From moral to legal judgment: The influence of normative context in lawyers and other academics

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 48-57

  Schleim, Stephan ^a,b   Spranger, Tade M ^b   Erk, Susanne ^b,c   Walter, Henrik ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

^c CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

fMRI; Legal decision making; Moral decision making; Neuroethics; Neurolaw; Prefrontal cortex

Indexed keywords

OXYGEN;

ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ARTICLE; ASSOCIATION; BLOOD; BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; CASE CONTROL STUDY; DECISION MAKING; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; HUMAN; IMAGE PROCESSING; LAWYER; MALE; METHODOLOGY; MORALITY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHOTOSTIMULATION; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REACTION TIME; REFERENCE VALUE; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; VASCULARIZATION;

ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CUES; DECISION MAKING; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; JUDGMENT; LAWYERS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; MORALS; OXYGEN; PHOTIC STIMULATION; REACTION TIME; REFERENCE VALUES; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 78049429195     PISSN: 17495016     EISSN: 17495024     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsq010     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Adolphs, R. (2009). The social brain: neural basis of social knowledge. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 693-716.
2. Amodio, D.M., Frith, C.D. (2006). Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7(4), 268-77.
3. Benjamini, Y., Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Methodological, 57(1), 289-300.
4. Blair, R.J.R. (2007). The amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in morality and psychopathy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(9), 387-92.
5. Blair, J. (2008). Cognitive neuroscience of psychopathy. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 79(8), 968-978.
6. Borg, J.S., Hynes, C., Van Horn, J., Grafton, S., Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2006). Consequences, action, and intention as factors in moral judgments: an fMRI investigation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(5), 803-17.
7. Buckholtz, J.W., Asplund, C.L., Dux, P.E., et al. (2008). The neural correlates of third-party punishment. Neuron, 60(5), 930-40.
8. Bunge, S.A. (2004). How we use rules to select actions: a review of evidence from cognitive neuroscience. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 4(4), 564-79.
9. Bush, G., Luu, P., Posner, M.I. (2000). Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(6), 215-22.
10. Carrington, S.J., Bailey, A.J. (2009). Are there theory of mind regions in the brain? A review of the neuroimaging literature. Human Brain Mapping, 30(8), 2313-35.
11. Ciaramelli, E., Muccioli, M., Làdavas, E., di Pellegrino, G. (2007). Selective deficit in personal moral judgment following damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2, 84-92.
12. Crottaz-Herbette, S., Menon, V. (2006). Where and when the anterior cingulate cortex modulates attentional response: combined fMRI and ERP evidence. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(5), 766-80.
13. Dalgleish, T. (2004). The emotional brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5(7), 582-9.
14. Fletcher, P.C., Happe, F., Frith, U., et al. (1995). Other minds in the brain-a functional imaging study of theory of mind in story comprehension. Cognition, 57(2), 109-28.
15. Frith, C.D., Singer, T. (2008). The role of social cognition in decision making. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 363(1511), 3875-86.
16. Gallagher, H.L., Happe, F., Brunswick, N., Fletcher, P.C., Frith, U., Frith, C.D. (2000). Reading the mind in cartoons and stories: an fMRI study of 'theory of mind' in verbal and nonverbal tasks. Neuropsychologia, 38(1), 11-21.
17. Garland, B., editor. (2005). Neuroscience and the Law: Brain, Mind, and the Scales of Justice. New York, NY: Dana Press.
18. Gazzaniga, M.S. (2008). The law and neuroscience. Neuron, 60(3), 412-15.
19. George, R.P., editor. (1996). The autonomy of law: essays on legal positivism. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
20. Gewirtz, P. (1996). On 'I know it when I see it'. Yale Law Journal, 105(4), 1023-47.
21. Goebel, R., Esposito, F., Formisano, E. (2006). Analysis of functional image analysis contest (FIAC) data with BrainVoyager QX: from single-subject to cortically aligned group general linear model analysis and selforganizing group independent component analysis. Human Brain Mapping, 27(5), 392-401.
22. Goodenough, O.R. (2001). Mapping cortical areas associated with legal reasoning and moral intuition. Jurimetrics, 41, 429-42.
23. Goodenough, O.R., Prehn, K. (2004). A neuroscientific approach to normative judgment in law and justice. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 359(1451), 1709-26.
24. Greene, J., Cohen, J. (2004). For the law, neuroscience changes nothing and everything. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 359(1451), 1775-85.
25. Greene, J., Haidt, J. (2002). How (and where) does moral judgment work? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6(12), 517-23.
26. Greene, J.D., Nystrom, L.E., Engell, A.D., Darley, J.M., Cohen, J.D. (2004). The neural bases of cognitive conflict and control in moral judgment. Neuron, 44(2), 389-400.
27. Greene, J.D., Sommerville, R.B., Nystrom, L.E., Darley, J.M., Cohen, J.D. (2001). An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science, 293(5537), 2105-8.
28. Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: a social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108(4), 814-34.
29. Hauser, M.D. (2006). The liver and the moral organ. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 1(3), 214-20.
30. Heekeren, H.R., Wartenburger, I., Schmidt, H., Schwintowski, H.P., Villringer, A. (2003). An fMRI study of simple ethical decision-making. Neuroreport, 14(9), 1215-19.
31. Hester, R.L., Murphy, K., Foxe, J.J., Foxe, D.M., Javitt, D.C., Garavan, H. (2004). Predicting success: patterns of cortical activation and deactivation prior to response inhibition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(5), 776-85.
32. Huebner, B., Dwyer, S., Hauser, M. (2009). The role of emotion in moral psychology. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(1), 1-6.
33. Kahane, G., Shackel, N. (2008). Do abnormal responses show utilitarian bias? Nature, 452(7185), E5-E5.
34. Koenigs, M., Young, L., Adolphs, R., et al. (2007). Damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgements. Nature, 446(7138), 908-11.
35. Kondo, H., Osaka, N., Osaka, M. (2004). Cooperation of the anterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for attention shifting. Neuroimage, 23(2), 670-9.
36. Lieberman, M.D. (2007). Social cognitive neuroscience: a review of core processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 259-89.
37. MacDonald, A.W., Cohen, J.D., Stenger, V.A., Carter, C.S. (2000). Dissociating the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in cognitive control. Science, 288(5472), 1835-8.
38. Miller, E.K., Cohen, J.D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 167-202.
39. Mobbs, D., Lau, H.C., Jones, O.D., Frith, C.D. (2007). Law, responsibility, and the brain. Plos Biology, 5(4), 693-700.
40. Moll, J., de Oliveira-Souza, R. (2007). Moral judgments, emotions and the utilitarian brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(8), 319-21.
41. Moll, J., Zahn, R., de Oliveira-Souza, R., Krueger, F., Grafman, J. (2005). The neural basis of human moral cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6(10), 799-809.
42. Patterson, K., Nestor, P.J., Rogers, T.T. (2007). Where do you know what you know? The representation of semantic knowledge in the human brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(12), 976-87.
43. Sanfey, A.G., Rilling, J.K., Aronson, J.A., Nystrom, L.E., Cohen, J.D. (2003). The neural basis of economic decision-making in the ultimatum game. Science, 300(5626), 1755-8.
44. Saxe, R., Kanwisher, N. (2003). People thinking about thinking people-The role of the temporo-parietal junction in 'theory of mind'. Neuroimage, 19(4), 1835-42.
45. Schleim, S. (2008). Moral physiology, Its limitations and philosophical implications. Jahrburch für Wissenschaft und Ethik, 13, 51-80.
46. Schleim, S., Spranger, T., Urbach, H., Walter, H. (2007). Accidental findings in the imaging brain research-Empirical, legal and ethical aspects. Nervenheilkunde, 26(11), 1041-5.
47. Schleim, S., Spranger, T.M., Walter, H., editors. (2009). Von der Neuroethik zum Neurorecht? [From Neuroethics to Neurolaw?]. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.
48. Schultz, J., Imamizu, H., Kawato, M., Frith, C.D. (2004). Activation of the human superior temporal gyrus during observation of goal attribution by intentional objects. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(10), 1695-705.
49. Sidak, Z. (1967). Rectangular confidence regions for the means of multivariate normal distributions. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 62, 626-33.
50. Singer, P. (2005). Ethics and intuitions. The Journal of Ethics, 9, 331-52.
51. Singer, T. (2006). The neuronal basis and ontogeny of empathy and mind reading: review of literature and implications for future research. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30(6), 855-63.
52. Sip, K.E., Roepstorff, A., McGregor, W., Frith, C.D. (2008). Detecting deception: the scope and limits. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(2), 48-53.
53. Spence, S.A., Hunter, M.D., Farrow, T.F.D., et al. (2004). A cognitive neurobiological account of deception: evidence from functional neuroimaging. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 359(1451), 1755-62.
54. Talairach, J., Tournoux, P. (1988). Coplanar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain. Stuttgart: Thieme Verlag.
55. Tovino, S.A. (2007). Functional neuroimaging and the law: trends and directions for future scholarship. American Journal of Bioethics, 7(9), 44-56.
56. Walter, H., Adenzato, M., Ciaramidaro, A., Enrici, I., Pia, L., Bara, B.G. (2004). Understanding intentions in social interaction: the role of the anterior paracingulate cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(10), 1854-63.
57. Wolf, S.M. (2008). Neurolaw: the big question. American Journal of Bioethics, 8(1), 21-2.
58. Yang, Y.L., Glenn, A.L., Raine, A. (2008). Brain abnormalities in antisocial individuals: implications for the law. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 26(1), 65-83.
59. Young, L., Cushman, F., Hauser, M., Saxe, R. (2007). The neural basis of the interaction between theory of mind and moral judgment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(20), 8235-40.
60. Zahn, R., Moll, J., Krueger, F., Huey, E.D., Garrido, G., Grafman, J. (2007). Social concepts are represented in the superior anterior temporal cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(15), 6430-5.
61. Zeki, S., Goodenough, O.R., editors. (2006). Law and the Brain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.