Analytical Methods for the Study of Nitrogen

Nitrogen in the Marine Environment

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 1219-1275

  McCarthy, Matthew D ^a   Bronk, Deborah A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 78649720436     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-372522-6.00028-1     Document Type: Chapter

References (334)

1. Aebersold R., Mann M. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Nature 2003, 422:198-207.
2. Isolation and Concentration Techniques for Aquatic Humic Substances. Humic Substances in Soil Sediment and Water 1985, 363-385. Wiley, New York. G.R. Aiken (Ed.).
3. A Critical Evaluation of the Use of Macroporous Resins for the Isolation of Aquatic Humic Substances. Humic Substances and their Role in the Environment 1988, 15-28. Wiley, New York. G.R. Aiken (Ed.).
4. Allard B., Templier J., Largeau C. An improved method for the isolation of artifact-free algaenans from microalgae. Org. Geochem. 1998, 28(9/10):543-548.
5. 2. Nature 2002, 415:159-162.
6. Aluwihare L.I., Repeta D., Chen R. A major biopolymeric component to dissolved organic carbon in surface seawater. Nature 1997, 387:166-169.
7. Aluwihare L.I., Repeta D.J., Chen R.F. Chemical composition and cycling of dissolved organic matter in the Mid-Atlantic Bight. Deep Sea Res. II 2002, 49:4421-4437.
8. Aluwihare L.I., Repeta D.J., Pantoja S., Johnson C.G. Two chemically distinct pools of organic nitrogen accumulate in the ocean. Science 2005, 308(5724):1007-1010.
9. Amelung W., Brodowski S. In vitro quantification of hydrolysis-induced racemization of amino acid enantiomers in environmental samples using deuterium labeling and electron-impact ionization mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74:3239-3246.
10. Aminot A., Kérouel R. Pasteurization as an alternative method for preservation of nitrate and nitrite in seawater samples. Mar. Chem. 1998, 61:203-208.
11. Amon R.M.W., Benner R. Rapid cycling of high-molecular-weight dissolved organic matter in the ocean. Nature 1994, 369:549-551.
12. Amon R.M.W., Fitznar H.P., Benner R. Linkages among the bioreactivity, chemical composition, and diagenetic state of marine dissolved organic matter. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2001, 46(2):287-297.
13. Antia N.J., Harrison P.J., Oliveira L. Phycological reviews: The role of dissolved organic nitrogen in phytoplankton nutrition, cell biology, and ecology. Phycologia 1991, 30:1-89.
14. Armstrong F.A.J., Tibbitts S. Photochemical combustion of organic matter in seawater for nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon determination. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 1968, 48:143-152.
15. Armstrong F.A.J., Williams P.M., Strickland J.D.H. Photo-oxidation of organic matter in sea water by ultra-violet radiation, analytical and other applications. Nature 1966, 211:481-483.
16. 15N) in N cycling studies. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1986, 43:130-133.
17. Bada J.L. Racemization of amino acids. Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Amino Acids 1985, Chapman and Hall, New York. G.C. Barrett (Ed.).
18. Baudinet D., Galgani F. A new application of microplate reader to oceanography: Colorimetric assays to determine some nitrogen forms. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Res. 1991, 33:459-466.
19. Benner R. Chemical composition and reactivity. Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter 2002, 59-90. Academic Press, San Diego. D.A. Hansell, C.A. Carlson (Eds.).
20. Benner R., Kaiser K. Abundance of amino sugars and peptidoglycan in marine particulate and dissolved organic matter in the ocean. Science 2003, 255:1561-1564.
21. Benner R., Pakulski J.D., McCarthy M., Hedges J.I., Hatcher P.G. Bulk chemical characteristics of dissolved organic matter in the ocean. Science 1992, 255:1561-1564.
22. Benner R., Biddanda B., Black B., McCarthy M. Abundance, size distribution, and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of marine organic matter isolated by tangential-flow ultrafiltration. Mar. Chem. 1997, 57:243-263.
23. Bevington P.R. Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences 1969, 56-65. McGraw-Hill, New York.
24. Bianchi M., Feliatra F., Treguer P., Vincendeau M., Morvan J. Nitrification rates, ammonium and nitrate distribution in upper layers of the water column and in sediments of the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. Deep Sea Res. II 1997, 44(5):1017-1032.
25. 14C-biocarbonate incorporation. Water Res. 1976, 10:51-57.
26. + dilution technique. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1979, 37:360-365.
27. Boon J.J., Klap V., Eglinton T. Molecular characterization of microgram amounts of colloidal dissolved organic matter (UDOM) in ocean water samples by direct temperature resolved ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Org. Geochem. 1998, 29:1051-1061.
28. Bower C.E., Holm-Hansen T. A salicylate-hypochlorite method for determining ammonia in seawater. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1980, 37:794-798.
29. Boynton W.R., Garber J.H., Summers R., Kemp W.M. Inputs, transformations, and transport of nitrogen and phosphorus in Chesapeake Bay and selected tributaries. Estuaries 1995, 18(18):285-314.
30. Braman R.S., Hendrix S.A. Nanogram nitrite and nitrate determination in environmental and biological materials by Vanadium(III) reduction with chemiluminescence detection. Anal. Chem. 1989, 61:2715-2718.
31. Brock T.D., Madigan M.T., Martinko J.M., Parker J. Biology of Microorganisms 1994, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
32. + uptake, intracellular transformation, and dissolved organic nitrogen release in two clones of marine Synechococcus spp. J. Plankton Res. 1999, 21:1337-1353.
33. Bronk D.A. Dynamics of DON. Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter 2002, 153-249. Academic Press, San Diego. D.A. Hansell, C.A. Carlson (Eds.).
34. 15N tracer method for the measurement of dissolved organic nitrogen release by phytoplankton. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1991, 77:171-182.
35. - production. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1993, 96:291-299.
36. 15N tracer method to the study of dissolved organic nitrogen uptake during spring and summer in Chesapeake Bay. Mar. Biol. 1993, 115:501-508.
37. 15N differs among marine systems. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1994, 39(1):189-194.
38. Bronk D.A., Ward B.B. Gross and net nitrogen uptake and DON release in the euphotic zone of Monterey Bay, CA. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1999, 44(3):573-585.
39. Bronk D.A., Ward B.B. Magnitude of DON release relative to gross nitrogen uptake in marine systems. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2000, 45(8):1879-1883.
40. Bronk D.A., Glibert P.M., Ward B.B. Nitrogen uptake, dissolved organic nitrogen release, and new production. Science 1994, 265:1843-1846.
41. Bronk D.A., Glibert P.M., Malone T.C., Banahan S., Sahlsten E. Inorganic and organic nitrogen cycling in Chesapeake Bay: Autotrophic versus heterotrophic processes and relationships to carbon flux. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 1998, 15:177-189.
42. Bronk D.A., Lomas M., Glibert P.M., Schukert K.J., Sanderson M.P. Total dissolved nitrogen analysis: Comparisons between the persulfate, UV and high temperature oxidation method. Mar. Chem. 2000, 69(1-2):163-178.
43. Bronk D.A., Sanderson M.P., Mulholland M.R., Heil C.A., O'Neil J.M. Organic and inorganic nitrogen uptake kinetics in field populations dominated by Karenia brevis. Harmful Algae 2002 2004, 80-82. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Institute of Oceanography and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, St. Petersburg, FL. K. Steidinger, G.A. Vargo, C.A. Heil (Eds.).
44. Bronk D.A., See J.H., Bradley P., Killberg L. DON as a source of bioavailable nitrogen for phytoplankton. Biogeosciences 2007, 4:283-296.
45. Brooks P.D., Stark J.M., McInteer B.B., Preston T. Diffusion method to prepare soil extracts for automated nitrogen-15 analysis. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1989, 53:1707-1711.
46. Brum J.R., Steward G.F., Karl D.M. A novel method for the measurement of dissolved deoxyribonucleic acid in seawater. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 2004, 2:248-255.
47. Brzezinski M.A. Colorimetric determination of nanomolar concentrations of ammonium in seawater using solvent extractions. Mar. Chem. 1987, 20:277-288.
48. 15N isotope dilution technique. Mar. Biol. 1979, 54:33-40.
49. Capone D.G. Determination of nitrogenase activity in aquatic samples using the acetylene reduction procedure. Handbook of Methods in Aquatic Microbial Ecology 1993, 621-631. P.F. Kemp, B.F. Sherr, E.B. Sherr (Eds.).
50. Capone D.G., Dunham S.E., Horrigan S.G., Duguay L.E. Microbial nitrogen transformations in unconsolidated coral-reef sediments. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1992, 80:75-88.
51. Capone D.G., Burns J.A., Montoya J.P., Subramaniam A., Mahaffey C., Gunderson T., Michaels A.F., Carpenter E.J. Nitrogen fixation by Trichodesmium spp.: An important source of new nitrogen to the tropical and subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2005, 19:GB2024.
52. Casey J., Lomas M.W., Mandecki J., Walker D. Prochlorococcus contributes to new production in the Sargasso Sea deep chlorophyll maximum. Geophy. Res. Lett. 2007, 34. L10604.
53. Cheng X.H., Kaplan L.A. Simultaneous analyses of neutral carbohydrates and amino sugars in freshwaters with HPLC-PAD. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 2003, 41(8):434-438.
54. Cherrier J., Bauer J.E. Bacterial utilization of transient plankton-derived dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen inputs in surface ocean waters. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 2004, 35:229-241.
55. Clark D.R., Fileman T.W., Joint I. Determination of ammonium regeneration rates in the oligotrophic ocean by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Mar. Chem. 2006, 98:121-130.
56. Clark D.R., Rees A.P., Joint I. A method for the determination of nitrification rates in oligotrophic marine seawater by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Mar. Chem. 2007, 103:84-96.
57. Clark L.L., Ingall E.D., Benner R. Marine phosphorus is selectively remineralized. Nature 1998, 393:426.
58. Clayton J.R., Dorich Q., Thoresen S., Ahmed S. Evaluation of methods for the separation and analysis of proteins and free amino acids in phytoplankton samples. J. Plankton Res. 1988, 10:341-358.
59. Cochlan W.P., Bronk D.A. Nitrogen uptake kinetics in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Deep Sea Res. II 2001, 48:4127-4153.
60. Cochlan W.P., Bronk D.A. Effects of ammonium on nitrate utilization in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: Implications for f-ratio estimates. Biogeochemistry of the Ross Sea 2003, 159-178. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. G.R. DiTullio, R.B. Dunbar (Eds.).
61. Cochlan W.P., Bronk D.A., Coale K.H. Trace metals and nitrogenous nutrition of Antarctic phytoplankton: Experimental observations in the Ross Sea. Deep Sea Res. II 2002, 49:3365-3390.
62. 13C) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of insoluble organic reside in the Muchison meterorite: A self-consistent quantitative analysis. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2002, 66(10):1851-1865.
63. Coffin R.B. Bacterial uptake of dissolved free and combined amino acids in estuarine waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1989, 34:531-542.
64. Collos Y., Mornet F. Automated procedure for determination of dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus in aquatic environments. Mar. Biol. 1993, 116:685-688.
65. Cornwell J.C., Kemp W.M., Kana T.M. Denitrification in coastal ecosystems: Methods, environmental controls, and ecosystem level controls, a review. Aquat. Ecol. 1999, 33:41-54.
66. 13C values of amino acids by gas chromagtraphy/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Rap. Comm. Mass. Spec. 2007, 21:3759-3771.
67. Corr L.T., Sealy J.C., Horton M.C., Evershed R.P. A novel marine dietary indicator utilizing compound-specific bone collagen amino acid quantification in environmental samples: Charge-matched recovery standards and reduced analysis time. Mar. Chem. 2005, 37:223-238.
68. Cowie G.L., Hedges J.I. Improved amino acid quantification in environmental samples: Charge-matched recovery standards and reduced analysis time. Mar. Chem. 1992, 37:223-238.
69. Cowie G.L., Hedges J.I. Sources and reactivities of amino acids in a coastal marine environment. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1992, 37(4):703-724.
70. Cox R.D. Determination of nitrate and nitrite at the parts per billion level by chemiluminescence. Anal. Chem. 1980, 52:332-335.
71. Cozzi S. A new application of the diacetyl monoxime method to the automated determination of dissolved urea in seawater. Mar. Biol. 2004, 145:843-848.
72. Cresser M.S. Nitrate determination by reduction to ammonia and gas-phase ultraviolet adsorption spectrometry. Analyst 1977, 102:99-103.
73. 13C) by natural phytoplankton populations. Mar. Biol. 1995, 123:651-666.
74. Dauwe B., Middelburg J.J. Amino acids and hexosamines as indicators of organic matter degradation state in North Sea sediments. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1998, 43(5):782-798.
75. Dauwe B., Middleburg J.J., Herman P.M., Heip C.H.R. Linking diagenetic alteration of amino acids and bulk organic matter reactivity. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1999, 44(7):1809-1814.
76. Davis J., Benner R. Seasonal trends in the abundance, composition and bioavailability of particulate and dissolved organic matter in the Chukchi/Beaufort Seas and western Canada Basin. Deep Sea Res. II 2005, 52:3396-3410.
77. Deflaun M.F., Paul J.H., Davis D. Simplified methods for dissolved DNA determination in aquatic environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1986, 52:654-659.
78. D'Elia C.F., Steudler P.A., Corwin N. Determination of total nitrogen in aqueous samples using persulfate digestion. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1977, 22:760-764.
79. Delmas D., Frickla M.G., Linley E.A.S. Dissolved primary amine measurement by flow injection analysis with o-phthaldialdehyde: Comparison with high performance liquid chromatography. Mar. Chem. 1990, 29:145-154.
80. Derrien D., Balesdent J., Marol C., Santaella C. Measurement of the C13/C12 ratio of soil-plant individual sugars by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope-ratio mass spectrometry of silylated derivatives. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2003, 17(23):2626-2631.
81. Dittmar T., Fitznar H.P., Kattner G. Origin and biogeochemical cycling of organic nitrogen in the eastern Arctic Ocean as evident from d- and l-amino acids. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 2001, 65(22):4103-4114.
82. 15N abundance in regeneration experiments. Mar. Chem. 1986, 18:59-69.
83. Dugdale R.C., Goering J.J. Uptake of new and regenerated forms of nitrogen in primary productivity. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1967, 12:196-206.
84. 15N to measure nitrogen uptake in eutrophic oceans; experimental considerations. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1986, 31:673-689.
85. Eglinton T.I., Aluwihare L.I., Bauer J.E., Druffel E.R.M., McNichol A.P. Gas chromatographic isolation of individual compounds from complex matrixes for radiocarbon dating. Anal. Chem. 1996, 68(5):904-912.
86. Eglinton T.I., Benitez-Nelson B.C., Pearson A., McNichol A.P., Bauer J.E., Druffel E.R.M. Variability in radiocarbon ages of individual organic compounds from marine sediments. Science 1997, 277:796-799.
87. Ehrhardt M., Koeve W. Determination of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen. Methods of Seawater Analysis 1999, 437. Wiley, Weinheim. K. Grasshoff, K. Kremling, M. Ehrhardt (Eds.).
88. Enoksson V. Nitrification rates in the Baltic Sea: Comparison of three isotope techniques. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1986, 51(2):244-250.
89. Eppley R.W., Peterson B.J. Particulate organic matter flux and planktonic new production in the deep ocean. Nature 1979, 282:677-680.
90. Ertel J.R., Hedges J.I., Devol A.H., Richey J.E. Dissolved humic substances of the Amazon River system. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1986, 31(4):739-754.
91. Feuerstein T., Ostrom P., Ostrom N. Isotope biogeochemistry of dissolved organic nitrogen: A new technique and application. Org. Geochem. 1997, 27(7/8):363-370.
92. 15N composition in isotope dilution experiments. Mar. Chem. 1985, 16:11-21.
93. Fitznar H.P. d-Amino acids as tracers for biogeochemical processes in the river-shelf ocean-system of the Arctic. Alfred-Wegmer Institute Reports on Polar Research 1999, 334:116.
94. Fitznar H.P., Lobbes J.M., Kattner G. Determination of enantiomeric amino acids with high-performance liquid chromatography and pre-column derivatization with ophthaldiadehyde and N-isobutyrylcysteine in seawater and fossil samples (mollusks). J. Chrom. A 1999, 832:123-132.
95. Fox L.E. Determination of aquatic humic acid carbon and nitrogen by high temperature combustion. Marine Particle: Analysis and Characterization 1991, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. D.C. Hurd, D.W. Spencer (Eds.).
96. Fry B. Stable Isotope Ecology 2006, 320. Springer, New York.
97. 13N as a tracer for bacterial and algal uptake of ammonium from seawater. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1988, 45:271-278.
98. Gardner W.S., St.John P.A. High-performance liquid chromatographic method to determine ammonium ion and primary amines in seawater. Anal. Chem. 1991, 63:537-540.
99. +] ion ratios in seawater for isotope dilution experiments. Anal. Chem. 1991, 63:1838-1843.
100. 15N. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1993, 93:65-73.
101. 14N ratios in ammonium or nitrate for isotope addition experiments. Mar. Chem. 1995, 48:271-282.
102. Garfield P., Packard T., Codispoti L.S. Particulate protein in the Peru upwelling system. Deep Sea Res. I 1979, 26:623-639.
103. Garside C. A chemiluminescent technique for the determination of nanomolar concentrations of nitrate and nitrite in seawater. Mar. Chem. 1982, 11:159-167.
104. Garside C. Nitrate reductor efficiency as an error source in seawater analysis. Mar. Chem. 1993, 44:25-30.
105. Glibert P.M., Capone D.G. Mineralization and assimilation in aquatic, sediment, and wetland systems. Nitrogen Isotope Techniques in Plant, Soil, and Aquatic Systems 1993, 243-272. Academic Press, New York. R. Knowles, T.H. Blackburn (Eds.).
106. Glibert P.M., Lipschultz F., McCarthy J.J., Altabet M.A. Isotope dilution models of uptake and remineralization of ammonium by marine plankton. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1982, 27:639-650.
107. Glover H.E. The relationship between inorganic nitrogen oxidation and organic carbon production in batch and chemostat cultures of marine nitrifying bacteria. Arch. Microbiol. 1985, 74:295-300.
108. Godel H., Seitz P., Verhoef M. Automated amino acid analysis using combined OPA and Fmoc-Cl precolumn. LC-GC Int. 1992, 5:44-49.
109. Goeyens L., Kindermans N., Yusuf M.A., Elskens M. A room temperature procedure for the manual determination of urea in seawater. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 1998, 47:415-418.
110. Goldman J.C., Dennett M.R. Susceptibility of some marine phytoplankton species to cell breakage during filtration and post filtration rinsing. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1985, 86:47-58.
111. Gordon D.D., Sutcliffe W.H. Filtration of seawater using silver filters for particulate nitrogen and carbon analysis. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1974, 19:989-993.
112. Methods of Seawater Analysis 1983, Verlag Chemie, New York. K. Grasshoff, M. Ehrhardt, K. Kremling (Eds.).
113. Grasshoff K., Kremling K., Ehrhardt M. Methods of Seawater Analysis 1999, 599. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
114. Guo L. Re-examination of cross-flow ultrafiltration for isolating colloidal macromolecular organic matter in seawater. Mar. Chem. 2000, 69:75-90.
115. 14C) signatures. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1996, 41(6):1242-1252.
116. Hales B., van Geen A., Takahashi T. High-frequency measurement of seawater chemistry: Flow injection analysis of macronutrients. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 2004, 2:91-101.
117. Hamilton S.K., Sippel S.J., Bunn S.E. Separation of algae from detritus for stable isotope or ecological stoichiometry studies using density fractionation in colloidal silica. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 2005, 3:149-157.
118. Hansell D. Dissolved organic carbon reference material program. EOS 2005, 86(35).
119. 15N urea. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1989, 46(2):198-202.
120. Hansen H.P., Koroleff F. Determination of nutrients. Methods of Seawater Analysis 1999, 159-228. Wiley, Weinheim. K. Grasshoff, K. Kremling, M. Ehrhardt (Eds.).
121. Harrison W.G. Experimental measurements of nitrogen remineralization in coastal waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1978, 23:684-694.
122. Harvey H.R., Mannino A. The chemical composition and cycling of particulate and macromolecular dissolved organic matter in temperate estuaries as revealed by molecular organic tracers. Org. Geochem. 2001, 32(4):527-542.
123. Hasegawa T., Koike I., Mukai H. Release of dissolved organic nitrogen by size-fractionated natural planktonic assemblages in coastal waters. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2000, 198:43-49.
124. Hatch M.J., Dillon J.A., Smith H.B. Preparation and use of snake-cage polyelectrolytes. Ind. Eng. Chem. 1957, 49(11):1812-1818.
125. 13C-NMR spectrometry. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1992, 56:1753-1757.
126. Heissenberger A., Herndl G.J. Formation of high molecular weight material by free-living marine bacteria. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1994, 111:129-135.
127. Helder W., De Vries R.T.P. Estuarine nitrite maxima and nitrifying bacteria (EMS-Dollard estuary). Neth. J. Sea Res. 1983, 17(1):1-18.
128. Henrichs S.M., Farrington J.W., Lee C. Peru upwelling sediments near 15S. Part 2. Dissolved free and total hydrolyzable amino acids. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1984, 29:20-34.
129. Hertkorn N., Benner R., Frommberger M., Schmitt-Kopplin P., Witt M., Kaiser K., Kettrup A., Hedges J.I. Characterization of a major refractory component of marine dissolved organic matter. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2006, 70(12):2990-3010.
130. Hessen D.O., Tranvik L.J. Aquatic Humic Substance. Ecology and Biogeochemistry 1998, 346. Springer, Berlin.
131. Hoch M.P., Fogel M.L., Kirchman D.L. Isotope fractionation associated with ammonium uptake by a marine bacterium. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1992, 37(7):1447-1459.
132. + in marine, estuarine and fresh waters: An adaptation of the ammonia diffusion method for samples with low ammonium concentrations. Mar. Chem. 1998, 60:235-243.
133. Holmes R.M., Aminot A., Kérouel R., Hooker B.A., Peterson B.J. A simple and precise method for measuring ammonium in marine and fresh water ecosystems. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1999, 56:1801-1808.
134. Hopkinson C.S., Vallino J.J. Efficient export of carbon to the deep ocean through dissolved organic matter. Nature 2004, 433:142-145.
135. Hopkinson C.S., Cifuentes L., Burdige D., Fitzwater S., Hansell D., Henrichs S., Kahler P., Koike I., Walsh T., Bergamaschi B. DON subgroup report. Mar. Chem. 1993, 41:23-36.
136. Hu S.H., Smith W.O. The effects of irradiance on nitrate uptake and dissolved organic nitrogen release by phytoplankton in the Ross Sea. Cont. Shelf Res. 1998, 18(9):971-990.
137. Hubberten U., Lara R.J., Kattner G. Amino acid composition of seawater and dissolved humic substances in the Greenland Sea. Mar. Chem. 1994, 45:121-128.
138. Marine Particle: Analysis and Characterization 1991, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. D.C. Hurd, D.W. Spencer (Eds.).
139. Hynes R.K., Knowles R. Inhibition by acetylene of ammonia oxidation in Nitrosomonas europaea. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1978, 4:319-321.
140. Ingalls A.E., Lee C., Wakeham S.G., Hedges J.I. The role of biominerals in the sinking flux and preservation of amino acids in the Southern Ocean along 170° W. Deep Sea Res. II 2003, 50(3-4):713-738.
141. Ishiwatari R. Macromolecular material (humic substances) in the water column and sediments. Mar. Chem. 1992, 39:151-166.
142. Ittekkot V. Variations of dissolved organic matter during a plankton bloom: Qualitative aspects, based on sugar and amino acid analyses. Mar. Chem. 1982, 11:143-158.
143. Ittekkot V., Degens E.T., Honjo S. Seasonality in the fluxes of sugars, amino acids, and amino sugars to the deep ocean: Panama basin. Deep Sea Res. A. 1984, 31(9):1071-1083.
144. Ittekkot V., Deuser W.G., Degens E.T. Seasonality in the fluxes of sugars, amino acids, and amino sugars to the deep ocean: Sargasso sea. Deep Sea Res. A. 1984, 31(9):1057-1069.
145. Jiang S., Paul J. Viral contribution to dissolved DNA in the marine environment as determined by differential centrifugation and kingdom probing. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1995, 61:317-325.
146. Johnson K.S., Coletti L.J. In situ ultraviolet spectrophotometry for high resolution and long term monitoring of nitrate, bromide and bisulfide in the ocean. Deep Sea Res. I 2002, 49:1291-1305.
147. Johnson K.S., Needoba J.A., Riser S.C., Showers W.J. Chemical sensor networks for the aquatic environment. Chemical Reviews 2007, 107:623-640. doi 10.1021/cr050354e.
148. Jones B.N., Paabo S., Stein S. Amino acid analysis and enzymatic sequence determination of peptides by an improved o-phthaldialdehyde precolumn labeling procedure. J. Liq. Chromatogr. 1981, 4:565-586.
149. Jones M.N. Nitrate reduction by shaking with cadmium. Water Res. 1984, 18(5):643-646.
150. Jones R.D. An improved fluorescence method for the determination of nanomolar concentrations of ammonium in natural waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1991, 36:814-819.
151. Jones V., Ruddell C.J., Wainwright G., Rees H.H., Jaffe R., Wolff G.A. One-dimensional and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: A tool for protein characterization in aquatic samples. Mar. Chem. 2004, 85(1-2):63-73.
152. Jørgensen N.O.G., Jensen R.E. Determination of dissolved combined amino acids using microwave-assisted hydrolysis and HPCL precolumn derivatization for labeling of primary and secondary amines. Mar. Chem. 1997, 57:287-297.
153. Jørgensen N.O.G., Kroer N., Coffin R.B., Yang X.H., Lee C. Dissolved free amino acids, combined amino acids, and DNA as sources of carbon and nitrogen to marine bacteria. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1993, 98:135-148.
154. Kaiser E., Simpson A.J., Dria K., Sulzberger B., Hatcher P.G. Solid-state and multidimensional solution-state NMR of solid phase extracted and ultrafiltered riverine dissolved organic matter. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37:2929-2935.
155. Kaiser K., Benner R. Determination of amino sugars in environmental samples with high salt content by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection. Anal. Chem. 2000, 72:2566-2572.
156. Kaiser K., Benner R. Hydrolysis-induced racemization of amino acids. Limnol.Oceanogr. Meth. 2005, 3:318-325.
157. Kaiser K., Benner R. Major bacterial contribution to the ocean reservoir of detrital organic carbon and nitrogen. Liminol. Oceanogr. 2008, 53:99-112.
158. 2, and Ar in environmental water samples. Anal. Chem. 1994, 66(23):4166-4170.
159. Kana T.M., Sullivan M.B., Cornwell J.C., Groszkowski K.M. Denitrification in estuarine sediments determined by membrane inlet mass spectrometry. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1998, 43(2):334-339.
160. Karl D.M., Bailiff M.D. The measurement and distribution of dissolved nucleic acids in aquatic environments. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1989, 34:543-558.
161. - produced by nitrification in aqueous samples. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1992, 37(4):900-907.
162. Keil R.G., Kirchman D.L. Contribution of dissolved free amino acids and ammonium to the nitrogen requirements of heterotrophic bacterioplankton. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1991, 73:1-10.
163. Keil R.G., Kirchman D.L. Dissolved combined amino acids in marine waters as determined by a vapor-phase hydrolysis method. Mar. Chem. 1991, 33:243-259.
164. Keil R.G., Kirchman D.L. Dissolved combined amino acids: Chemical form and utilization by marine bacteria. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1993, 38:1256-1270.
165. Kelley K.R., Ditsch D.C., Alley M.M. Diffusion and automated nitrogen-15 analysis of low-mass ammonium samples. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1991, 55(4):1016-1020.
166. Kerouel R., Aminot A. Fluorometric determination of ammonia in sea and estuarine waters by direct segmented flow analysis. Mar. Chem. 1997, 57:265-275.
167. Kim S., Kramer R.W., Hatcher P.G. Graphical method for analysis of ultrahigh-resolution broadband mass spectra of natural organic matter, the Van Krevelen diagram. Anal. Chem. 2003, 75:5336-5344.
168. Kim S., Simpson A.J., Kujawinski E.B., Freitas M.A., Hatcher P.G. High resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and 2D solution NMR for the analysis of DOM extracted by C18 solid phase disk. Org. Geochem. 2003, 34(9):1325-1335.
169. Kirchman D.L., White J. Hydrolysis and mineralization of chitin in the Delaware Estuary. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 1999, 18:187-196.
170. Kirchman D.L., Keil R.G., Wheeler P.A. The effect of amino acids on ammonium utilization and regeneration by heterotrophic bacteria in the subarctic Pacific. Deep Sea Res. 1989, 36:1763-1776.
171. Knap A.H., Michaels A.F., Steinberg D., Bahr F., Bates N., Bell S., Countway P., Close A.R., Doyle A.P., Dow R.L., Howse F.A., Gundersen K., et al. U.S. Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. Bermuda Atlantic Time-Series Study 1997, Bermuda Atlantic Time-Series Study/U.S. JGOFS Planning Office, Woods Hole, MA.
172. Knapp D. Derivatization of amino acids and peptides. Handbook of Analytical Derivatization 1979, 243-302. Wiley-Interscience, New York.
173. Knefelkamp B., Carstens K., Wiltshire K.H. Comparison of different filter types on chlorophyll-a retention and nutrient measurements. J. exp Biol. Ecol. 2007, 345:61-70.
174. 15N-enriched plant material. Org. Geochem. 2002, 33(3):237-246.
175. Knicker H. Stabilization of N-compounds in soil and organic-matter-rich sediments-What is the difference?. Mar. Chem. 2004, 92(1-4):167-195.
176. Knicker H., Hatcher P.G. Survival of protein in an organic-rich sediment: Possible protection by encapsulation in organic matter. Naturwissenschaften 1997, 84:231-234.
177. Koch B.P., Witt M., Engbrodt R., Dittmar T., Kattner G. Molecular formulae of marine and terrigenous dissolved organic matter detected by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2005, 69(13):3299-3308.
178. Kolowith L.C., Ingall E., Benner R. Composition and cycling of marine organic phosphorus. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2001, 46(2):309-320.
179. Kujawinski E.B., Hatcher P.G., Freitas M.A. High-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry of humic and fulvic acids: Improvements and comparisons. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74:413-419.
180. Kujawinski E.B., Del Vecchio R., Blough N.V., Klein G.C., Marshall A.G. Probing molecular-level transformations of dissolved organic matter: Insights on photochemical degradation and protozoan modification of DOM from electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Mar. Chem. 2004, 92:23-37.
181. Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science. Methods in Ecology 1994, 316. Blackwell, Oxford. K. Lajtha, R.H. Michener (Eds.).
182. Lanvin P.L., Lourenço S. An evaluation of the accumulation of intracellular inorganic nitrogen pools by marine microalgae in batch cultures. Brazilian J. Oceanogr. 2005, 53:55-68.
183. Laws E.A., Archie J.W. Appropriate use of regression analysis in marine biology. Mar. Biol. 1981, 65:13-16.
184. Lee C., Bada J. Amino acids in equatorial Pacific ocean water. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1975, 26:61-68.
185. Lee C., Bada J.L. Dissolved amino acids in the equatorial Pacific, the Sargasso Sea, and Biscayne Bay. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1977, 22(3):502-510.
186. Lee C., Wakeham S.G., Hedges J.I. Composition and flux of particulate amino acids and chloropigments in equatorial Pacific seawater and sediments. Deep Sea Res. I 2000, 47:1535-1568.
187. Lee W., Westerhoff P. Dissolved organic nitrogen measurements using dialysis pretreatment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39:879-884.
188. Leenheer J.A., Noyes T.I., Rostad C.E., Davisson M.L. Characterization and origin of polar dissolved organic matter from the Great Salt Lake. Biogeochemistry 2004, 69(1):125-141.
189. 13C: Revisiting the usual computation formulae. J. Plankton Res. 1997, 19(2):263-271.
190. Le Poupon C., Lin R.G., Benaim J.Y., Merks A.G.A. Research on automation of a reductive dissolved organic nitrogen analyzer. Oceanologica Acta 1997, 20(2):349-358.
191. Li Q.P., Zhang J.Z., Millero F.J., Hansell D.A. Continuous colorimetric determination of trace ammonium in seawater with a long-path liquid waveguide capillary cell. Mar. Chem. 2005, 96:73-85.
192. Lindroth P., Mopper K. High performance liquid chromatographic determination of subpicomole amounts of amino acids by precolumn fluorescence derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde. Anal. Chem. 1979, 51:1667-1674.
193. Lipschultz F. Environmental factors affecting nitrogen cycling 1984, 165. Harvard University, Ph. D. Thesis.
194. Lipschultz F. Nitrogen-specific uptake rates of marine phytoplankton isolated from natural populations of particles by flow cytometry. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1995, 123:245-258.
195. Lipschultz F. A time-series assessment of the nitrogen cycle at BATS. Deep Sea Res. II 2001, 48:1897-1924.
196. Liu T.Y., Chang Y.H. Hydrolysis of proteins with p-toluenesulfonic acid determination of tryptophan. J. Biol. Chem. 1971, 246:2842-2848.
197. Loh A.N., Bauer J.E., Druffel E.R.M. Variable ageing and storage of dissolved organic components in the open ocean. Nature 2004, 430:877-881.
198. Lomas M.W., Trice T.M., Glibert P.M., Bronk D.A., McCarthy J.J. Temporal and spatial dynamics of urea concentrations in Chesapeake Bay: Biological versus physical forcing. Estuaries 2002, 25(3):469-482.
199. Lomax J.A., Commandeur J.M., Boon J.J. Pyrolysis mass spectrometry of polysaccharides. Biol. Mass Spectrom. 1991, 19:65-79.
200. Louchouarn P., Opsahl S., Benner R. Isolation and quantification of dissolved lignin from natural waters using solid-phase extraction and GC/MS. Anal. Chem. 2000, 72(13):2780-2787.
201. Macko S.A., Ryan M., Engel M.H. Stable isotopic analysis of individual carbohydrates by gas chromatographic/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Chem. Geol. 1998, 152(1-2):205-210.
202. Marshall A.G., Hendrickson C.L., Jackson G.S. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: A primer. Mass. Spectrom. Rev. 1998, 17:1-35.
203. Matsui K., Ishii N., Honjo M., Kawabata Z. Use of SYBR green I fluorescent dye and a centrifugal filter for rapid determination of dissolved DNA in freshwater. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 2004, 36:99-105.
204. Mayer L., Schick L., Setchell F. Measurement of protein in nearshore marine sediments. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1986, 30:159-165.
205. McCarthy J.J. A urease method for urea in seawater. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1970, 15:309-313.
206. McCarthy M.D., Hedges J.I., Benner R. The chemical composition of dissolved organic matter in seawater. Chem. Geol. 1993, 107:503-507.
207. McCarthy M.D., Hedges J., Benner R. Major biochemical composition of dissolved high molecular weight organic matter in seawater. Mar. Chem. 1996, 55:281-297.
208. McCarthy M., Pratum T., Hedges J., Benner R. Chemical composition of dissolved organic nitrogen in the ocean. Nature 1997, 390:150-154.
209. McCarthy M.D., Hedges J.I., Benner R. Bacterial origin of major fraction of dissolved organic nitrogen in the sea. Science 1998, 28:231-233.
210. McCarthy M.D., Benner R., Lee C., Fogel M. Amino acid nitrogen isotopic fractionation patterns as indicators of zooplankton and microbial heterotrophy in plankton, dissolved and particulate organic matter in the central Pacific ocean. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 2007, 71:4727-4744.
211. McCarthy M.D., Benner R., Lee C., Hedges J.I., Fogel M.L. Amino acid carbon isotopic fractionation patterns in oceanic dissolved organic matter: An unaltered photoautotrophic source for dissolved organic nitrogen in the ocean?. Mar. Chem. 2004, 92:123-134.
212. McClelland J.W., Montoya J.P. Trophic relationships and the nitrogen isotopic composition of amino acids. Ecology 2002, 83:2173-2180.
213. McIlvin M.R., Altabet M.A. Chemical conversion of nitrate and nitrite to nitrous oxide for nitrogen and oxygen isotopic analysis in freshwater and seawater. Anal. Chem. 2005, 77:5589-5595.
214. Middelburg J.J., Soetaert K., Herman P.M.J. Evaluation of the nitrogen isotope-pairing method for measuring benthic denitrofication: A simulation analysis. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1996, 41(8):1839-1844.
215. Minor E.C., Boon J.J., Harvey H.R., Mannino A. Estuarine organic matter composition as probed by direct temperature-resolved mass spectrometry and traditional geochemical techniques. Geochimica et Cosmochmica Acta 2001, 65(17):2819-2834.
216. 15N enrichment of dissolved organic nitrogen in environmental waters by gas chromatography/negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 2005, 3:164-173.
217. 2 fixation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1996, 62(3):986-993.
218. Montoya J.P. Nitrogen natural abundance measurements. Nitrogen in the Marine Environment 2008, D.G. Capone, D.A. Bronk, M. Mulholland, E.J. Carpenter (Eds.).
219. 2 fixation, carbon fixation, and nitrogen release in continuous cultures of Trichodesmium IMS 101. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2005, 50(3):839-849.
220. + and dissolved organic nitrogen by Trichodesmium IMS101. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 2004, 37:85-94.
221. Mulholland M.R., Bernhardt P.H., Bronk D.A., O'Neil J.M. Nitrogen fixation and release of fixed nitrogen in the Gulf of Mexico?. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2006, 51(4):1762-1776.
222. Mulvaney R.L. Mass spectrometry. Nitrogen Isotope Techniques 1993, 11-57. Academic Press, San Diego. R. Knowles, T.H. Blackburn (Eds.).
223. Mulvaney R.L., Bremer J.M. A modified diacetyl monoxime method for colorimetric determination of urea in soil extracts. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant. Anal. 1979, 10:1163-1170.
224. Mulvenna P.F., Savidge G. A modified manual method for the determination of urea in seawater using diacetylmonoxime reagent. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 1992, 34:429-438.
225. 15N tracer method and new calculation for estimating release of dissolved organic nitrogen by freshwater planktonic algae. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 1999, 16:309-314.
226. Nagata T., Kirchman D.L. Roles of submicron particles and colloids in microbial food webs and biogeochemical cycles within marine environments. Advanced Microbial Ecology 1997, 81-103. Plenum Press, New York. Jones (Ed.).
227. Nagata T., Fujiwara K., Kawaguchi-Nagata Y., Fukumori Y., Yamanaka T. Occurrence of peptidyl d-amino acids in soluble fractions of several eubacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj. 1998, 1379:76-82.
228. Neeser J.R., Schweizer T.F. A quantitative determination by capillary gas-liquid chromatography of natural and amino-sugars (as o-mthyloxime acetates) and a study on hydrolytic conditions for glycoproteins and polysaccharides in order to increase sugar recoveries. Anal. Biochem. 1984, 142(1):58-67.
229. Nguyen R.T., Harvey H.R. A rapid micro-scale method for the extraction and analysis of protein in marine samples. Mar. Chem. 1994, 45:1-14.
230. Nguyen R.T., Harvey H.R. Preservation of protein in marine systems: Hydrophobic and other noncovalent associations as major stabilizing forces. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2001, 65(9):1467-1480.
231. Nielsen L.P. Denitrification in sediment determined from nitrogen isotope pairing. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 1992, 86:357-362.
232. Nunn B.L., Norbeck A., Keil R.G. Hydrolysis patterns and the production of peptide intermediates during protein degradation in marine systems. Mar. Chem. 2003, 83:59-73.
233. 15N tracer studies of the primary nitrite maximum. J. Mar. Res. 1981, 39:203-225.
234. Orellana M.V., Lessard E.J., Dycus E., Chin W.C., Foy M.S., Verdugo P. Tracing the source and fate of biopolymers in seawater: Application of an immunological technique. Mar. Chem. 2003, 83(1-2):89-99.
235. Otsuki A. A reactivation solution for a copperized cadmium column in the automatic determination of nitrate in natural waters. Anal. Chim. Acta 1978, 99:375-377.
236. Methods of Soil Analysis, Number 9, Part 2 1982, 1159. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI. A.L. Page, R.H. Miller, D.R. Keeney (Eds.).
237. Pakulski D., Benner R. Abundance and distribution of carbohydrates in the ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1994, 39:930-940.
238. Panagiotopoulos C., Sempere R. Analytical methods for the determination of sugars in marine samples: A historical perspective and future directions. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 2005, 3:419-454.
239. Parker A.E. Differential supply of autochothonous organic carbon and nitrogen to the microbial loop in the Delaware estuary. Estuar. Coasts 2005, 28:856-867.
240. Parsons T.R., Maita Y., Lalli C. A manual of chemical and biological methods for seawater analysis 1984, 173. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
241. Paul J.H., Jiang S.C., Rose J.B. Concentration of viruses and dissolved DNA from aquatic environments by vortex flow filtration. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 1991, 57:2197-2204.
242. 13C data. Org. Geochem. 2000, 31:1103-1116.
243. Pel R., Floris V., Hoogveld H. Analysis of planktonic community structure and trophic interactions using refined isotopic signatures determined by combining fluorescence-activated cell sorting and isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. Freshw. Biol. 2004, 49:546-562.
244. 13C-analysis to determine population-specific isotopic signatures and growth rates in cyanobacteria-dominated lake plankton. J. Phycol. 2004, 40:857-866.
245. Peterson B.J. Stable isotopes as tracers of organic matter input and transfer in benthic food webs: A review. Acta Oecologica 1999, 20(4):479-487.
246. Peuravuori J., Lohtonen T., Pihlaja K. Sorption of aquatic humic matter by DOX-8 and XAD-8 resins. Comparative study using pyrolysis gas chromatography. Anal. Chim. Acta 2002, 471:219-226.
247. Powell M.J., Timpermann A.T. Quantitative analysis of protein recovery from dilute, large volume samples by tangential flow ultrafiltration. J. Memb. Sci. 2005, 252(1-2):227-236.
248. Powell M.J., Sutton J.N., Del Castill C.E., Timpermann A.T. Marine proteomics: Generation of sequence tags for dissolved proteins in seawater using tandem mass spectrometry. Mar. Chem. 2005, 95(3-4):183-198.
249. Preston C.M. Optical emission spectrometry. Nitrogen Isotope Techniques 1993, 59-87. Academic Press, San Diego. I.R. Knowles, T.H. Blackburn (Eds.).
250. Preston C.M. Applications of NMR to soil organic matter analysis: History and prospects. Soil Sci. 1996, 161:144-166.
251. Price N., Harrison P. Comparison of methods for the analysis of dissolved urea in seawater. Mar. Biol. 1987, 94:307-317.
252. Raimbault P., Slawyk G., Coste B., Fry J. Feasibility of using an automated colorimetric procedure for the determination of seawater nitrate in the 0 to 100 nM range: Examples from field and culture. Mar. Biol. 1990, 104:347-351.
253. Repeta D.J., Aluwihare L.I. Radiocarbon analysis of neutral sugars in high-molecular-weight dissolved organic carbon: Implications for organic carbon cycling. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2006, 66:1045-1053.
254. Repeta D.J., Quan T.M., Aluwihare L.I., Accardi A.M. Chemical characterization of high molecular weight dissolved organic matter in fresh and marine waters. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2002, 66(6):955-962.
255. Revilla M., Alexander J., Glibert P.M. Urea analysis in coastal waters: Comparison of enzymatic and direct methods. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 2005, 3:290-299.
256. Riemann L., Azam F. Widespread n-acetyl-d-glucosamine uptake among pelagic marine bacteria and its ecological implications. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2002, 68(11):5554-5562.
257. Rusch D.B., et al. The sorcerer II global ocean sampling expedition: Expanding the Universe of protein families. PLoS Biol. 2007, 5(3):e16.
258. Rysgaard S., Risgaard-Peterson N. A sensitive method for determining nitrogen-15 isotope in urea. Mar. Biol. 1997, 128:191-195.
259. 15N dilution technique and isotope pairing. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1993, 59(7):2093-2098.
260. Sanders J.K.M., Hunter B.K. Modern NMR spectroscopy: A guide for chemists 1988, Oxford University Press, New York.
261. Sapan C.V., Lundblada R.L., Pricea N.C. Review: Colorimetric protein assay techniques. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 1999, 99-108.
262. Schwede-Thomas S.B., Chin Y.P., Dria K.J., Hatcher P., Kaiser E., Sulzberger B. Characterizing the properties of dissolved organic matter isolated by XAD and C-18 solid phase extraction and ultrafiltration. Aquat. Sci. 2005, 67(1):61-71.
263. Searle P.L. The Berthelot or indophenol reaction and its use in the analytical chemistry of nitrogen. Analyst 1984, 109:549-568.
264. See J.H. Availability of Humic Nitrogen to Phytoplankton 2003, 164. The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Ph.D. Thesis.
265. See J.H., Bronk D.A. Changes in molecular weight distributions, C:N ratios, and chemical structures of estuarine humic substances with respect to season and age. Mar. Chem. 2005, 97:334-346.
266. See J.H., Bronk D.A., Lewitus A.J. Uptake of Spartina-derived humic nitrogen by estuarine phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2006, 51:2290-2299.
267. Seitzinger S. Nitrogen biogeochemistry in an unpolluted estuary: The importance of benthic denitrification. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1987, 37:65-73.
268. Seitzinger S.P., Sanders R.W., Styles R. Bioavailability of DON from natural and anthropogenic sources to estuarine plankton. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2002, 47:353-366.
269. 15N isotopic ratio determinations. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1986, 52(3):577-579.
270. Setchell F.W. Particulate protein measurement in oceanographic samples by dye binding. Mar. Chem. 1981, 10(4):301-313.
271. Sharp J.H. The distribution of inorganic nitrogen and dissolved and particulate organic nitrogen in the sea. Nitrogen in the Marine Environment 1983, 101-120. Plenum Press, New York. E.J. Carpenter, D.G. Capone (Eds.).
272. Sharp J.H. Analytical methods for dissolved organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter 2002, 35-58. Academic Press, San Diego. D.A. Hansell, C.A. Carlson (Eds.).
273. Sharp J.H., Benner R., Bennett L., Carlson C.A., Dow R., Fitzwater S.E. Re-evaluation of high temperature combustion and chemical oxidation measurements of dissolved organic carbon in seawater. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1993, 38:1774-1782.
274. Sharp J.H., Carlson C.A., Peltzer E.T., Castle-Ward D.M., Savidge K.B., Rinker K.R. Final dissolved organic carbon broad community intercalibration and preliminary use of DOC reference materials. Mar. Chem. 2002, 77:239-253.
275. Sharp J.H., Rinker K.R., Savidge K.B., Abell J., Benaim J.Y., Bronk D.A., Burdige D.J., Cauwet G., Chen W., Doval M.D., Hansell D., Hopkinson C., et al. A preliminary methods comparison for measurement of dissolved organic nitrogen in seawater. Mar. Chem. 2002, 78:171-184.
276. Sharp J.H., Beauregard A.Y., Burdige D.J., Cauwet G., Curless S.E., Lauck R., Nagel K., Ogawa H., Parker A.E., Primm O., Pujo-Pay M., Savage W.B., et al. A direct instrument comparison for measurement of total dissolved nitrogen in seawater. Mar. Chem. 2004, 84:181-193.
277. 15N: Fractional contribution of two sources to a common sink and use of isotope discrimination. Nitrogen Isotope Techniques 1993, 89-125. Academic Press, San Diego. R. Knowles, T.H. Blackburn (Eds.).
278. Sheppard C.W. Basic Principles of the Tracer Method 1962, Wiley, New York.
279. Sigman D.M., Casciotti K.L., Andreani M., Barford C., Galanter M., Bohlke J.K. A bacterial method for the nitrogen isotopic analysis of nitrate in seawater and freshwater. Anal. Chem. 2001, 73:4145-4153.
280. Sigman S.D., Altabet M.A., Michner R., McCorkle D.C., Fry B., Holmes R.M. Natural abundance-level measurement of the nitrogen isotopic composition of oceanic nitrate: An adaptation of the ammonia diffusion method. Mar. Chem. 1997, 57:227-242.
281. 18 solid-phase extractions techniques. Mar. Chem. 2005, 96:219-235.
282. Skoog A., Benner R. Aldoses in various size fractions of marine organic matter: Implications for carbon cycling. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1997, 42:1803-1813.
283. 15N-tracer experiments and improving the isotopic mass balance. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1995, 124:289-299.
284. 15N isotopes for the simultaneous measurement of carbon and nitrogen turnover rates in marine phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1977, 925-932.
285. 15N abundance in urea regeneration studies using the isotope dilution approach. Mar. Chem. 1990, 30:343-362.
286. 15N losses to the dissolved organic nitrogen pool. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1998, 43(7):1734-1739.
287. Smith J.W.O., Marra J., Hiscock M.R., Barber R.T. The seasonal cycle of phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Deep Sea Res. II 2000, 47:3119-3140.
288. Solorzano L. Determination of ammonia in natural waters by the phenol-hypochlorite method. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1969, 14:799-801.
289. Solorzano L., Sharp J.H. Determination of total dissolved nitrogen in natural waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1980, 25:751-754.
290. Sorensen J. Denitrification rates in a marine sediment as measured by the acetylene inhibition technique. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1978, 36:139-143.
291. Sparks D.L., Page A.L., Helmke P.A., Loeppert R.H., Soltanpour P.N., Tabatabai M.A., Johnson C.T., Sumner M.E. Methods of soil analysis. Soil Science Society of America Book Series No. 5 1996, 1390. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.
292. Stenson A.C., Marshall A.G., Cooper W.T. Exact masses and chemical formulas of individual Suwannee River fulvic acids from ultra-high resolution electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectra. Anal. Chem. 2003, 75:1275-1284.
293. Strickland J.D.H., Parsons T.R. A practical handbook of seawater analysis. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 1972, 167:311.
294. Strydoma D., Andersenb T., Apostolc I., Foxd J.W., Paxtone R.J., Crabbf J.W. Cysteine and tryptophan amino acid analysis of ABRF92-AAA. Techniques in Protein Chemistry IV 1993, 279-288. Academic Press, New York.
295. Stuermer D.H., Harvey G.R. Humic substances from seawater. Nature 1974, 480-481.
296. Stuermer D.H., Payne J.R. Investigations of seawater and terrestrial humic substances with carbon-13 and proton nuclear magnetic resonance. Geochim. Cosmochim Acta 1976, 40:1109-1114.
297. Suttle C.A., Fuhrman J.A., Capone D.G. Rapid ammonium cycling and concentration-dependent partitioning of ammonium and phosphate: Implications for carbon transfer in planktonic communities. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1990, 35(2):423-433.
298. Suzuki S., Kogure K., Tanoue E. Immunochemical detection of dissolved proteins and their source bacteria in marine environments. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1997, 158:1-9.
299. Suzuki Y., Sugimura Y. A catalytic oxidation method for the determination of total nitrogen dissolved in seawater. Mar. Chem. 1985, 16:83-97.
300. Tada K., Tada M., Maita Y. Dissolved free amino acids in coastal seawater using a modified fluorometric method. J. Oceanogr. 1998, 54:313-321.
301. Tanoue E. Detection of dissolved protein molecules in oceanic waters. Mar. Chem. 1995, 51:239-252.
302. Tanoue E. Proteins in the sea-Synthesis. Dynamics and Characterization of Marine Organic Matter 2000, 383-463. Kluwer, Dordrecht. N. Handa, E. Tanoue, T. Hama (Eds.).
303. Tanoue E., Nishiyama S., Kamo M., Tsugita A. Bacterial membranes: Possible source of a major dissolved protein in seawater. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1995, 59(12):2643-2648.
304. Teece M.A., Fogel M.L. Stable carbon isotope biogeochemistry of monosaccharides in aquatic organisms and terrestrial plants. Org. Geochem. 2007, 38(3):458-473.
305. Thamdrup B., Jensen M.M., Dalsgaard T., Ulloa O., Farias L., Escribano R. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation in the oxygen-deficient waters off northern Chile. Limnol. Oceangor. 2006, 51:2145-2156.
306. Thurman E.M. Organic Geochemistry of Natural Waters 1985, Niyhoff/Junk, Boston.
307. Thurman E.M., Malcolm R.L. Preparative isolation of aquatic humic substances. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1981, 15:463-466.
308. Tobias C.R., Anderson I.C., Canuel E.A., Macko S.A. Nitrogen cycling through a fringing marsh-aquifer ecotone. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2001, 210:25-39.
309. Tobias C.R., Cieri M., Peterson B.J., Deegan L.A., Vallino J., Hughes J.E. Processing watershed-derived nitrogen in a well-flushed New England estuary. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2003, 48:1766-1778.
310. Tyson G.W., Chapman J., Hugenholtz P., Allen E.E., Ram R.J., Richardson P.M., Solovyev V.V., Rubin E.M., Rokhsar D.S., Banfield J.F. Community structure and metabolism through reconstruction of microbial genomes from the environment. Nature 2004, 428:37-43.
311. Valderrama J.C. The simultaneous analysis of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in natural waters. Mar. Chem. 1981, 10:109-122.
312. Van Mooy B.A.S., Keil R.G., Devol A.H. Impact of suboxic on sinking particulate organic carbon: Enhanced carbon flux and preferential degradation of amino acids via denitrification. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2002, 66(3):457-465.
313. Van Zomeren A., Comans R.N.J. Measurement of humic and fulvic acid concentrations and dissolution properties by a rapid batch procedure. Environ. Sci. & Technol. 2007, 41:6755-6761.
314. + at the natural abundance level from estuarine waters. Mar. Chem. 1989, 26:351-361.
315. Venrick E.L., Beers J.R., Heinbokel J.F. Possible consequences of containing microplankton for physiological rate measurements. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1977, 26:55-76.
316. Venter J.C., Remington K., Heidelberg J.F., Halpern A.L., Rusch D.B., Eisen J.A., Wu D., Paulsen I., Nelson K.E., Nelson W., Fouts D.E., Levy S., et al. Environmental genome shotgun sequencing of the Sargasso Sea. Science 2004, 304:66-74.
317. Vetter T.A., Perdue E.M., Ingall E., Koprivnjak F.P., Fromma P.H. Combining reverse osmosis and electrodialysis for more complete recovery of dissolved organic matter from seawater. Sep. Pur. Tech. 2007, 56:383-387.
318. Veuger B., Middelburg J.J., Boschker H.T.S., Nieuvenhuize J., van Rijiswijk P., Rochelle-Newall E.J., Navarro N. Microbial uptake of dissolved organic and inorganic nitrogen in Randers Fjord. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2004, 61:507-515.
319. Walsh T.W. Total dissolved nitrogen in seawater: A new high temperature combustion method and a comparison with photo-oxidation. Mar. Chem. 1989, 29:295-311.
320. Wang X.C., Druffel E.R.M., Griffen S., Lee C., Kashgarian M. Radiocarbon studies of organic compound classes in plankton and sediment of the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1998, 62:1365-1378.
321. Ward B.B., Talbot M.C., Perry M.J. Contributions of phytoplankton and nitrifying bacteria to ammonium and nitrite dynamics in coastal water. Cont. Shelf Res. 1984, 3:383-398.
322. Ward B.B., Kilpatrick K.A., Renger E.H., Eppley R.W. Biological nitrogen cycling in the nitracline. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1989, 34(3):493-513.
323. Whitehead K., Hedges J.I. Analysis of mycosporine-like amino acids in plankton by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Mar. Chem. 2002, 80:27-39.
324. Whiton R.S., Lau P., Morgan S.L., Gilbart J., Fox A. Modifications in the alditol acetate method for analysis of muramic acid and other neutral and amino sugars by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. J. Chromatogr. A 1985, 347:109-120.
325. Williams P.J., le B. Meters, kilograms, seconds, but no bomb units. A zero tolerance approach to units. (With apologies to Lynne Truss). Limnol. Oceanogr. Bull. 2004, 13(2):29-32.
326. Wilson M.A. NMR techniques and applications in geochemistry and soil chemistry 1987, 353. Pergamon Press, New York.
327. 13C NMR. Chem. Geol. 1983, 40:187-201.
328. Wu F.C., Tanoue E. Tryptophan in sediments and lakes from the Southwestern China Plateau. Chem. Geol. 2002, 187:139-149.
329. Yamada N., Tanoue E. Detection and partial characterization of dissolved glycoproteins in oceanic waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2003, 48:1037-1048.
330. Yamada N., Tanoue E. The inventory and chemical characterization of dissolved proteins in oceanic waters. Prog. Oceanogr. 2006, 69:1-18.
331. Yamashita Y., Tanoue E. Distribution and alteration of amino acids in bulk DOM along a transect from bay to ocean waters. Mar. Chem. 2003, 82:145-160.
332. Zhang J.Z. Shipboard automated determination of trace concentrations of nitrite and nitrate in oligotrophic water by gas-segmented continuous flow analysis with a liquid waveguide capillary flow cell. Deep Sea Res. I 2000, 47:1157-1171.
333. +) at natural abundance levels in fresh and saltwaters. Anal. Chem. 2007, 79:5297-5303.
334. Ziegler S., Fogel M.L. Seasonal and diel relationships between the isotopic compositions of dissolved and particulate organic matter in freshwater ecosystems. Biogeochemistry 2003, 64:25-52.