Neurological abnormalities in familial and sporadic schizophrenia

Brain

Volumn 121, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 191-203

  Griffiths, T D ^a,b   Sigmundsson, T ^c   Takei, N ^c   Rowe, D ^d   Murray, R M ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^d NATIONAL HOSPITAL FOR NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSURGERY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Neurology; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

NEUROLEPTIC AGENT;

ADULT; AGE; ARTICLE; BRAIN DYSFUNCTION; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN INJURY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DYSKINESIA; FAMILIAL DISEASE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; NEUROLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SOCIAL CLASS;

EID: 0031931372     PISSN: 00068950     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/brain/121.2.191     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Altman DG. Practical statistics for medical research. London: Chapman & Hall; 1991: p. 351-8.
2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. DSM-III-R. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association; 1987.
3. Annett MA. A classification of hand preference by association analysis. Br J Psychol 1970; 61: 303-21.
4. Awad AG. Drug therapy in schizophrenia - variability of outcome and prediction of response. [Review]. Can J Psychiatry 1989; 34: 711-20.
5. Baldessarini RJ, Katz B, Cotton P. Dissimilar dosing with high-potgency and low-potency neuroleptics. Am J Psychiatry 1984; 141: 748-52.
6. Bower EM, Shellhamer TA. School characteristics of male adolescents who later become schizophrenic. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1960; 30: 712-29.
7. Buchanan RW, Heinrichs DW. The Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES): a structured instrument for the assessment of neurological signs in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 1989; 27: 335-50.
8. Buchanan RW, Kirkpatrick B, Heinrichs DW, Carpenter WT Jr. Clinical correlates of the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 290-4.
9. Clair AL, Boschen M. Neuropsychological and neurological change in schizophrenia: a four year longitudinal study [abstract]. Schizophr Res 1996; 18: 243.
10. Clair A, Mann P. Neurological signs in schizophrenia [abstract]. Schizophr Res 1996; 18: 225.
11. Cox SM, Ludwig AM. Neurological soft signs and psychopathology: incidence in diagnostic groups. Can J Psychiatry 1979a; 24: 668-73.
12. Cox SM, Ludwig AM. Neurological soft signs and psychopathology. I. Findings in schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis 1979b; 167: 161-5.
13. Davis JM. Comparative doses and costs of antipsychotic medication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976; 33: 858-61.
14. Fish B. The detection of schizophrenia in infancy. J Nerv Ment Dis 1957; 125: 1-24.
15. Fish B. Longitudinal observations of biological deviations in a schizophrenic infant. Am J Psychiatry 1959; 116: 25-31.
16. Fish B. Neurobiologic antecedents of schizophrenia in children. Evidence for an inherited, congenital neurointegrative defect. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977; 34: 1297-313.
17. Fish B, Hagin R. Visual-motor disorders in infants at risk for schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1973; 28: 900-4.
18. Fish B, Shapiro T, Halpern F, Wile R. The prediction of schizophrenia in infancy: III. A ten-year follow-up report of neurological and psychological development. Am J Psychiatry 1965; 121: 768-75.
19. Flashman LA, Flaum M, Gupta S, Andreasen NC. Soft signs and neuropsychological performance in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 526-32.
20. Friston KJ, Frith CD. Schizophrenia: a disconnection syndrome [Review]. Clin Neurosci 1995; 3: 89-97.
21. Frith C. Schizophrenia. Functional imaging and cognitive abnormalities [Review]. Lancet 1995; 346: 615-20.
22. Galbraith DA, Gordon BA, Feleki V, Gordon N, Cooper A. Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) in hospitalized adult schizophrenic patients resistant to drug treatment. Can J Psychiatry 1989; 34: 299-302.
23. Geddes JR, Lawrie SM. Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis [abstract]. Schizophr Res 1996; 18: 98.
24. Gupta S, Andreasen NC, Arndt S, Flaum M, Schultz SK, Hubbard WC, et al. Neurological soft signs in neuroleptic-naive and neuroleptic-treated schizophrenic patients and in normal comparison subjects. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 191-6.
25. Gureje O. Neurological soft signs in Nigerian schizophrenics: a controlled study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1988; 78: 505-9.
26. Hansen M, Sindrup SH, Christensen PB, Olsen NK, Kristensen O, Friis ML. Interobserver variation in the evaluation of neurological signs: observer dependent factors. Acta Neurol Scand 1994; 90: 145-9.
27. Heinrichs DW, Buchanan RW. Significance and meaning of neurological signs in schizophrenia. [Review]. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145: 11-8.
28. Hollander E, Shiffman E, Cohen B, Rivera-Stein MA, Rosen W, Gorman JM, et al. Signs of central nervous system dysfunction in obsessive compulsive disorder [see comments]. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47: 27-32. Comment in: Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991 ; 48: 278-9.
29. Hollander E, Shiffman E, Cohen B, Rivera-Stein MA, Rosen W, Gorman JM, et al. Signs of central nervous system dysfunction in obsessive compulsive disorder [see comments]. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47: 27-32. Comment in: Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991 ; 48: 278-9.
30. Hyde TM, Ziegler JC, Weinberger DR. Psychiatric disturbances in metachromatic leucodystrophy. Insights into the neurobiology of psychosis. Arch Neurol 1992; 49: 401-406.
31. Johnstone EC, Owens DGC. The disabilities of chronic schizophrenia [letter]. Br J Psychiatry 1980; 136: 495-6.
32. Johnstone EC, MacMillan JF, Frith CD, Benn DK, Crow TJ. Further investigation of the predictors of outcome following first schizophrenic episodes [see comments]. Br J Psychiatry 1990; 157: 182-9. Comment in: Br J Psychiatry 1991; 158: 713-4.
33. Johnstone EC, MacMillan JF, Frith CD, Benn DK, Crow TJ. Further investigation of the predictors of outcome following first schizophrenic episodes [see comments]. Br J Psychiatry 1990; 157: 182-9. Comment in: Br J Psychiatry 1991; 158: 713-4.
34. Jones P, Rodgers B, Murray R, Marmot M. Child development risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet 1994; 344: 1398-402.
35. Kaiser J, Gruzelier JH. Cortico-cortical connectivity measured with EEG coherence in early versus late maturers: developmental implications for schizophrenia [abstract]. Schizophr Res 1996; 18: 233.
36. King DJ, Wilson A, Cooper SJ, Waddington JL. The clinical correlates of neurological soft signs in chronic schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 158: 770-5.
37. Kinney DK, Woods BT, Yurgelun-Todd D. Neurologic abnormalities in schizophrenic patients and their families. II. Neurologic and psychiatric findings in relatives. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43: 665-8.
38. Kinney DK, Yurgelun-Todd DA, Woods BT. Hard neurologic signs and psychopathology in relatives of schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Res 1991; 39: 45-53.
39. Kinney DK, Yurgelun-Todd DA, Woods BT. Neurologic signs in patients with paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1992; 4: 447-9.
40. Kinney DK, Yurgelun-Todd DA, Woods BT. Neurological hard signs in schizophrenia and major mood disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis 1993; 181: 202-4.
41. Kolakowska T, Williams AO, Jambor K, Ardern M. Schizophrenia with good and poor outcome. III: neurological 'soft' signs, cognitive impairment and their clinical significance. Br J Psychiatry 1985; 146: 348-57.
42. Lewis SW, Murray RM. Obstetric complications, neurodevelopmental deviance, and risk of schizophrenia. [Review]. J Psychiatr Res 1987; 21: 413-21.
43. Liddle PF. Schizophrenic syndromes, cognitive performance and neurological dysfunction. Psychol Med 1987; 17: 49-57.
44. Lyon M, Barr CE, Cannon TD, Mednick SA, Shore D. Fetal neural development and schizophrenia [clinical conference]. Schizophr Bull 1989; 15: 149-61.
45. Manschreck TC, Maher BA, Rucklos ME, Vereen DR, Ader DN. Deficient motor synchrony in schizophrenia. J Abnormal Psychol 1981; 90: 321-8.
46. Manschreck TC, Maher BA, Rucklos ME, Vereen DR. Disturbed voluntary motor disorder in schizophrenic disorder. Psychol Med 1982; 12: 73-84.
47. Marcus J. Cerebral functioning in the offspring of schizophrenics. Int J Ment Health 1974; 3: 57-73.
48. Marcus J, Auerbach J, Wilkinson L, Burack CM. Infants at risk for schizophrenia: the Jerusalem infant development study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981; 38: 703-13.
49. Marcus J, Haus SL, Mednick SA, Schulsinger F, Michelsen N. Neurological dysfunctioning in offspring of schizophrenics in Israel and Denmark. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985; 42: 753-61.
50. Marsden CD. Motor disorders in schizophrenia. Psychol Med 1982; 12: 13-5.
51. Merriam AE, Kay SR, Opler LA, Kushner SF, van Praag HM. Neurological signs and the positive-negative dimension in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1990; 28: 181-92.
52. Mukherjee S, Shukla S, Rosen A. Neurological abnormalities in patients with bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1984; 19: 337-45.
53. Murray RM, Jones P. Sporadic schizophrenia-another male preserve? Eur Psychiatry 1996; 11: 286-8.
54. Murray RM, Lewis SW, Reveley AM. Towards an aetiological classification of schizophrenia. [Review]. Lancet 1985; i: 1023-6.
55. National Institute of Mental Health (1974) Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale. Bethesda (MA): Public Health Service; 1974.
56. Nelson H (1982) National Adult Reading Test (NART): for the assessment of premorbid intelligence in patients with dementia. Windsor (UK): NFER-Nelson; 1982.
57. Quitkin F, Rifkin A, Klein DF. Neurologic soft signs in schizophrenia and character disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976; 33: 846-53.
58. Rossi A, De Cataldo S, Di Michele V, Manna V, Ceccoli S, Stratta P, et al. Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia [see comments]. Br J Psychiatry 1990; 157: 735-9. Comment in: Br J Psychiatry 1991; 158: 865-6.
59. Rossi A, De Cataldo S, Di Michele V, Manna V, Ceccoli S, Stratta P, et al. Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia [see comments]. Br J Psychiatry 1990; 157: 735-9. Comment in: Br J Psychiatry 1991; 158: 865-6.
60. Roy MA, Crowe RA. Validity of the familial and sporadic subtypes of schizophrenia. [Review]. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151: 805-14.
61. Sanders RD, Keshaven MS, Schooler NR. Neurological examination abnormalities in neuroleptic-naive patients with first-break schizophrenia: preliminary results. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151: 1231-3.
62. Schlenker R, Cohen R, Berg P, Hubman W, Mohr F, Watzl H, et al. Smooth-pursuit eye movement dysfunction in schizophrenia: the role of attention and general psychomotor dysfunctions. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1994; 244: 153-60.
63. Schroder J, Niethammer R, Geider FJ, Reitz C, Binkert M, Jauss M, et al. Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1991; 6: 25-30.
64. Selemon LD, Rajkowska G, Goldman-Rakic PS. Abnormally high neuronal density in the schizophrenic cortex. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52: 805-18.
65. Spitzer RL, Endicott J. Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia. New York State Psychiatric Institute; 1978.
66. Torrey EF. Neurological abnormalities in schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 1980; 15: 381-8.
67. Tucker GJ, Campion EW, Kelleher PA, Silberfarb PM. The relationship of subtle neurologic impairments to disturbances of thinking. Psychother Psychosom 1974; 24: 165-9.
68. Walker E, Green M. Soft signs of neurologic dysfunction in schizophrenia: an investigation of lateral performance. Biol Psychiatry 1982; 17: 381-6.
69. Walker E, Shaye J. Familial schizophrenia. A predictor of neuromotor and attentional abnormalities in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982; 39: 1153-6.
70. Watt NF, Lubensky AW. Childhood roots of schizophrenia. J Consult Clin Psychol 1976; 44: 363-75.
71. Wegner JT, Catalano F, Gibralter J, Kane JM. Schizophrenics with tardive dyskinesia. Neuropsychological deficit and family psychopathology. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985; 42: 860-5.
72. Wernicke C. Grundrisse der Psychiatrie in klinischen Vorlesungen. Leipzig: Thieme; 1906.
73. Wojcik JD, Gelenberg AJ, LaBrie RA, Mieske M. Prevalence of tardive dyskinesia in an outpatient population. Compr Psychiatry 1980; 21: 370-80.
74. Woods BT, Kinney DK, Yurgelun-Todd D. Neurologic abnormalities in schizophrenic patients and their families. I. Comparison of schizophrenic, bipolar, and substance abuse patients and normal controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43: 657-63.
75. Woods BT, Yurgelun-Todd D, Kinney DK. Relationship of neurological abnormalities in schizophrenics to family psychopathology. Biol Psychiatry 1987; 22: 325-31.
76. Woods BT, Kinney DK, Yurgelun-Todd DA. Neurological 'hard' signs and family history of psychosis in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1991; 30: 806-16.