Opinion of the German Ophthalmological Society, the Retina Society and the Professional Association of Ophthalmologists in Germany on the treatment of macular edema in retinal vein occlusion;Stellungnahme: Der Deutschen ophthalmologischen gesellschaft, der retinologischen gesellschaft und des berufsverbandes der augenärzte deutschlands zur therapie des makulaödems beim retinalen venenverschluss

Ophthalmologe

Volumn 107, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 583-596

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGED; ARTICLE; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; GERMANY; HUMAN; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MIDDLE AGED; OPHTHALMOLOGY; RETINA MACULA EDEMA; RETINA NEOVASCULARIZATION; RETINA VEIN OCCLUSION;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; GERMANY; HUMANS; MACULAR EDEMA; MIDDLE AGED; OPHTHALMOLOGY; RETINAL NEOVASCULARIZATION; RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION; SOCIETIES, MEDICAL;

EID: 78649416859     PISSN: 0941293X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00347-010-2223-7     Document Type: Article

References (225)

1. (2007) [Position of the Retinological Society, the German Ophthalmological Society and the Professional Associati­on of Ophthalmologists in Germany on the current therapeutic possibilities for neovascular age-related macular dege­neration] Stellungnahme der Retino­logischen Gesellschaft, der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft und des Berufsverbands der Augenarzte Deutschlands zu aktuellen therapeu­tischen Moglichkeiten bei der neovas­kularen altersabhangigen Makulade­generation. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 224:559-566
2. Ageno W, Cattaneo R, Manfredi E et al. (2010) Parnaparin versus aspirin in the treatment of retinal vein occlusion. A randomized, double blind, controlled study. Thromb Res 125:137-141
3. Alasil T, Rauser ME (2009) Intravitreal Bevacizumab in the treatment of neo­vascular glaucoma secondary to cen­tral retinal vein occlusion: a case report. Cases J 2:176
4. Antonetti DA, Barber AJ, Hollinger LA et al. (1999) Vascular endothelial grow­th factor induces rapid phosphorylati­on of tight junction proteins occludin and zonula occluden 1. A potential me­chanism for vascular permeability in di­abetic retinopathy and tumors. J Biol Chem 274:23463-23467
5. Arevalo JF, Garcia RA, Wu L et al. (2008) Radial optic neurotomy for central re­tinal vein occlusion: results of the Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study Group (PACORES). Retina 28:1044-1052
6. Badala F (2008) The treatment of branch retinal vein occlusion with be­vacizumab. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 19:234-238
7. Barnett EM, Fantin A, Wilson BS et al. (2009) The Incidence of Retinal Vein Occlusion in the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study. Ophthalmology 117 (3):484-8
8. Bashshur ZF, Maluf RN, Allam S et al. (2004) Intravitreal triamcinolone for the management of macular edema due to nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion. Arch Ophthalmol 122:1137-1140
9. Batioglu F, Astam N, Ozmert E (2008) Rapid improvement of retinal and iris neovascularization after a single intra­vitreal bevacizumab injection in a pa­tient with central retinal vein occlusi­on and neovascular glaucoma. Int Oph­thalmol 28:59-61
10. Battaglia Parodi M, Saviano S, Bergami­ni L et al. (1999) Grid laser treatment of macular edema in macular branch re­tinal vein occlusion. Doc Ophthalmol 97:427-431
11. Battaglia Parodi M, Saviano S, Rava­lico G (1999) Grid laser treatment in macular branch retinal vein occlusi­on. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 237:1024-1027
12. Bavbek T, Yenice O, Toygar O (2005) Pro­blems with attempted chorioretinal ve­nous anastomosis by laser for nonis­chemic CRVO and BRVO. Ophthalmolo­gica 219:267-271
13. Bill A (1963) The uveal venous pressure. Arch Ophthalmol 69:780-782
14. Brown DM, Campochiaro PA, Singh RP et al. (2010) Ranibizumab for Macular Edema following Central Retinal Vein Occlusion Six-Month Primary End Point Results of a Phase III Study. Ophthal­mology online
15. Brown G (1985) Central retinal vein obstruction: diagnosis and manage­ment. In: RD R (ed) Ophthalmol Annual, vol 1, pp 65-97
16. Browning DJ, Antoszyk AN (1998) Laser chorioretinal venous anastomosis for nonischemic central retinal vein occlu­sion. Ophthalmology 105:670-677; dis­cussion 677-679
17. Browning DJ, Fraser CM (2004) Retinal vein occlusions in patients taking war­farin. Ophthalmology 111:1196-1200
18. Browning DJ, Rotberg MH (1996) Vi­treous Hemorrhage complicating la­ser-induced chorioretinal anastomosis for central retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol 122:588-589
19. Brückner R (1955) Central retinal vein occlusion and its therapy. Ophthalmo­logica 129:325-326
20. BVOS (1984) Argon laser photocoagu­lation for macular edema in branch ve­in occlusion. The Branch Vein Occlusion Study Group. Am J Ophthalmol 98:271-282
21. BVOS (1986) Argon laser scatter photo­coagulation for prevention of neovas­cularization and vitreous hemorrhage in branch vein occlusion. A randomized clinical trial. Branch Vein Occlusion Stu­dy Group. Arch Ophthalmol 104:34-41
22. Bynoe LA, Hutchins RK, Lazarus HS et al. (2005) Retinal endovascular surge­ry for central retinal vein occlusion: ini­tial experience of four surgeons. Retina 25:625-632
23. Bynoe LA, Opremcak EM, Bruce RA et al. (2002) Radial optic neurotomy for central retinal vein obstruction. Retina 22:379-380; author reply 380-371
24. Bynoe LA, Weiss JN (2003) Retinal en­dovascular surgery and intravitreal tri­amcinolone acetonide for central ve­in occlusion in young adults. Ameri­can Journal of Ophthalmology 135:382-384
25. Byun YJ, Roh MI, Lee SC et al. (2010) In­travitreal triamcinolone acetonide ver­sus bevacizumab therapy for macular edema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, online
26. Campochiaro PA, Hafiz G, Shah SM et al. (2008) Ranibizumab for macular ede­ma due to retinal vein occlusions: im­plication of VEGF as a critical stimulator. Mol Ther 16:791-799
27. Campochiaro PA, Heier JS, Feiner L et al. (2010) Ranibizumab for Macular Ede­ma following Branch Retinal Vein Oc­clusion Six-Month Primary End Point Results of a Phase III Study. Ophthal­mology online
28. Chen HC, Wiek J, Gupta A et al. (1998) Effect of isovolaemic haemodilution on visual outcome in branch retinal vein occlusion. Br J Ophthalmol 82:162-167
29. Christoffersen N, Gade E, Knudsen L et al. (2007) Mortality in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion. Ophthal­mology 114:1186-1189
30. Chu YK, Chung EJ, Kwon OW et al. (2008) Objective evaluation of cataract progression associated with a high do­se intravitreal triamcinolone injection. Eye (Lond) 22:895-899
31. Ciftci S, Sakalar YB, Unlu K et al. (2009) Intravitreal bevacizumab combined with panretinal photocoagulation in the treatment of open angle neo­vascular glaucoma. Eur J Ophthalmol 19:1028-1033
32. Costagliola C, Cipollone U, Rinaldi M et al. (2008) Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) injection for neovascular glaucoma: a survey on 23 cases throug­hout 12-month follow-up. Br J Clin Pharmacol 66:667-673
33. Cugati S, Cikamatana L, Wang JJ et al. (2006) Five-year incidence and pro­gression of vascular retinopathy in per­sons without diabetes: the Blue Moun­tains Eye Study. Eye 20:1239-1245
34. Cugati S, Wang JJ, Knudtson MD et al. (2007) Retinal vein occlusion and vas­cular mortality: pooled data analysis of 2 population-based cohorts. Ophthal­mology 114:520-524
35. Cugati S, Wang JJ, Rochtchina E et al. (2006) Ten-year incidence of retinal ve­in occlusion in an older population: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Arch Oph­thalmol 124:726-732
36. CVOS (1993) Central vein occlusion study of photocoagulation. Manual of operations. Central Vein Occlusion Stu­dy Group. Online J Curr Clin Trials Doc No 92
37. CVOS-Group (1993) Baseline and ear­ly natural history report. The Cen­tral Vein Occlusion Study.[comment]. Comment in: Arch Ophthalmol. 1995 May;113(5):555; PMID: 7605492. Ar­chives of Ophthalmology 111:1087-1095
38. CVOS-Group (1995) A randomized cli­nical trial of early panretinal photo­coagulation for ischemic central ve­in occlusion. The Central Vein Occlusi­on Study Group N report.[comment]. Comment in: Ophthalmology. 1996 Mar;103(3):352, discussion 353-4; PMID: 8600408, Comment in: Oph­thalmology. 1996 Mar;103(3):352, dis­cussion 353-4; PMID: 8600407, Com­ment in: Ophthalmology. 1996 Mar;103(3):352-4; PMID: 8600406. Ophthalmology 102:1434-1444
39. CVOS-Group (1995) Evaluation of grid pattern photocoagulation for macu­lar edema in central vein occlusion. The Central Vein Occlusion Study Group M report.[comment]. Comment in: Oph­thalmology. 1996 Mar;103(3):352, dis­cussion 353-4; PMID: 8600408, Com­ment in: Ophthalmology. 1996 Mar;103(3):352, discussion 353-4; PMID: 8600407, Comment in: Ophthal­mology. 1996 Mar;103(3):352-4; PMID: 8600406. Ophthalmology 102:1425-1433
40. CVOS-Group (1997) Natural history and clinical management of central retinal vein occlusion. The Central Vein Occlu­sion Study Group.[comment][erratum appears in Arch Ophthalmol 1997 Oct;115(10):1275]. Comment in: Arch Ophthalmol. 1998 Feb;116(2):260-1; PMID: 9488292. Archives of Ophthal­mology 115:486-491
41. Czajka M, Pecold K (2004) [Radial optic neurotomy (RON) in central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO)--preliminary report]. Klin Oczna 106:774-777
42. Danis RP, Wallow IH (1987) Microvascu­lar changes in experimental branch re­tinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology 94:1213-1221
43. David R, Zangwill L, Badarna M et al. (1988) Epidemiology of retinal vein oc­clusion and its association with glauco­ma and increased intraocular pressure. Ophthalmologica 197:69-74
44. DeCroos FC, Shuler RK, Jr., Stinnett S et al. (2009) Pars plana vitrectomy, inter­nal limiting membrane peeling, and panretinal endophotocoagulation for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthal­mol 147:627-633e621
45. Dithmar S, Hansen LL, Holz F (2003) Ve­nöse retinale Verschlüsse. Ophthalmo­loge 100:561-578
46. Dodson PM, Kubicki AJ, Taylor KG et al. (1985) Medical conditions underlying recurrence of retinal vein occlusion. Br J Ophthalmol 69:493-496
47. Donati G, Mavrakanas N, Pournaras CJ (2009) [Isovolumic hemodilution in the management of the acute phase of central retinal vein occlusion: A pilot study.]. J Fr Ophtalmol, online
48. Duff IF, Falls HF, Linman JW (1951) Anti­coagulant therapy in occlusive vascular disease of the retina. AMA Arch Oph­thalmol 46:601-617
49. Eckstein M, McAllister I (2000) Laser-in­duced chorioretinal venous anastomo­sis for non-ischaemic hemi-central vein occlusion. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 28:18-21
50. Elman MJ (1996) Thrombolytic thera­py for central retinal vein occlusion: re­sults of a pilot study. Trans Am Ophthal­mol Soc 94:471-504
51. Elman MJ, Raden RZ, Carrigan A (2001) Intravitreal injection of tissue plasmi­nogen activator for central retinal ve­in occlusion. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 99:219-221; discussion 222-213
52. Farahvash MS, Moghaddam MM, Moghimi S et al. (2008) Dalteparin in the management of recent onset cen­tral retinal vein occlusion: a compari­son with acetylsalicylic acid. Can J Oph­thalmol 43:79-83
53. Farahvash MS, Moradimogadam M, Fa­rahvash MM et al. (2008) Dalteparin versus Aspirin in Recent-Onset Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Arch Iran Med 11:418-422.
54. Fegan CD (2002) Central retinal ve­in occlusion and thrombophilia. Eye 16:98-106
55. Fekrat S, Goldberg MF, Finkelstein D (1998) Laser-induced chorioretinal ve­nous anastomosis for nonischemic cen­tral or branch retinal vein occlusion. Arch Ophthalmol 116:43-52
56. Feltgen N, Agostini H, Auw-Haedrich C et al. (2007) Histopathological findings after retinal endovascular lysis in cen­tral retinal vein occlusion. Br J Ophthal­mol 91:558-559
57. Feltgen N, Herrmann J, Hansen L (2005) [Visual field defect after radial optic neurotomy] Gesichtsfelddefekt nach radiarer Optikoneurotomie. Ophthal­mologe 102:802-804
58. Feltgen N, Junker B, Agostini H et al. (2007) Retinal endovascular lysis in is­chemic central retinal vein occlusion: one-year results of a pilot study. Oph­thalmology 114:716-723
59. Finkelstein D (1992) Ischemic macular edema. Recognition and favorable na­tural history in branch vein occlusion. Arch Ophthalmol 110:1427-1434
60. Folkman J, Ingber DE (1987) Angio­static steroids. Method of discovery and mechanism of action. Ann Surg 206:374-383
61. Fong AC, Schatz H (1993) Central reti­nal vein occlusion in young adults. Surv Ophthalmol 37:393-417
62. Fonollosa A, Garcia-Arumi J, Santos E et al. (2010) Vitreous levels of interleukine-8 and monocyte chemoattractant pro­tein-1 in macular oedema with branch retinal vein occlusion. Eye (Lond), on­line
63. Friberg TR, Smolinski P, Hill S et al. (2008) Biomechanical assessment of radial optic neurotomy. Ophthalmolo­gy 115:174-180
64. Gan IM, Ugahary LC, van Dissel JT et al. (2005) Effect of intravitreal dexame­thasone on vitreous vancomycin con­centrations in patients with suspected postoperative bacterial endophthalmi­tis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 243:1186-1189
65. Genevois O, Paques M, Simonutti M et al. (2004) Microvascular remodeling af­ter occlusion-recanalization of a branch retinal vein in rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45:594-600
66. Glacet-Bernard A, Kuhn D, Vine AK et al. (2000) Treatment of recent onset cen­tral retinal vein occlusion with intravit­real tissue plasminogen activator: a pi­lot study. Br J Ophthalmol 84:609-613
67. Glacet-Bernard A, Zourdani A, Milhoub M et al. (2001) Effect of isovolemic he­modilution in central retinal vein occlu­sion. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 239:909-914
68. Green WR, Chan CC, Hutchins GM et al. (1981) Central retinal vein occlusion: a prospective histopathologic study of 29 eyes in 28 cases. Retina 1:27-55
69. Gregori NZ, Gaitan J, Rosenfeld PJ et al. (2008) Long-term safety and efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for the management of central retinal vein occlusion. Retina 28:1325-1337
70. Gregori NZ, Rattan GH, Rosenfeld PJ et al. (2009) Safety and efficacy of intra­vitreal bevacizumab (avastin) for the management of branch and hemireti­nal vein occlusion. Retina 29:913-925
71. Gregori NZ, Rosenfeld PJ, Puliafito CA et al. (2006) One-Year Safety and Efficacy of Intravitreal Triamcinolone Acetonide for the Management of Macular Edema Secondary to Central Retinal Vein Oc­clusion. Retina 26:889-895
72. Grisanti S, Biester S, Peters S et al. (2006) Intracameral bevacizumab for iris rubeosis. Am J Ophthalmol 142:158-160
73. Gupta B, Grewal J, Adewoyin T et al. (2009) Diurnal variation of macular oe­dema in CRVO: prospective study. Gra­efes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 247:593-596
74. Guthoff R, Meigen T, Hennemann K et al. (2009) Comparison of Beva­cizumab and Triamcinolone for Treat­ment of Macular Edema Secondary to Central Retinal Vein Occlusion - A Mat­ched-Pairs Analysis. Ophthalmologica 224:126-132
75. Gutierrez JC, Barquet LA, Caminal JM et al. (2008) Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) in the treatment of macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlu­sion. Clin Ophthalmol 2:787-791
76. Gutman FA, Zegarra H (1974) The na­tural course of temporal retinal branch vein occlusion. Trans Am Acad Ophthal­mol Otolaryngol 78:OP178-192
77. Gutman FA, Zegarra H (1984) Macular edema secondary to occlusion of the retinal veins. Surv Ophthalmol 28 Sup­pl:462-470
78. Haller JA, Bandello F, Belfort R, Jr. et al. (2010) Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial of Dexamethasone Intravitreal Im­plant in Patients with Macular Edema Due to Retinal Vein Occlusion. Ophthal­mology online
79. Haller JA, Dugel P, Weinberg DV et al. (2009) Evaluation of the safety and per­formance of an applicator for a novel intravitreal dexamethasone drug deli­very system for the treatment of macu­lar edema. Retina 29:46-51
80. Hansen LL (1994) [Treatment possibi­lities of central retinal vein occlusion] Behandlungsmoglichkeiten bei reti­nalen Zentralvenenverschlussen. Oph­thalmologe 91:131-145
81. Hansen LL (2007) Central retinal vein occlusion. In: Joussen A et al. (eds) Reti­nal Vascular Disease. Springer
82. Hansen LL, Danisevskis P, Arntz HR et al. (1985) A randomised prospective stu­dy on treatment of central retinal vein occlusion by isovolaemic haemodiluti­on and photocoagulation. Br J Ophthal­mol 69:108-116
83. Hansen LL, Hovener G, Mercks C et al. (1985) [Isovolemic hemodilution in pa­tients with retinal branch vein occlu­sion] Isovolamische Hamodilution bei Patienten mit retinalen Venenastver­schlussen. Fortschr Ophthalmol 82:290-292
84. Hansen LL, Wiek J, Arntz R (1988) [Ran­domized study of the effect of isovole­mic hemodilution in retinal branch ve­in occlusion] Randomisierte Studie zur Wirkung der isovolamischen Hamodi­lution bei retinalen Venenastverschlus­sen. Fortschr Ophthalmol 85:514-516
85. Hansen LL, Wiek J, Schade M et al. (1989) Effect and compatibility of iso­volaemic haemodilution in the treat­ment of ischaemic and non-ischaemic central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthal­mologica 199:90-99
86. Hansen LL, Wiek J, Wiederholt M (1989) A randomised prospective study of treatment of non-ischaemic central re­tinal vein occlusion by isovolaemic hae­modilution. Br J Ophthalmol 73:895-899
87. Hardman J, Limbird L (1996) Goodman and Gilman‘s: the pharmacological ba­sis of therapeutics. In: Hardman J et al. (eds) Goodman and Gilman‘s: the phar­macological basis of therapeutics, vol 9th edition New York: McGraw-Hill
88. Hasanreisoglu M, Weinberger D, Mi­mouni K et al. (2009) Intravitreal beva­cizumab as an adjunct treatment for neovascular glaucoma. Eur J Ophthal­mol 19:607-612
89. Hasselbach H, Thale A, Bunse A et al. (2009) Ultrastructural analysis of the la­mina cribrosa after radial optic neuro­tomy. Ann Anat 191:267-272
90. Hasselbach HC, Ruefer F, Feltgen N et al. (2007) Treatment of central retinal vein occlusion by radial optic neurotomy in 107 cases. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Oph­thalmol 245:1145-1156
91. Hattenbach LO, Friedrich Arndt C, Ler­che R et al. (2009) Retinal vein occlu­sion and low-dose fibrinolytic thera­py (R.O.L.F.): a prospective, randomized, controlled multicenter study of low-do­se recombinant tissue plasminogen ac­tivator versus hemodilution in retinal vein occlusion. Retina 29:932-940
92. Hayashi K, Hayashi H (2005) Intravitreal versus retrobulbar injections of triam­cinolone for macular edema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol 139:972-982
93. Hayreh SS (1983) Classification of cen­tral retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmo­logy 90:458-474
94. Hayreh SS (1994) Retinal vein occlusi­on. [Review] [64 refs]. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 42:109-132
95. Hayreh SS (2002) Radial optic neuro­tomy for central retinal vein occlusion. Retina 22:827; author reply 827
96. Hayreh SS (2003) Management of cen­tral retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmo­logica 217:167-188
97. Hayreh SS (2005) Prevalent misconcep­tions about acute retinal vascular oc­clusive disorders. Prog Retin Eye Res 24:493-519
98. Hayreh SS, Hayreh MS (1980) Hemi-central retinal vein occulsion. Pathoge­nesis, clinical features, and natural his­tory. Arch Ophthalmol 98:1600-1609
99. Hayreh SS, Rojas P, Podhajsky P et al. (1983) Ocular neovascularization with retinal vascular occlusion-III. Incidence of ocular neovascularization with re­tinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology 90:488-506
100. Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB, Beri M et al. (2004) Intraocular pressure abnor­malities associated with central and he­micentral retinal vein occlusion. Oph­thalmology 111:133-141
101. Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB, Podhajs­ky P (1994) Incidence of various types of retinal vein occlusion and their re­currence and demographic characteris­tics. Am J Ophthalmol 117:429-441
102. Heinen A, Brunner R, Hossmann V et al. (1984) [Changes in hemorheolo­gic and physiologic coagulation para­meters in different methods of thera­py of retinal vascular disorders--a ran­domized double-blind study] Verande­rungen hamorheologischer und gerin­nungsphysiologischer Parameter bei unterschiedlicher Therapie von reti­nalen Durchblutungsstorungen--eine randomisierte Doppelblindstudie. Fort­schr Ophthalmol 81:444-448
103. Hikichi T, Konno S, Trempe CL (1995) Role of the vitreous in central retinal vein occlusion. Retina 15:29-33
104. Ho JD, Liou SW, Lin HC (2009) Retinal vein occlusion and the risk of stroke de­velopment: a five-year follow-up study. Am J Ophthalmol 147:283-290e282
105. Hoeh AE, Ach T, Schaal KB et al. (2009) Long-term follow-up of OCT-gui­ded bevacizumab treatment of macu­lar edema due to retinal vein occlusi­on. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 247:1635-1641
106. Hoerauf H (2007) Branch retinal vein occlusion. In: Joussen A et al. (eds) Re­tinal vascular diseases, vol 1. Springer Heidelberg, pp 467-506
107. Holmin N, Ploman K (1938) Thrombo­sis of the central retinal vein of the reti­na treated with heparin. Lancet 1
108. Hou J, Tao Y, Jiang YR et al. (2009) In­travitreal bevacizumab versus triam­cinolone acetonide for macular ede­ma due to branch retinal vein occlusi­on: a matched study. Chin Med J (Engl) 122:2695-2699
109. Iliev ME, Domig D, Wolf-Schnurrbursch U et al. (2006) Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) in the treatment of neovas­cular glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 142:1054-1056
110. Ingerslev J (1999) Thrombophilia: a feature of importance in retinal vein thrombosis? Acta Ophthalmol Scand 77:619-621
111. Ip MS, Scott IU, VanVeldhuisen PC et al. (2009) A randomized trial comparing the efficacy and safety of intravitreal triamcinolone with observation to tre­at vision loss associated with macular edema secondary to central retinal ve­in occlusion: the Standard Care vs Cor­ticosteroid for Retinal Vein Occlusion (SCORE) study report 5. Arch Ophthal­mol 127:1101-1114
112. Iturralde D, Spaide RF, Meyerle CB et al. (2006) Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) treatment of macular edema in central retinal vein occlusion: a short-term study. Retina 26:279-284
113. Jaissle GB, Leitritz M, Gelisken F et al. (2009) One-year results after intravitreal bevacizumab therapy for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 247:27-33
114. Jaissle GB, Szurman P, Volker M et al. (2007) Epiretinal deposit of triamcinolone acetonide at the posterior pole after intravitreal injection. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 38:238-241
115. Jaissle GB, Ziemssen F, Petermeier K et al. (2006) [Bevacizumab for treatment of macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion] Bevacizumab zur Therapie des sekundaren Makulaodems nach venosen Gefassverschlussen. Ophthalmologe 103:471-475
116. Joffe L, Goldberg RE, Magargal LE et al. (1980) Macular branch vein occlusion. Ophthalmology 87:91-98
117. Jumper JM, Scribbick FW, Ho J et al. (2006) Pathologic evaluation of radial optic neurotomy in an animal model. Retina 26:362-364
118. Jung F, Koscielny J, Mrowietz C et al. (1990) [Effect of hemodilution on systemic and capillary hematocrit] Einfluss der Hamodilution auf den systemischen und den Kapillarhamatokrit. Infusionstherapie 17:268-275
119. Kahook MY, Schuman JS, Noecker RJ (2006) Intravitreal bevacizumab in a patient with neovascular glaucoma. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 37:144-146
120. Kaiser PK (2005) Steroids for branch retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol 139:1095-1096
121. Kim JY, Park SP (2009) Comparison between intravitreal bevacizumab and triamcinolone for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. Korean J Ophthalmol 23:259-265
122. Kiryu J, Ogura Y (1996) Hyperbaric oxygen treatment for macular edema in retinal vein occlusion: relation to severity of retinal leakage. Ophthalmologica 210:168-170
123. Klein ML, Finkelstein D (1989) Macular grid photocoagulation for macular edema in central retinal vein occlusion. Arch Ophthalmol 107:1297-1302
124. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE et al. (2000) The epidemiology of retinal vein occlusion: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 98:133-141; discussion 141-133
125. Klien BA, Olwin JH (1956) A survey of the pathogenesis of retinal venous occlusion, emphasis upon choice of therapy and an analysis of the therapeutic results in fifty-three patients. AMA Arch Ophthalmol 56:207-247
126. Kohner EM, Hamilton AM, Bulpitt CJ et al. (1974) Streptokinase in the treatment of central retinal vein occlusion. A controlled trial. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K 94:599-603
127. Kohner EM, Pettit JE, Hamilton AM et al. (1976) Streptokinase in central retinal vein occlusion: a controlled clinical trial. Br Med J 1:550-553
128. Kondo M, Kondo N, Ito Y et al. (2009) Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion:results after 12 months and multiple regression analysis. Retina 29:1242-1248
129. Kreutzer TC, Alge CS, Wolf AH et al. (2008) Intravitreal bevacizumab for the treatment of macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. Br J Ophthalmol 92:351-355
130. Kriechbaum K, Michels S, Prager F et al. (2008) Intravitreal Avastin for macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a prospective study. Br J Ophthalmol 92:518-522
131. Kube T, Sutter M, Trittler R et al. (2006) Carboxymethylcellulose as a new carrier substance for intravitreal injection of reproducible amounts of triamcinolone. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 244:1385-1390
132. Kuhli C, Hattenbach LO, Scharrer I et al. (2002) High prevalence of resistance to APC in young patients with retinal vein occlusion. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 240:163-168
133. Kuhli C, Scharrer I, Koch F et al. (2004) Factor XII deficiency: a thrombophilic risk factor for retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol 137:459-464
134. Kuhli-Hattenbach C, Scharrer I, Luchtenberg M et al. (2009) [Selective thrombophilia screening of young patients with retinal vein occlusion] Selektives Thrombophiliescreening junger Patienten mit venosen retinalen Gefassverschlussen. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 226:768-773
135. Kuhli-Hattenbach C, Scharrer I, Luchtenberg M et al. (2010) Coagulation disorders and the risk of retinal vein occlusion. Thromb Haemost 103:299-305
136. Kumagai K, Furukawa M, Ogino N et al. (2007) Long-Term Visual Outcomes after Vitrectomy for Macular Edema with Foveal Hemorrhage in Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion. Retina 27:584-588
137. Kumagai K, Furukawa M, Ogino N et al. (2007) Long-Term Outcomes of Vitrectomy with or without Arteriovenous Sheathotomy in Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion. Retina 27:49-54
138. Kuppermann BD, Blumenkranz MS, Haller JA et al. (2007) Randomized controlled study of an intravitreous dexamethasone drug delivery system in patients with persistent macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol 125:309-317
139. Lit ES, Tsilimbaris M, Gotzaridis E et al. (2002) Lamina puncture: pars plana optic disc surgery for central retinal vein occlusion. Archives of Ophthalmology 120:495-499
140. Long DS, Smith ML, Pries AR et al. (2004) Microviscometry reveals reduced blood viscosity and altered shear rate and shear stress profiles in microvessels after hemodilution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:10060-10065
141. Luckie AP, Wroblewski JJ, Hamilton P et al. (1996) A randomised prospective study of outpatient haemodilution for central retinal vein obstruction. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 24:223-232
142. Luke M, Januschowski K, Beutel J et al. (2008) The effects of triamcinolone crystals on retinal function in a model of isolated perfused vertebrate retina. Exp Eye Res 87:22-29
143. Lynch SS, Cheng CM (2007) Bevacizumab for neovascular ocular diseases. Ann Pharmacother 41:614-625
144. Maruo N, Morita I, Shirao M et al. (1992) IL-6 increases endothelial permeability in vitro. Endocrinology 131:710-714
145. Matsumoto Y, Freund KB, Peiretti E et al. (2007) Rebound macular edema following bevacizumab (avastin) therapy for retinal venous occlusive disease. Retina 27:426-431
146. McAllister IL, Barry CJ (1991) Collateral formation in hemicentral retinal vein occlusion. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 19:239-241
147. McAllister IL, Constable IJ (1995) Laser-induced chorioretinal venous anastomosis for treatment of nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion. Arch Ophthalmol 113:456-462
148. McAllister IL, Douglas JP, Constable IJ et al. (1998) Laser-induced chorioretinal venous anastomosis for nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion: evaluation of the complications and their risk factors. Am J Ophthalmol 126:219-229
149. McAllister IL, Gillies ME, Smithies LA et al. (2010) The Central Retinal Vein Bypass Study: A Trial of Laser-induced Chorioretinal Venous Anastomosis for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion. Ophthalmology
150. McAllister IL, Vijayasekaran S, Yu DY et al. (1998) Chorioretinal venous anastomoses: effect of different laser methods and energy in human eyes without vein occlusion. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 236:174-181
151. McAllister IL, Yu DY, Vijayasekaran S et al. (1992) Induced chorioretinal venous anastomosis in experimental retinal branch vein occlusion. Br J Ophthalmol 76:615-620
152. McGrath MA, Wechsler F, Hunyor AB et al. (1978) Systemic factors contributory to retinal vein occlusion. Arch Intern Med 138:216-220
153. McIntosh RL, Mohamed Q, Saw SM et al. (2007) Interventions for branch retinal vein occlusion: an evidence-based systematic review. Ophthalmology 114:835-854
154. Michels RG, Gass JD (1974) The natural course of retinal branch vein obstruction. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 78:OP166-177
155. Mitchell P, Smith W, Chang A (1996) Prevalence and associations of retinal vein occlusion in Australia. The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol 114:1243-1247
156. Mohamed Q, McIntosh RL, Saw SM et al. (2007) Interventions for central retinal vein occlusion: an evidence-based systematic review. Ophthalmology 114:507-519, 524
157. Nagaoka T, Yoshida A (2006) Noninvasive evaluation of wall shear stress on retinal microcirculation in humans. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47:1113-1119
158. Naumann G (1997) Pathologie des Auges. Springer Berlin
159. Neely KA, Ernest JT, Goldstick TK et al. (1996) Isovolemic hemodilution increases retinal tissue oxygen tension. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 234:688-694
160. Nehme A, Edelman J (2008) Dexamethasone inhibits high glucose-, TNF-alpha-, and IL-1beta-induced secretion of inflammatory and angiogenic mediators from retinal microvascular pericytes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49:2030-2038
161. Noma H, Funatsu H, Sakata K et al. (2009) Macular microcirculation and macular oedema in branch retinal vein occlusion. Br J Ophthalmol 93:630-633
162. Noma H, Funatsu H, Sakata K et al. (2010) Macular microcirculation before and after vitrectomy for macular edema with branch retinal vein occlusion. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 248:443-445
163. Noma H, Funatsu H, Yamasaki M et al. (2005) Pathogenesis of macular edema with branch retinal vein occlusion and intraocular levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6. Am J Ophthalmol 140:256-261
164. Noma H, Minamoto A, Funatsu H et al. (2006) Intravitreal levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6 are correlated with macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 244:309-315
165. Notting JG, Werf PJ (1976) Macular changes caused by occlusion of a minute venous branch. Ophthalmologica 173:200-206
166. O‘Mahoney PR, Wong DT, Ray JG (2008) Retinal vein occlusion and traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis. Arch Ophthalmol 126:692-699
167. Oncel M, Peyman GA, Khoobehi B (1989) Tissue plasminogen activator in the treatment of experimental retinal vein occlusion. Retina 9:1-7
168. Opremcak EM, Bruce RA, Lomeo MD et al. (2001) Radial optic neurotomy for central retinal vein occlusion: a retrospective pilot study of 11 consecutive cases. Retina 21:408-415
169. Osterloh M (1988) Surgical decompression of branch retinal vein occlusions. Archives of Ophthalmology 106:1469-1471
170. Pai SA, Shetty R, Vijayan PB et al. (2007) Clinical, anatomic, and electrophysiologic evaluation following intravitreal bevacizumab for macular edema in retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol 143:601-606
171. Paques M, Vallee JN, Herbreteau D et al. (2000) Superselective ophthalmic arte ry fibrinolytic therapy for the treatment of central retinal vein occlusion. Br J Ophthalmol 84:1387-1391
172. Park DH, Kim IT (2010) Long-term effects of vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane peeling for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion and hemiretinal vein occlusion. Retina 30:117-124
173. Parodi MB, Visintin F, Della Rupe P et al. (1995) Foveal avascular zone in macular branch retinal vein occlusion. Int Ophthalmol 19:25-28
174. Peduzzi M, Codeluppi L, Poggi M et al. (1983) Abnormal blood viscosity and erythrocyte deformability in retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol 96:399-400
175. Pieramici DJ, Rabena M, Castellarin AA et al. (2008) Ranibizumab for the Treatment of Macular Edema Associated with Perfused Central Retinal Vein Occlusions. Ophthalmology
176. Priglinger SG, Wolf AH, Kreutzer TC et al. (2007) Intravitreal bevacizumab injections for treatment of central retinal vein occlusion: six-month results of a prospective trial. Retina 27:1004-1012
177. Quinlan PM, Elman MJ, Bhatt AK et al. (1990) The natural course of central retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol 110:118-123
178. Rabena MD, Pieramici DJ, Castellarin AA et al. (2007) Intravitreal Bevacizumab (Avastin) in the Treatment of Macular Edema Secondary to Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion. Retina 27:419-425
179. Raszewska-Steglinska M, Gozdek P, Cisiecki S et al. (2009) Pars plana vitrectomy with ILM peeling for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion. Eur J Ophthalmol 19:1055-1062
180. Ring CP, Pearson TC, Sanders MD et al. (1976) Viscosity and retinal vein thrombosis. Br J Ophthalmol 60:397-410
181. Rogers S, McIntosh RL, Cheung N et al. (2010) The prevalence of retinal vein occlusion: pooled data from population studies from the United States, Europe, Asia, and Australia. Ophthalmology 117:313-319e311
182. Romero IA, Radewicz K, Jubin E et al. (2003) Changes in cytoskeletal and tight junctional proteins correlate with decreased permeability induced by dexamethasone in cultured rat brain endothelial cells. Neurosci Lett 344:112-116
183. Rosenfeld PJ, Fung AE, Puliafito CA (2005) Optical coherence tomography findings after an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (avastin) for macular edema from central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 36:336-339
184. Rosengreen B (1948) The value of anti-coagulators in the treatment of retinal thrombosis. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 26
185. Rouvas A, Petrou P, Vergados I et al. (2009) Intravitreal ranibizumab (Lucentis) for treatment of central retinal vein occlusion: a prospective study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 247:1609-1616
186. Russo V, Barone A, Conte E et al. (2009) Bevacizumab compared with macular laser grid photocoagulation for cystoid macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion. Retina 29:511-515
187. Schaal KB, Hoh AE, Scheuerle A et al. (2007) [Bevacizumab for the treatment of macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion] Bevacizumab zur Therapie des Makulaodems infolge venoser retinaler Gefassverschlusse. Ophthalmologe 104:285-289
188. Schlosshardt H (1978) [Observations and results of photodocumentation of retinal thromboses treated with Colfarit (author‘s transl)] Beobachtungen und Erkenntnisse bei der Foto-dokumentation mit Colfarit behandelter Netzhaut-thrombosen. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 172:895-907
189. Scott IU, Ip MS, VanVeldhuisen PC et al. (2009) A randomized trial comparing the efficacy and safety of intravitreal triamcinolone with standard care to treat vision loss associated with macular Edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion: the Standard Care vs Corticosteroid for Retinal Vein Occlusion (SCORE) study report 6. Arch Ophthalmol 127:1115-1128
190. Sedney S (1976) Photocoagulation and retinal vein occlusion. Documenta Ophthalmologica 40:1-241
191. Seitz R (1962) Die Netzhautgefäße. Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart Stuttgart
192. Sekiryu T, Yamauchi T, Enaida H et al. (2000) Retina tomography after vitrectomy for macular edema of central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 31:198-202
193. Shaikh S, Blumenkranz MS (2001) Transient improvement in visual acuity and macular edema in central retinal vein occlusion accompanied by inflammatory features after pulse steroid and anti-inflammatory therapy. Retina 21:176-178
194. Spaide RF, Chang LK, Klancnik JM et al. (2009) Prospective study of intravitreal ranibizumab as a treatment for decreased visual acuity secondary to central retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol 147:298-306
195. Squizzato A, Manfredi E, Bozzato S et al. (2010) Antithrombotic and fibrinolytic drugs for retinal vein occlusion: A systematic review and a call for action. Thromb Haemost 103:271-276
196. Stahl A, Agostini H, Hansen LL et al. (2007) Bevacizumab in retinal vein occlusion-results of a prospective case series. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 245:1429-1436
197. Stahl A, Feltgen N, Fuchs A et al. (2009) Electrophysiological evaluation of retinal photoreceptor function after repeated bevacizumab injections. Doc Ophthalmol 118:81-88
198. Stahl A, Struebin I, Hansen LL et al. (2010) Bevacizumab in central retinal vein occlusion: a retrospective analysis after 2 years of treatment. Eur J Ophthalmol 20:180-185
199. Stefansson E, Novack RL, Hatchell DL (1990) Vitrectomy prevents retinal hypoxia in branch retinal vein occlusion. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:284-289
200. Steigerwalt RD, Jr., Cesarone MR, Belcaro G et al. (2008) Retinal and orbital venous occlusions treated with enoxaparin. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 24:421-426
201. Tachi N, Hashimoto Y, Ogino N (1999) Vitrectomy for macular edema combined with retinal vein occlusion. Doc Ophthalmol 97:465-469
202. Tao Y, Hou J, Jiang YR et al. (2009) Intravitreal bevacizumab vs triamcinolone acetonide for macular oedema due to central retinal vein occlusion. Eye (Lond), online
203. Tao Y, Jiang YR, Li XX et al. (2005) Fundus and histopathological study of radial optic neurotomy in the normal miniature pig eye. Arch Ophthalmol 123:1097-1101
204. Trope GE, Lowe GD, McArdle BM et al. (1983) Abnormal blood viscosity and haemostasis in long-standing retinal vein occlusion. Br J Ophthalmol 67:137-142
205. Vannas S, Raitta C (1966) Anticoagulant treatment of retinal venous occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol 62:874-884
206. Vasco-Posada J (1972) Modification of the circulation in the posterior pole of the eye. Ann Ophthalmol 4:48-59
207. Vogel A, Holz FG, Loeffler KU (2006) Histopathologic findings after radial optic neurotomy in central retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol 141:203-205
208. Weiss JN (1998) Treatment of central retinal vein occlusion by injection of tissue plasminogen activator into a retinal vein. Am J Ophthalmol 126:142-144
209. Weiss JN, Bynoe LA (2001) Injection of tissue plasminogen activator into a branch retinal vein in eyes with central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology 108:2249-2257
210. Wiek J, Schade M, Wiederholt M et al. (1990) Haemorheological changes in patients with retinal vein occlusion after isovolaemic haemodilution. Br J Ophthalmol 74:665-669
211. 2during vitrectomy for central retinal vein occlusion, a pilot study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 247:1019-1023
212. Wilson CA, Berkowitz BA, Sato Y et al. (1992) Treatment with intravitreal steroid reduces blood-retinal barrier breakdown due to retinal photocoagulation. Arch Ophthalmol 110:1155-1159
213. Wolf S, Arend O, Bertram B et al. (1994) Hemodilution therapy in central retinal vein occlusion. One-year results of a prospective randomized study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 232:33-39
214. Wolf S, Arendt O, Bertram B et al. (1991) Hemodilution therapy in central retinal vein occlusion. A randomized placebo-controlled study. Fortschr Ophthalmol 88:35-43
215. Wrede J, Varadi G, Volcker HE et al. (2006) [Radial optic neurotomy for central retinal vein occlusion -- how deep should it be?] Wie tief muss die radiare Optikusneurotomie zur Therapie des retinalen Zentralvenenverschlusses sein? Ophthalmologe 103:321-324
216. Wroblewski JJ, Wells JA, 3rd, Adamis AP et al. (2009) Pegaptanib sodium for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion. Arch Ophthalmol 127:374-380
217. Wroblewski JJ, Wells JA, 3rd, Gonzales CR (2010) Pegaptanib sodium for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol 149:147-154
218. Wu L, Arevalo JF, Berrocal MH et al. (2009) Comparison of two doses of intravitreal bevacizumab as primary treatment for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusions: results of the Pan American Collaborative Retina Study Group at 24 months. Retina 29:1396-1403
219. Wu L, Arevalo JF, Roca JA et al. (2008) Comparison of two doses of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion: results from the Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study Group at 6 months of follow-up. Retina 28:212-219
220. Wu WC, Cheng KC, Wu HJ (2009) Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide vs bevacizumab for treatment of macular oedema due to central retinal vein occlusion. Eye (Lond) 23:2215-2222
221. Yamamoto S, Saito W, Yagi F et al. (2004) Vitrectomy with or without arteriovenous adventitial sheathotomy for macular edema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol 138:907-914
222. Yamamoto S, Takatsuna Y, Sato E et al. (2005) Central retinal artery occlusion after radial optic neurotomy in a patient with central retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol 139:206-207
223. Yamamoto T, Kamei M, Sakaguchi H et al. (2009) Comparison of surgical treatments for central retinal vein occlusion; RON vs. cannulation of tissue plasminogen activator into the retinal vein. Retina 29:1167-1174
224. Yazdani S, Hendi K, Pakravan M (2007) Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) injection for neovascular glaucoma. J Glaucoma 16:437-439
225. Yuzbasioglu E, Artunay O, Rasier R et al. (2009) Simultaneous intravitreal and intracameral injection of bevacizumab (Avastin) in neovascular glaucoma. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 25:259-264