The role of adaptive and functional imaging modalities in radiation therapy: Approach and application from a radiation oncology perspective

Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI

Volumn 31, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 444-461

  Yoo, David S ^a   Wong, Terence Z ^a   Brizel, David M ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

1 FLUORO 3 (2 NITRO 1 IMIDAZOLYL) 2 PROPANOL F 18; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BLEOMYCIN; CISPLATIN; CONTRAST MEDIUM; DACARBAZINE; DOXORUBICIN; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT; VINBLASTINE;

ARTICLE; BLOOD TOXICITY; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER CONTROL; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER PALLIATIVE THERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER SCREENING; CANCER STAGING; CHRONIC LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA; CLINICAL DECISION MAKING; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPUTER ASSISTED EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC ERROR; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DISTANT METASTASIS; DOSE RESPONSE; FOLLOW UP; HODGKIN DISEASE; HUMAN; INTENSITY MODULATED RADIATION THERAPY; LOW DRUG DOSE; LUNG CANCER; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; NASOPHARYNX CARCINOMA; NECK CANCER; NECK DISSECTION; NEPHROTOXICITY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; ODYNOPHAGIA; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT SELECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROCESS OPTIMIZATION; PROGNOSIS; RADIATION DOSE; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; TREATMENT PLANNING; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; RADIATION ONCOLOGY; RADIOTHERAPY PLANNING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; RADIOTHERAPY, CONFORMAL; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 78649947967     PISSN: 08872171     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2010.10.002     Document Type: Article

References (155)

1. Fukumoto S., Shirato H., Shimzu S., et al. Small-volume image-guided radiotherapy using hypofractionated, coplanar, and noncoplanar multiple fields for patients with inoperable stage I nonsmall cell lung carcinomas. Cancer 2002, 95:1546-1553.
2. Bernier J., Hall E.J., Giaccia A. Radiation oncology: A century of achievements. Nat Rev Cancer 2004, 4:737-747.
3. Clarke M., Collins R., Darby S., et al. Effects of radiotherapy and of differences in the extent of surgery for early breast cancer on local recurrence and 15-year survival: An overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 2005, 366:2087-2106.
4. Thompson I.M., Tangen C.M., Paradelo J., et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy for pathological T3N0M0 prostate cancer significantly reduces risk of metastases and improves survival: Long-term follow-up of a randomized clinical trial. J Urol 2009, 181:956-962.
5. Auperin A., Le Pechoux C., Rolland E., et al. Meta-analysis of concomitant versus sequential radiochemotherapy in locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:2181-2190.
6. Bourhis J., Overgaard J., Audry H., et al. Hyperfractionated or accelerated radiotherapy in head and neck cancer: A meta-analysis. Lancet 2006, 368:843-854.
7. Cuzick J., Stewart H., Rutqvist L., et al. Cause-specific mortality in long-term survivors of breast cancer who participated in trials of radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol 1994, 12:447-453.
8. Favourable and unfavourable effects on long-term survival of radiotherapy for early breast cancer: An overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 2000, 355:1757-1770. Early breast cancer trialists' Collaborative Group.
9. Raj K.A., Evans E.S., Prosnitz R.G., et al. Is there an increased risk of local recurrence under the heart block in patients with left-sided breast cancer?. Cancer J 2006, 12:309-317.
10. Remouchamps V.M., Letts N., Vicini F.A., et al. Initial clinical experience with moderate deep-inspiration breath hold using an active breathing control device in the treatment of patients with left-sided breast cancer using external beam radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003, 56:704-715.
11. Korreman S.S., Pedersen A.N., Aarup L.R., et al. Reduction of cardiac and pulmonary complication probabilities after breathing adapted radiotherapy for breast cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006, 65:1375-1380.
12. Giordano S.H., Kuo Y.F., Freeman J.L., et al. Risk of cardiac death after adjuvant radiotherapy for breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005, 97:419-424.
13. Shaw E., Scott C., Souhami L., et al. Single dose radiosurgical treatment of recurrent previously irradiated primary brain tumors and brain metastases: Final report of RTOG protocol 90-05. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000, 47:291-298.
14. Halperin E.C., Perez C.A., Brady L.W. Perez and Brady's Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology 2008, Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp xxxii, 2106. 5th ed.
15. Fleming A.J., Smith S.P., Paul C.M., et al. Impact of [18F]-2-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography on previously untreated head and neck cancer patients. Laryngoscope 2007, 117:1173-1179.
16. Schoder H., Yeung H.W., Gonen M., et al. Head and neck cancer: Clinical usefulness and accuracy of PET/CT image fusion. Radiology 2004, 231:65-72.
17. Schoder H., Carlson D.L., Kraus D.H., et al. 18F-FDG PET/CT for detecting nodal metastases in patients with oral cancer staged N0 by clinical examination and CT/MRI. J Nucl Med 2006, 47:755-762.
18. Candela F.C., Kothari K., Shah J.P. Patterns of cervical node metastases from squamous carcinoma of the oropharynx and hypopharynx. Head Neck 1990, 12:197-203.
19. Shah J.P. Patterns of cervical lymph node metastasis from squamous carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract. Am J Surg 1990, 160:405-409.
20. Goodwin W.J. Distant metastases from oropharyngeal cancer. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2001, 63:222-223.
21. Corry J., Peters L.J., Costa I.D., et al. The "QUAD SHOT"-a phase II study of palliative radiotherapy for incurable head and neck cancer. Radiother Oncol 2005, 77:137-142.
22. Bill-Axelson A., Holmberg L., Ruutu M., et al. Radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2005, 352:1977-1984.
23. Klotz L.H., Nam R.K. Active surveillance with selective delayed intervention for favorable risk prostate cancer: Clinical experience and a "number needed to treat" analysis. Can J Urol 2006, 13(suppl 1):48-55.
24. Olaussen K.A., Dunant A., Fouret P., et al. DNA repair by ERCC1 in non-small-cell lung cancer and cisplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:983-991.
25. Paik S., Shak S., Tang G., et al. A multigene assay to predict recurrence of tamoxifen-treated, node-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2004, 351:2817-2826.
26. Harry V.N., Semple S.I., Parkin D.E., et al. Use of new imaging techniques to predict tumour response to therapy. Lancet Oncol 2010, 11:92-102.
27. Henschke C.I., Yankelevitz D.F., Libby D.M., et al. Survival of patients with stage I lung cancer detected on CT screening. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:1763-1771.
28. Bach P.B., Jett J.R., Pastorino U., et al. Computed tomography screening and lung cancer outcomes. JAMA 2007, 297:953-961.
29. Andriole G.L., Crawford E.D., Grubb R.L., et al. Mortality results from a randomized prostate-cancer screening trial. N Engl J Med 2009, 360:1310-1319.
30. Draisma G., Etzioni R., Tsodikov A., et al. Lead time and overdiagnosis in prostate-specific antigen screening: Importance of methods and context. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009, 101:374-383.
31. Morrow M., Freedman G. A clinical oncology perspective on the use of breast MR. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2006, 14:363-378. vi.
32. Solin L.J., Orel S.G., Hwang W.T., et al. Relationship of breast magnetic resonance imaging to outcome after breast-conservation treatment with radiation for women with early-stage invasive breast carcinoma or ductal carcinoma in situ. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:386-391.
33. Son S.H., Choi B.O., Kim G.W., et al. Primary radiation therapy in patients with localized orbital marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010, 77:86-91.
34. Chan J.L., Lee S.W., Fraass B.A., et al. Survival and failure patterns of high-grade gliomas after three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2002, 20:1635-1642.
35. Thames H.D., Peters L.J., Spanos W., et al. Dose response of squamous cell carcinomas of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. Br J Cancer Suppl 1980, 4:35-38.
36. Martel M.K., Ten Haken R.K., Hazuka M.B., et al. Estimation of tumor control probability model parameters from 3-D dose distributions of non-small cell lung cancer patients. Lung Cancer 1999, 24:31-37.
37. D'Ambrosio D.J., Pollack A., Harris E.E., et al. Assessment of external beam radiation technology for dose escalation and normal tissue protection in the treatment of prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008, 70:671-677.
38. Rose P.G., Eifel P.J. Combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy for carcinoma of the cervix. Cancer J 2001, 7:86-94.
39. Pignon J.P., le Maitre A., Maillard E., et al. Meta-analysis of chemotherapy in head and neck cancer (MACH-NC): An update on 93 randomised trials and 17,346 patients. Radiother Oncol 2009, 92:4-14.
40. Minsky B.D., Pajak T.F., Ginsberg R.J., et al. INT 0123 (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 94-05) phase III trial of combined-modality therapy for esophageal cancer: High-dose versus standard-dose radiation therapy. J Clin Oncol 2002, 20:1167-1174.
41. Kepka L., Sprawka A., Casas F., et al. Combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in locally advanced NSCLC. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2009, 9:1389-1403.
42. Bolla M., Collette L., Blank L., et al. Long-term results with immediate androgen suppression and external irradiation in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer (an EORTC study): A phase III randomised trial. Lancet 2002, 360:103-106.
43. Stupp R., Mason W.P., van den Bent M.J., et al. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med 2005, 352:987-996.
44. Fletcher G.H., Shukovsky L.J. The interplay of radiocurability and tolerance in the irradiation of human cancers. J Radiol Electrol Med Nucl 1975, 56:383-400.
45. Stewart J.G., Jackson A.W. The steepness of the dose response curve both for tumor cure and normal tissue injury. Laryngoscope 1975, 85:1107-1111.
46. Emami B., Lyman J., Brown A., et al. Tolerance of normal tissue to therapeutic irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1991, 21:109-122.
47. Evans E.S., Hahn C.A., Kocak Z., et al. The role of functional imaging in the diagnosis and management of late normal tissue injury. Semin Radiat Oncol 2007, 17:72-80.
48. Marks L.B., Yorke E.D., Jackson A., et al. Use of normal tissue complication probability models in the clinic. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010, 76:S10-S19.
49. Lee W.R., Roach M., Michalski J., et al. Interobserver variability leads to significant differences in quantifiers of prostate implant adequacy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002, 54:457-461.
50. Packer R.J. Childhood medulloblastoma: Progress and future challenges. Brain Dev 1999, 21:75-81.
51. Packer R.J., Gajjar A., Vezina G., et al. Phase III study of craniospinal radiation therapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy for newly diagnosed average-risk medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24:4202-4208.
52. Drayer J.A., Marks L.B., Bentel G., et al. Defining the superior border of posterior fossa radiation treatment fields. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998, 41:625-629.
53. Wolden S.L., Dunkel I.J., Souweidane M.M., et al. Patterns of failure using a conformal radiation therapy tumor bed boost for medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 2003, 21:3079-3083.
54. Mulhern R.K., Palmer S.L., Merchant T.E., et al. Neurocognitive consequences of risk-adapted therapy for childhood medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:5511-5519.
55. Goda J.S., Tsang R.W. Involved field radiotherapy for limited stage Hodgkin lymphoma: Balancing treatment efficacy against long-term toxicities. Hematol Oncol 2009, 27:115-122.
56. Yahalom J. Don't throw out the baby with the bathwater: On optimizing cure and reducing toxicity in Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24:544-548.
57. Engert A, Diehl V, Pluetschow A, et al: Two cycles of ABVD followed by involved Field radiotherapy with 20 Gray (Gy) is the new standard of care in the treatment of patients with early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma: Final Analysis of the Randomized German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG) HD10, in Study Supported by the Deutsche Krebshilfe and in Part by the Competence Network Malignant Lymphoma: 51st Ash Annual Meeting and Exposition 2009.
58. Campbell B.A., Voss N., Pickles T., et al. Involved-nodal radiation therapy as a component of combination therapy for limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: A question of field size. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:5170-5174.
59. Girinsky T., Ghalibafian M., Bonniaud G., et al. Is FDG-PET scan in patients with early stage Hodgkin lymphoma of any value in the implementation of the involved-node radiotherapy concept and dose painting?. Radiother Oncol 2007, 85:178-186.
60. Girinsky T., van der Maazen R., Specht L., et al. Involved-node radiotherapy (INRT) in patients with early Hodgkin lymphoma: Concepts and guidelines. Radiother Oncol 2006, 79:270-277.
61. Senan S., Piet A., Lagerwaard F. Involved-node radiotherapy to the mediastinum. Radiother Oncol 2007, 82:108-109. author reply 109-110.
62. Viani G.A., Stefano E.J., Afonso S.L. Higher-than-conventional radiation doses in localized prostate cancer treatment: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009, 74:1405-1418.
63. Zelefsky M.J., Levin E.J., Hunt M., et al. Incidence of late rectal and urinary toxicities after three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008, 70:1124-1129.
64. Emami B., Mirkovic N., Scott C., et al. The impact of regional nodal radiotherapy (dose/volume) on regional progression and survival in unresectable non-small cell lung cancer: An analysis of RTOG data. Lung Cancer 2003, 41:207-214.
65. Rosenzweig K.E., Sim S.E., Mychalczak B., et al. Elective nodal irradiation in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001, 50:681-685.
66. Williams T.E., Thomas C.R., Turrisi A.T. Counterpoint: Better radiation treatment of non-small cell lung cancer using new techniques without elective nodal irradiation. Semin Radiat Oncol 2000, 10:315-323.
67. Yuan S., Sun X., Li M., et al. A randomized study of involved-field irradiation versus elective nodal irradiation in combination with concurrent chemotherapy for inoperable stage III nonsmall cell lung cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 2007, 30:239-244.
68. D'Souza W.D., Nazareth D.P., Zhang B., et al. The use of gated and 4D CT imaging in planning for stereotactic body radiation therapy. Med Dosim 2007, 32:92-101.
69. Rietzel E., Rosenthal S.J., Gierga D.P., et al. Moving targets: Detection and tracking of internal organ motion for treatment planning and patient set-up. Radiother Oncol 2004, 73(suppl 2):S68-S72.
70. Langen K.M., Jones D.T. Organ motion and its management. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001, 50:265-278.
71. de Crevoisier R., Tucker S.L., Dong L., et al. Increased risk of biochemical and local failure in patients with distended rectum on the planning CT for prostate cancer radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005, 62:965-973.
72. Hill D.L., Batchelor P.G., Holden M., et al. Medical image registration. Phys Med Biol 2001, 46:R1-R45.
73. Rasch C., Barillot I., Remeijer P., et al. Definition of the prostate in CT and MRI: A multi-observer study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999, 43:57-66.
74. Roach M., Faillace-Akazawa P., Malfatti C., et al. Prostate volumes defined by magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomographic scans for three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996, 35:1011-1018.
75. Rusthoven K.E., Raben D., Schneider C., et al. Freedom from local and regional failure of contralateral neck with ipsilateral neck radiotherapy for node-positive tonsil cancer: Results of a prospective management approach. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009, 74:1365-1370.
76. O'Sullivan B., Warde P., Grice B., et al. The benefits and pitfalls of ipsilateral radiotherapy in carcinoma of the tonsillar region. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001, 51:332-343.
77. Chao K.S., Wippold F.J., Ozyigit G., et al. Determination and delineation of nodal target volumes for head-and-neck cancer based on patterns of failure in patients receiving definitive and postoperative IMRT. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002, 53:1174-1184.
78. Eisbruch A., Foote R.L., O'Sullivan B., et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for head and neck cancer: Emphasis on the selection and delineation of the targets. Semin Radiat Oncol 2002, 12:238-249.
79. Gregoire V., Eisbruch A., Hamoir M., et al. Proposal for the delineation of the nodal CTV in the node-positive and the post-operative neck. Radiother Oncol 2006, 79:15-20.
80. Gregoire V., Levendag P., Ang K.K., et al. CT-based delineation of lymph node levels and related CTVs in the node-negative neck: DAHANCA, EORTC, GORTEC, NCIC, RTOG consensus guidelines. Radiother Oncol 2003, 69:227-236.
81. Byers R.M. Modified neck dissection. A study of 967 cases from 1970 to 1980. Am J Surg 1985, 150:414-421.
82. Lindberg R. Distribution of cervical lymph node metastases from squamous cell carcinoma of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. Cancer 1972, 29:1446-1449.
83. Gunderson L.L. Gastric cancer-patterns of relapse after surgical resection. Semin Radiat Oncol 2002, 12:150-161.
84. Gunderson L.L., Sosin H. Adenocarcinoma of the stomach: Areas of failure in a re-operation series (second or symptomatic look) clinicopathologic correlation and implications for adjuvant therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1982, 8:1-11.
85. Creasman W.T., Morrow C.P., Bundy B.N., et al. Surgical pathologic spread patterns of endometrial cancer. Cancer 1987, 60:2035-2041. A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study.
86. Halperin E.C., Bentel G., Heinz E.R., et al. Radiation therapy treatment planning in supratentorial glioblastoma multiforme: An analysis based on post mortem topographic anatomy with CT correlations. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989, 17:1347-1350.
87. Kelsey C.R., Light K.L., Marks L.B. Patterns of failure after resection of non-small-cell lung cancer: Implications for postoperative radiation therapy volumes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006, 65:1097-1105.
88. Kelly P.J., Daumas-Duport C., Scheithauer B.W., et al. Stereotactic histologic correlations of computed tomography- and magnetic resonance imaging-defined abnormalities in patients with glial neoplasms. Mayo Clin Proc 1987, 62:450-459.
89. Giraud P., Antoine M., Larrouy A., et al. Evaluation of microscopic tumor extension in non-small-cell lung cancer for three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy planning. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000, 48:1015-1024.
90. Matzinger O., Gerber E., Bernstein Z., et al. EORTC-ROG expert opinion: radiotherapy volume and treatment guidelines for neoadjuvant radiation of adenocarcinomas of the gastroesophageal junction and the stomach. Radiother Oncol 2009, 92:164-175.
91. Michalski J.M., Lawton C., El Naqa I., et al. Development of RTOG consensus guidelines for the definition of the clinical target volume for postoperative conformal radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010, 76:361-368.
92. Myerson R.J., Garofalo M.C., El Naqa I., et al. Elective clinical target volumes for conformal therapy in anorectal cancer: A radiation therapy oncology group consensus panel contouring atlas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009, 74:824-830.
93. van Mourik A.M., Elkhuizen P.H., Minkema D., et al. Multiinstitutional study on target volume delineation variation in breast radiotherapy in the presence of guidelines. Radiother Oncol 2010, 94:286-291.
94. Small W., Mell L.K., Anderson P., et al. Consensus guidelines for delineation of clinical target volume for intensity-modulated pelvic radiotherapy in postoperative treatment of endometrial and cervical cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008, 71:428-434.
95. Cefaro G.A. A Guide for Delineation of Lymph Nodal Clinical Target Volume in Radiation Therapy 2008, 173. Springer, New York, pp xii. ed 1.
96. Grégoire V., Scalliet P., Ang K.K. Clinical Target Volumes in Conformal and Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy: A Clinical Guide to Cancer Treatment 2004, 246. Springer, Berlin, New York.
97. Dorresteijn L.D., Kappelle A.C., Boogerd W., et al. Increased risk of ischemic stroke after radiotherapy on the neck in patients younger than 60 years. J Clin Oncol 2002, 20:282-288.
98. Jereczek-Fossa B.A., Orecchia R. Radiotherapy-induced mandibular bone complications. Cancer Treat Rev 2002, 28:65-74.
99. Mossman K., Shatzman A., Chencharick J. Long-term effects of radiotherapy on taste and salivary function in man. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1982, 8:991-997.
100. Eisbruch A. Radiotherapy: IMRT reduces xerostomia and potentially improves QoL. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2009, 6:567-568.
101. Czito B.G., Pepek J.M., Meyer J.J., et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for anal cancer. Oncol (Williston Park) 2009, 23:1082-1089.
102. Harsolia A., Kestin L., Grills I., et al. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy results in significant decrease in clinical toxicities compared with conventional wedge-based breast radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007, 68:1375-1380.
103. Hasselle MD, Rose BS, Kochanski JD, et al: Clinical outcomes of intensity-modulated pelvic radiation therapy for carcinoma of the cervix. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, in press.
104. Zelefsky M.J., Fuks Z., Happersett L., et al. Clinical experience with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in prostate cancer. Radiother Oncol 2000, 55:241-249.
105. Pfeffer M.R., Rabin T., Tsvang L., et al. Orbital lymphoma: is it necessary to treat the entire orbit?. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004, 60:527-530.
106. Mohan R., Wu Q., Wang X., et al. Intensity modulation optimization, lateral transport of radiation, and margins. Med Phys 1996, 23:2011-2021.
107. Mendenhall W.M., Amdur R.J., Palta J.R. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy in the standard management of head and neck cancer: promises and pitfalls. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24:2618-2623.
108. Mancuso A.A., Dillon W.P. The neck. Radiol Clin North Am 1989, 27:407-434.
109. Som P.M. Detection of metastasis in cervical lymph nodes: CT and MR criteria and differential diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1992, 158:961-969.
110. van den Brekel M.W., Castelijns J.A., Snow G.B. Detection of lymph node metastases in the neck: radiologic criteria. Radiology 1994, 192:617-618.
111. Gor D.M., Langer J.E., Loevner L.A. Imaging of cervical lymph nodes in head and neck cancer: the basics. Radiol Clin North Am 2006, 44:101-110. viii, 2006.
112. Daly M.E., Lieskovsky Y., Pawlicki T., et al. Evaluation of patterns of failure and subjective salivary function in patients treated with intensity modulated radiotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2007, 29:211.
113. Chao K.S., Ozyigit G., Tran B.N., et al. Patterns of failure in patients receiving definitive and postoperative IMRT for head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003, 55:312-321.
114. Brizel D.M., Dodge R.K., Clough R.W., et al. Oxygenation of head and neck cancer: changes during radiotherapy and impact on treatment outcome. Radiother Oncol 1999, 53:113-117.
115. Brizel D.M., Sibley G.S., Prosnitz L.R., et al. Tumor hypoxia adversely affects the prognosis of carcinoma of the head and neck. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997, 38:285-289.
116. Brizel D.M., Scully S.P., Harrelson J.M., et al. Tumor oxygenation predicts for the likelihood of distant metastases in human soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer Res 1996, 56:941-943.
117. Graves E.E., Maity A., Le Q.T. The tumor microenvironment in non-small-cell lung cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol 2010, 20:156-163.
118. Rasey J.S., Koh W.J., Evans M.L., et al. Quantifying regional hypoxia in human tumors with positron emission tomography of [18F]fluoromisonidazole: a pretherapy study of 37 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996, 36:417-428.
119. Chao K.S., Bosch W.R., Mutic S., et al. A novel approach to overcome hypoxic tumor resistance: Cu-ATSM-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001, 49:1171-1182.
120. Ling C.C., Humm J., Larson S., et al. Towards multidimensional radiotherapy (MD-CRT): biological imaging and biological conformality. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000, 47:551-560.
121. Jingu K., Ariga H., Kaneta T., et al. Focal dose escalation using FDG-PET-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy boost for postoperative local recurrent rectal cancer: a planning study with comparison of DVH and NTCP. BMC Cancer 2010, 10:127.
122. Kao C.H., Hsieh T.C., Yu Cy, et al. 18F-FDG PET/CT-based gross tumor volume definition for radiotherapy in head and neck cancer: a correlation study between suitable uptake value threshold and tumor parameters. Radiol Oncol 2010, 5:76.
123. Lambrecht M., Haustermans K. Clinical evidence on PET-CT for radiation therapy planning in gastro-intestinal tumors. Radiother Oncol 2010, 96:339-346.
124. Soto D.E., Kessler M.L., Piert M., et al. Correlation between pretreatment FDG-PET biological target volume and anatomical location of failure after radiation therapy for head and neck cancers. Radiother Oncol 2008, 89:13-18.
125. Weber D.C., Casanova N., Zilli T., et al. Recurrence pattern after [(18)F]fluoroethyltyrosine-positron emission tomography-guided radiotherapy for high-grade glioma: a prospective study. Radiother Oncol 2009, 93:586-592.
126. Mayr N.A., Wang J.Z., Zhang D., et al. Longitudinal changes in tumor perfusion pattern during the radiation therapy course and its clinical impact in cervical cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010, 77:502-508.
127. Bradley J., Thorstad W.L., Mutic S., et al. Impact of FDG-PET on radiation therapy volume delineation in non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004, 59:78-86.
128. Riegel A.C., Berson A.M., Destian S., et al. Variability of gross tumor volume delineation in head-and-neck cancer using CT and PET/CT fusion. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006, 65:726-732.
129. Schwartz D.L., Ford E., Rajendran J., et al. FDG-PET/CT imaging for preradiotherapy staging of head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005, 61:129-136.
130. Bussink J., van Herpen C.M., Kaanders J.H., et al. PET-CT for response assessment and treatment adaptation in head and neck cancer. Lancet Oncol 2010, 11:661-669.
131. Lin Z., Mechalakos J., Nehmeh S., et al. The influence of changes in tumor hypoxia on dose-painting treatment plans based on 18F-FMISO positron emission tomography. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008, 70:1219-1228.
132. Velasquez L.M., Boellaard R., Kollia G., et al. Repeatability of 18F-FDG PET in a multicenter phase I study of patients with advanced gastrointestinal malignancies. J Nucl Med 2009, 50:1646-1654.
133. Suzuki C., Torkzad M.R., Jacobsson H., et al. Interobserver and intraobserver variability in the response evaluation of cancer therapy according to RECIST and WHO-criteria. Acta Oncol 2010, 49:509-514.
134. Meignan M., Itti E., Bardet S., et al. Development and application of a real-time on-line blinded independent central review of interim PET scans to determine treatment allocation in lymphoma trials. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27:2739-2741.
135. van Baardwijk A., Bosmans G., Boersma L., et al. PET-CT-based auto-contouring in non-small-cell lung cancer correlates with pathology and reduces interobserver variability in the delineation of the primary tumor and involved nodal volumes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007, 68:771-778.
136. Stapleford L.J., Lawson J.D., Perkins C., et al. Evaluation of automatic atlas-based lymph node segmentation for head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010, 77:959-966.
137. Fang L.C., Komaki R., Allen P., et al. Comparison of outcomes for patients with medically inoperable stage I non-small-cell lung cancer treated with two-dimensional vs. three-dimensional radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006, 66:108-116.
138. Liao Z.X., Komaki R.R., Thames H.D., et al. Influence of technologic advances on outcomes in patients with unresectable, locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer receiving concomitant chemoradiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010, 76:775-781.
139. McDermott L.N., Wendling M., Sonke J.J., et al. Anatomy changes in radiotherapy detected using portal imaging. Radiother Oncol 2006, 79:211-217.
140. Woodford C., Yartsev S., Dar A.R., et al. Adaptive radiotherapy planning on decreasing gross tumor volumes as seen on megavoltage computed tomography images. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007, 69:1316-1322.
141. Wu Q., Chi Y., Chen P.Y., et al. Adaptive replanning strategies accounting for shrinkage in head and neck IMRT. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009, 75:924-932.
142. Adamson J, Wu Q: Prostate intrafraction motion assessed by simultaneous kV fluoroscopy at MV delivery. II. Adaptive strategies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, in press.
143. Adamson J, Wu Q: Prostate intrafraction motion assessed by simultaneous kilovoltage fluoroscopy at megavoltage delivery. I: Clinical observations and pattern analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, in press.
144. Yan D., Ziaja E., Jaffray D., et al. The use of adaptive radiation therapy to reduce setup error: a prospective clinical study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998, 41:715-720.
145. Schwartz G.F., Hortobagyi G.N. Proceedings of the consensus conference on neoadjuvant chemotherapy in carcinoma of the breast, April 26-28, 2003, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cancer 2004, 100:2512-2532.
146. Avril N.E., Weber W.A. Monitoring response to treatment in patients utilizing PET. Radiol Clin North Am 2005, 43:189-204.
147. Weber W.A. Positron emission tomography as an imaging biomarker. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24:3282-3292.
148. Chao K.S. Functional imaging for early prediction of response to chemoradiotherapy: 3'-deoxy-3'-18F-fluorothymidine positron emission tomography-a clinical application model of esophageal cancer. Semin Oncol 2006, 33(6 suppl 11):S59-S63.
149. Specht L. 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron-emission tomography in staging, response evaluation, and treatment planning of lymphomas. Semin Radiat Oncol 2007, 17:190-197.
150. MacManus M.P., Seymour J.F., Hicks R.J. Overview of early response assessment in lymphoma with FDG-PET. Cancer Imaging 2007, 7:10-18.
151. Herrmann K., Krause B.J., Bundschuh R.A., et al. Monitoring response to therapeutic interventions in patients with cancer. Semin Nucl Med 2009, 39:210-232.
152. Ferlito A., Corry J., Silver C.E., et al. Planned neck dissection for patients with complete response to chemoradiotherapy: a concept approaching obsolescence. Head Neck 2010, 32:253-261.
153. Ong S.C., Schoder H., Lee N.Y., et al. Clinical utility of 18F-FDG PET/CT in assessing the neck after concurrent chemoradiotherapy for locoregional advanced head and neck cancer. J Nucl Med 2008, 49:532-540.
154. Lango M.N., Myers J.N., Garden A.S. Controversies in surgical management of the node-positive neck after chemoradiation. Semin Radiat Oncol 2009, 19:24-28.
155. Yao M., Graham M.M., Hoffman H.T., et al. The role of post-radiation therapy FDG PET in prediction of necessity for post-radiation therapy neck dissection in locally advanced head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004, 59:1001-1010.