From virtual to real body: Virtual reality as embodied technology

Journal of Cyber Therapy and Rehabilitation

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 7-22

  Riva, Giuseppe ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÀ CATTOLICA DEL SACRO CUORE   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER; BODY IMAGE; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN REGION; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; COGNITION; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; HUMAN; HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION; IMAGE ANALYSIS; MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY; PROCESS TECHNOLOGY; STIMULUS RESPONSE; TASK PERFORMANCE; VALIDATION PROCESS; VIRTUAL REALITY;

EID: 78049280306     PISSN: 17849934     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Anderson, M. L. (2003). Embodied Cognition: A field guide. Artificial Intelligence, 149, 91-130.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed, Text Revision. Washington, DC: Author.
3. Baars, B. J. (1988). A cognitive theory of consciousness. New York: Cambridge University Press.
4. Baños, R. M., Botella, C., Guerrero, B., Liaño, V., Alcañiz, M., & Rey, B. (2005). The Third Pole of the Sense of Presence: Comparing Virtual and Imagery Spaces. PsychNology Journal, 3(1), 90-100.Online: http://www.psychnology.org/pnj103(101)_banos_botella_guerriero_liano_alcaniz_rey_abstract.htm.
5. Barsalou, L. W. (2002). Being there conceptually: Simulating categories in preparation for situated action. In N. L. Stein, P. J. Bauer & M. Rabinowitz (Eds.), Representation, memory and development: Essays in honor of Jean Mandler (pp. 1-15). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
6. Barsalou, L. W. (2003). Situated simulation in the human conceptual system. Language and Cognitive Processes, 18, 513-562.
7. Barsalou, L. W., Simmons, K. W., Barbey, A. K., & Wilson, C. D. (2003). Grounding conceptual knowledge in modality-specific systems. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(2), 84-91.
8. Bouchard, S., Côté, S., St-Jacques, J., Robillard, G., & Renaud, P. (2006). Effectiveness of virtual reality exposure in the treatment of arachnophobia using 3D games. Technology and Health Care, 14(1), 19-27.
9. Brewin, C. R. (1989). Cognitive Change Processes in Psychotherapy. Psychological Review, 96(3), 379-394.
10. Brooks, F. P. (1999). What's real about virtual reality? IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 19(6), 16-27.
11. Burdea, G. C., & Coiffet, P. (2003). Virtual Reality Technology (2nd Ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Wiley-IEEE Press.
12. Cash, T. F. (1996). The treatment of body image disturbances. In J. K. Thompson (Ed.), Body image, eating disorders and obesity (pp. 83-107). Washington, DC: APA - American Psychological Association.
13. Cash, T. F. (1997). The body image workbook: an eight-step program for learning to like your looks. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.
14. Clark, A. (1997). Being There: Putting Brain Body and World Together Again. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
15. Clark, A. (2001). Reasons, robots and the extended mind. Mind & Language, 16(2), 121-145.
16. Clark, A. (2003). Natural Born Cyborgs: Minds, technologies, and the future of human intelligence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
17. Damasio, A. (1989). Time-locked multiregional retroactivation: a systems-level proposal for the neural substrates of recall and recognition. Cognition, 33, 25-62.
18. Emmelkamp, P. M. (2005). Technological innovations in clinical assessment and psychotherapy. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, 74(6), 336-343.
19. Fogassi, L., Gallese, V., Fadiga, L., Luppino, G., Matelli, M., & Rizzolatti, G. (1996). Coding of peripersonal space in inferior premotor cortex (area F4). Journal of Neurophysiology, 76(1), 141-157.
20. Freeman, W. J., & Núñez, R. (1999). Restoring to cognition the forgotten primacy of action, intention and emotion. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 11-12, ix-xix.
21. Frith, U., & de Vignemont, F. (2005). Egocentrism, allocentrism, and Asperger syndrome. Consciousness and Cognition, 14(4), 719-738.
22. Gallagher, S. (2005). How the Body Shapes the Mind. Oxford.
23. Gallese, V. (2000a). The brain and the self: Reviewing the neuroscientific evidence. Psycoloquy, 11(34), Online: http://www.cogsci.ecs.soton.ac.uk/cgi/psyc/newpsy?11.034.
24. Gallese, V. (2000b). The inner sense of action: Agency and motor representations. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 7(10), 23-40.
25. Gallese, V. (2005). Embodied simulation: From neurons to phenomenal experience. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 4(1), 23-48.
26. Gallese, V., & Lakoff, G. (2005). The brain's concept: The role of the sensory-motor system in reason and language. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 22, 455-479.
27. Garbarini, F., & Adenzato, M. (2004). At the root of embodied cognition: Cognitive science meets neurophysiology. Brain and Cognition, 56(1), 100-106.
28. Glantz, K., Durlach, N. I., Barnett, R. C., & Aviles, W. A. (1997). Virtual reality (VR) and psychotherapy: Opportunities and challenges. Presence, Teleoperators, and Virtual Environments, 6(1), 87-105.
29. Haugeland, J. (1998). Having Thought: Essays in the Metaphysics of Mind. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
30. Hoffman, H. G. (2004). Virtual-Reality Therapy: Patients can get relief from pain or overcome their phobias by immersing themselves in computer-generated worlds. Scientific American, 291(2), 58-65.
31. Hoffman, H. G., Richards, T., Coda, B., Richards, A., & Sharar, S. R. (2003). The illusion of presence in immersive virtual reality during an fMRI brain scan. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 6(2), 127-131.
32. Hommel, B., Müsseler, J., Aschersleben, G., & Prinz, W. (2001). The Theory of Event Coding (TEC): A framework for perception and action planning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(5), 849-937.
33. IJsselsteijn, W. A., & Riva, G. (2003). Being There: The experience of presence in mediated environments. In G. Riva, F. Davide & W. A. IJsselsteijn (Eds.), Being There: Concepts, effects and measurements of user presence in synthetic environments (pp. 3-16). Amsterdam: IOS Press. Online: http://www.emergingcommunication.com/volume5.html.
34. James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. New York: Holt.
35. Josman, N., Somer, E., Reisberg, A., Weiss, P. L., Garcia-Palacios, A., & Hoffman, H. G. (2006). BusWorld: designing a virtual environment for post-traumatic stress disorder in Israel: a protocol. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 9(2), 241-244.
36. Krijn, M., Emmelkamp, P. M., Olafsson, R. P., & Biemond, R. (2004). Virtual reality exposure therapy of anxiety disorders: a review. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(3), 259-281.
37. Krueger, M. W. (1991). Artificial reality (2nd ed.). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
38. Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
39. Lambrey, S., & Berthoz, A. (2003). Combination of conflicting visual and non-visual information for estimating actively performed body turns in virtual reality. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 50(1-2), 101-115.
40. Lee, K. M. (2004a). Presence, explicated. Journal of Communication, 14(1), 27-50.
41. Lee, K. M. (2004b). Why Presence Occurs: Evolutionary Psychology, Media Equation, and Presence. Presence, 13(4), 494-505.
42. Lombard, M., & Ditton, T. (1997). At the heart of it all: The concept of presence. Journal of Computer Mediated-Communication [On-line], 3(2), Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol3/issue2/lombard.html.
43. Mantovani, G., & Riva, G. (1999). "Real" presence: How different ontologies generate different criteria for presence, telepresence, and virtual presence. Presence, Teleoperators, and Virtual Environments, 8(5), 538-548.
44. Moore, K., Wiederhold, B. K., Wiederhold, M. D., & Riva, G. (2002). Panic and agoraphobia in a virtual world. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 5(3), 197-202.
45. Mou, W., & McNamara, T. P. (2002). Intrinsic frames of reference in spatial memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28(1), 162-170.
46. Mou, W., McNamara, T. P., Valiquette, C. M., & Rump, B. (2004). Allocentric and egocentric updating of spatial memories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30(1), 142-157.
47. Murray, C. D., & Gordon, M. S. (2001). Changes in bodily awareness induced by immersive virtual reality. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 4(3), 365-371.
48. Optale, G. (2003). Male Sexual Dysfunctions and multimedia Immersion Therapy. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 6(3), 289-294.
49. Optale, G., Chierichetti, F., Munari, A., Nasta, A., Pianon, C., Viggiano, G., & Ferlin, G. (1998). Brain PET confirms the effectiveness of VR treatment of impotence. International Journal of Impotence Research, 10(Suppl 1), 45.
50. Patterson, D. R., Hoffman, H. G., Palacios, A. G., & Jensen, M. J. (2006). Analgesic effects of posthypnotic suggestions and virtual reality distraction on thermal pain. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(4), 834-841.
51. Perpiña, C., Botella, C., & Baños, R. M. (2003). Virtual reality in eating disorders. European Eating Disorders Review, 11(3), 261-278.
52. Perpiña, C., Botella, C., Baños, R. M., Marco, J. H., Alcañiz, M., & Quero, S. (1999). Body image and virtual reality in eating disorders: Exposure by virtual reality is more effective than the classical body image treatment? CyberPsychology & Behavior, 3(2), 149-159.
53. Prinz, J. (2006). Putting the brakes on Enactive Perception. PSYCHE, 12(1), 1-12; online: http://psyche.cs.monash.edu.au.
54. Prinz, W. (1997). Perception and action planning. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 9(2), 129-154.
55. Renaud, P., Chartier, S., Albert, G., Décarie, J., Cournoyer, L., & Bouchard, S. (2007). Presence as Determined by Fractal Perceptual- Motor Dynamics. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(1), 122-130.
56. Renò, L. A. (2005). Presence and Mediated Spaces: a Review. PsychNology Journal, 3(2), 181-199. On-line: http://www.psychnology.org/pnj182(183)_reno_abstract.htm.
57. Rettie, R. M. (2005). Presence and Embodiment in Mobile Phone Communication. PsychNology Journal, 3(1), 16-34. On-line: http://www.psychnology.org/pnj13(11)_rettie_abstract.htm.
58. Riva, G. (1998). Modifications of body image induced by virtual reality. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 86, 163-170.
59. Riva, G. (2003). La réalité virtuelle en psychiatrie. Journal de Thérapie Comportamentale et Cognitive, 13(2), 101-105.
60. Riva, G. (2005). Virtual reality in psychotherapy: review. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 8(3), 220-230; discussion 231-240.
61. Riva, G. (2006). Being-in-the-world-with: Presence meets Social and Cognitive Neuroscience. In G. Riva, M. T. Anguera, B. K. Wiederhold & F. Mantovani (Eds.), From Communication to Presence: Cognition, Emotions and Culture towards the Ultimate Communicative Experience. Festschrift in honor of Luigi Anolli (pp. 47-80.). Amsterdam: IOS Press. Online: http://www.emergingcommunication.com/volume8.html.
62. Riva, G. (2007). Virtual Reality and Telepresence. Science, 318(5854), 1240-1241.
63. Riva, G. (Ed.). (1997). Virtual reality in neuro-psycho-physiology: Cognitive, clinical and methodological issues in assessment and rehabilitation. Amsterdam: IOS Press. Online: http://www.cybertherapy.info/pages/book1.htm.
64. Riva, G., Anguera, M. T., Wiederhold, B. K., & Mantovani, F. (2006). From Communication to Presence: Cognition, Emotion and Culture Towards the Ultimate Communicative Experience. Amsterdam: IOS Press: Online: http://www.emergingcommunication.com/volume8.html.
65. Riva, G., Bacchetta, M., Baruffi, M., Cirillo, G., & Molinari, E. (2000). Virtual reality environment for body image modification: A multidimensional therapy for the treatment of body image in obesity and related pathologies. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 3(3), 421-431.
66. Riva, G., Bacchetta, M., Baruffi, M., & Molinari, E. (2002). Virtual-reality-based multidimensional therapy for the treatment of body image disturbances in binge eating disorders: a preliminary controlled study. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, 6(3), 224-234.
67. Riva, G., Bacchetta, M., Baruffi, M., Rinaldi, S., & Molinari, E. (1998). Experiential cognitive therapy in anorexia nervosa. Eating and Weight Disorders, 3(3), 141-150.
68. Riva, G., Bacchetta, M., Baruffi, M., Rinaldi, S., & Molinari, E. (1999). Virtual reality based experiential cognitive treatment of anorexia nervosa. Journal of Behavioral Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 30(3), 221-230.
69. Riva, G., Bacchetta, M., Baruffi, M., Rinaldi, S., Vincelli, F., & Molinari, E. (2000). Virtual reality based Experiential Cognitive Treatment of obesity and binge-eating disorders. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 7(3), 209-219.
70. Riva, G., Bacchetta, M., Cesa, G., Conti, S., Castelnuovo, G., Mantovani, F., & Molinari, E. (2006). Is severe obesity a form of addiction? Rationale, clinical approach, and controlled clinical trial. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 9(4), 457-479.
71. Riva, G., Bacchetta, M., Cesa, G., Conti, S., & Molinari, E. (2003). Six-month follow-up of in-patient Experiential-Cognitive Therapy for binge eating disorders. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 6(3), 251-258.
72. Riva, G., Bacchetta, M., Cesa, G., Conti, S., & Molinari, E. (2004). The use of VR in the treatment of Eating Disorders. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 99, 121-163.
73. Riva, G., Castelnuovo, G., & Mantovani, F. (2006). Transformation of flow in rehabilitation: the role of advanced communication technologies. Behavior Research Methods, 38(2), 237-244.
74. Riva, G., & Davide, F. (Eds.). (2001). Communications through Virtual Technologies: Identity, Community and Technology in the Communication Age. Amsterdam: IOS Press. Online: http://www.emergingcommunication.com/volume1.html.
75. Riva, G., Davide, F., & IJsselsteijn, W. A. (Eds.). (2003). Being There: Concepts, effects and measurements of user presence in synthetic environments. Amsterdam: IOS Press. Online: http://www.emergingcommunication.com/volume5.html.
76. Riva, G., Mantovani, F., Capideville, C. S., Preziosa, A., Morganti, F., Villani, D., Gaggioli, A., Botella, C., & Alcañiz, M. (2007). Affective interactions using virtual reality: the link between presence and emotions. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 10(1), 45-56.
77. Riva, G., & Waterworth, J. A. (2003). Presence and the Self: A cognitive neuroscience approach. Presence-Connect, 3(1), Online: http://presence.cs.ucl.ac.uk/presenceconnect/articles/Apr2003/jwworthApr72003114532/jwworthApr72003114532.html.
78. Riva, G., Waterworth, J. A., & Waterworth, E. L. (2004). The Layers of Presence: a bio-cultural approach to understanding presence in natural and mediated environments. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 7(4), 405-419.
79. Riva, G., & Wiederhold, B. K. (2006). Emerging Trends in CyberTherapy. Introduction to the Special Issue. PsychNology Journal, 4(2), 121-128. Online: http://www.psychnology.org/359.php.
80. Rizzolatti, G., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., & Gallese, V. (1997). The space around us. Science, 277(5323), 190-191.
81. Rizzolatti, G., Fadiga, L., Gallese, V., & L., F. (1996). Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Cognitive Brain Research, 3(2), 131-141.
82. Rizzolatti, G., Fogassi, L., & Gallese, V. (2000). Cortical mechanisms subserving object grasping and action recognition: A new view on the cortical functions. In M. S.
83. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The cognitive neurosciences, 2nd Edition (pp. 539-552). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
84. Rizzolatti, G., Luppino, G., & Matelli, M. (1998). The organization of the cortical motor system: new concepts. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 106(4), 283-296.
85. Rothbaum, B. O., Hodges, L. F., Ready, D., Graap, K., & Alarcon, R. D. (2001). Virtual reality exposure therapy for Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62(8), 617-622.
86. Russell, J. A. (1996). Agency: Its role in mental development. Hove: Erlbaum.
87. Sadowsky, J., & Massof, R. W. (1994). Sensory engineering: the science of synthetic environments. John Hopkins APL Technical Digest, 15, 99-109.
88. Safran, J. D., & Greenberg, L. S. (1991). Emotion, psychotherapy, and change. New York: The Guilford Press.
89. Sakata, H., & Kusunoki, M. (1992). Organization of space perception: Neural representation of three-dimensional space in the posterior parietal cortex. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 2(2), 170-174.
90. Schultheis, M. T., & Rizzo, A. A. (2001). The Application of Virtual Reality Technology in Rehabilitation. Rehabilitation Psychology, 46(3), 296-311.
91. Simmons, K. W., & Barsalou, L. W. (2003). The similarity-in-topography principle: reconciling theories of conceptual deficits. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 20, 451-486.
92. Spagnolli, A., & Gamberini, L. (2005). A Place for Presence. Understanding the Human Involvement in Mediated Interactive Environments. PsychNology Journal, 3(1), 6-15. On-line: http://www.psychnology.org/pnj13(11)_spagnolli_gamberini_abstract.htm.
93. Stetz, M. C., Thomas, M. L., Russo, M. B., Stetz, T. A., Wildzunas, R. M., McDonald, J. J., Wiederhold, B. K., & Romano, J. A. (2007). Stress, mental health, and cognition: a brief review of relationships and countermeasures. Aviation Space & Environmental Medicine, 78(5 Suppl), B252-260.
94. Steuer, J. S. (1992). Defining virtual reality: Dimensions determining telepresence. Journal of Communication, 42(4), 73-93.
95. Tart, C. T. (1990). Multiple personality, altered states and virtual reality: The world simulation process approach. Dissociation Progress in the Dissociative Disorders, 3(4), 222-233.
96. Thompson, J. K. (1996). Body image, eating disorders and obesity. Washington, DC: APA - American Psychological Association.
97. Thompson, J. K., Heinberg, L. J., Altabe, M., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (1999). Exacting beauty: Theory, assessment and treatment of body image disturbance. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
98. Viaud-Delmon, I., Berthoz, A., & Jouvent, R. (2002). Multisensory integration for spatial orientation in trait anxiety subjects: absence of visual dependence. European Psychiatry, 17(4), 194-199.
99. Viaud-Delmon, I., Ivanenko, Y. P., Berthoz, A., & Jouvent, R. (2000). Adaptation as a sensorial profile in trait anxiety: a study with virtual reality. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14(6), 583-601.
100. Vidal, M., Amorim, M. A., & Berthoz, A. (2004). Navigating in a virtual three-dimensional maze: how do egocentric and allocentric reference frames interact? Cognitive Brain Research, 19(3), 244-258.
101. Vidal, M., Lipshits, M., McIntyre, J., & Berthoz, A. (2003). Gravity and spatial orientation in virtual 3D-mazes. Journal of Vestibular Research, 13(4-6), 273-286.
102. Waterworth, J. A., & Waterworth, E. L. (2001). Focus, Locus, and Sensus: The three dimensions of virtual experience. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 4(2), 203-213.
103. Waterworth, J. A., & Waterworth, E. L. (2003). The meaning of presence. Presence-Connect, 3(2), Online: http://presence.cs.ucl.ac.uk/presenceconnect/articles/Feb2003/jwworthFeb1020031217/jwworthFeb1020031217.html.
104. Wiederhold, B. K., & Rizzo, A. (2005). Virtual reality and applied psychophysiology. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 30(3), 183-185.
105. Wiederhold, B. K., & Wiederhold, M. D. (2003). Three-year follow-up for virtual reality exposure for fear of flying. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 6(4), 441-446.
106. Williamson, D. A. (1996). Body image disturbance in eating disorders: A form of cognitive bias. Eating Disorders, 4(1), 47-58.
107. Wolfe, B. E. (2002). The Role of Lived Experience in Self- and Relational Observation: A Commentary on Horowitz (2002). Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 12(2), 147-153.
108. Zahoric, P., & Jenison, R. L. (1998). Presence as being-in-the-world. Presence, Teleoperators, and Virtual Environments, 7(1), 78-89.
109. Ziemke, T. (2003). What's that thing called embodiment. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, Boston, MA, USA.