liddle PF. Schizophrenic syndromes, cognitive performanceand neurological dysfunction. Psychol Med. 1987;17: 49-57.
61. Cox SM, Ludwig AM. Neurological soft signs and psychopathology: I. Findings in schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1979;167: 161-165.
62. Schröder J, Niethammer R, Geider F-J, et al. Neurologicalsoft signs in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 1992;6: 25-30.
63. Flyckt L, Sydowb O, Bjerkenstedta L, Edmana G, Rydinb E, Wieselc F-A. Neurological signs and psychomotor performancein patients with schizophrenia, their relatives andhealthy controls. Psychiatry Res. 1999;86: 113-129.
64. Arango C, Kirkpatrick B, Buchannan RW. Neurologicalsigns and the heterogeneity of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157: 560-565.
65. Chen EYH, Kwok CL, Au JWY, Chen RYL, Lau BST. Progressivedeterioration of soft neurological signs in chronicschizophrenia patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2000;102: 342-349.
66. Biswas P, Malhotra S, Malhotra A, Gupta N. Comparativestudy of neurological soft signs in schizophrenia with onsetin childhood, adolescence. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2007;115: 295-303.
67. Das M, Kumari V, Soni W, et al. Neurological soft signs andtheir relationship to cognitive and clinical efficacy of atypicalantipsychotics in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2004;30: 241-253.
68. Bersani G, Clemente R, Gherardelli S, Pancheri P. Deficit ofexecutive functions in schizophrenia: relationship to neurologicalsoft signs and psychopathology. Psychopathology. 2004;37: 118-123.
69. Dazzan P, Morgan KD, Orr KG, et al. The structural braincorrelates of neurological soft signs in AESOP first-episodepsychoses study. Brain. 2004;127: 143-153.
70. Boks MPM, Selten J-P, Leask S, Van den Bosch RJ. The 2-year stability of neurological soft signs after a first episodeof non-affective psychosis. Eur Psychiatry. 2006;21: 288-290.
71. Gureje O. Neurological soft signs in Nigerian schizophrenics: a controlled study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1988;78: 505-509.
72. Aydemir C, Goka E, Kisa C, Kurt A, Yuksel FV. Dyskinesiaand soft neurological signs in schizophrenia: a comparativestudy. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2005;9: 238-243.
73. Chen EY, Hui CL, Chan RC, et al. A 3-year prospectivestudy of neurological soft signs in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2005;75: 45-54.
74. Scheffer RE. Abnormal neurological signs at the onset of psychosis. Schizophr Res. 2004;70: 19-26.
75. Sevincok L, Topaloglu B. Neurological soft signs and positivetreatment response to olanzapine in chronic schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006;30: 141-143.
76. Emsley R, Turnera HJ, Oosthuizena PP, Carr J. Neurologicalabnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia: temporal stabilityand clinical and outcome correlates. Schizophr Res. 2005;75: 35-44.
77. Mittal VA, Hasenkamp W, Sanfilipo M, et al. Relation of neurological soft signs to psychiatric symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2007;94: 37-44.
78. Picchioni MM, Toulopoulou T, Landau S, Davies N, RibchesterT, Murray RM. Neurological abnormalities in schizophrenictwins. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59: 341-348.
79. Bersani G, Gherardelli S, Clemente R, et al. Neurologic softsigns in schizophrenic patients treated with conventional andatypical antipsychotics. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005;25: 372-375.
80. Boks MPM, Liddle PF, Burgerhof JGM, Knegtering R, Bosch R-Jvd. Neurological soft signs discriminating mooddisorders from first episode schizophrenia. Acta PsychiatrScand. 2004;110: 29-35.
81. Gottesman II, Gould TD. The endophenotype concept inpsychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160: 636-645.
82. Davidson L, Heinrichs RW. Quantification of brain imagingfindings on the frontal and temporal lobes in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2003;122: 69-87.
83. Hallmayer JF, Kalaydjieva L, Badcock J, et al. Genetic evidencefor a distinct subtype of schizophrenia characterized by pervasivecognitive deficit. Am J Hum Genet. 2005;77: 468-476.
84. Chen EYH, Lam LCW, Chen RYL, Nguyen DGH. Neurologicalsigns, age, and illness duration in schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1996;184: 339-345.
85. Bjorck RV, Sjalin M, Nordin C. Neurological soft signs inschizophrenic patients: influence of age, age at onset, sex, and family history of schizophrenia. Nord J Psychiatry. 2000;54: 437-440.
86. Duggal HS, Muddasani S, Keshavan MS. Insular volumes infirst-episode schizophrenia: gender effect. Schizophr Res. 2005;73: 113-120.
87. Sevincok L, Akoglu A, Topaloglu B, Aslantas H. Neurologicalsoft signs in schizophrenic patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004;58: 274-278.
88. Bersani G, Orlandi V, Gherardelli S, Pancheri P. Cannabisand neurological soft signs in schizophrenia: absence of relationshipand influence on psychopathology. Psychopathology. 2002;35: 289-295.
89. Krebs MO, GutFayand A, Bourdel MC, Dischamp, J, OlieJP. Validity and factorial structure of a standardized examinationfor neurological soft-signs in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2000;45: 245-260.