The restoration of calcareous grasslands in Europe: A review of constraints and solutions;Revue bibliographique sur la restauration des pelouses calcicoles en Europe: Contraintes rencontrées et solutions proposes

Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 471-484

  Piqueray, Julien ^a   Mahy, Grégory ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Biotic abiotic conditions; Calcareous grasslands; Plant communities; Restoration ecology; Restoration techniques

Indexed keywords

EID: 78049241537     PISSN: 13706233     EISSN: 17804507     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (147)

1. Adriaens D., Honnay O. & Hermy M., 2006. No evidence of a plant extinction debt in highly fragmented calcareous grasslands in Belgium. Biol. Conserv., 133, 212-224.
2. Adriaens D., Honnay O. & Hermy M., 2007. Does retention potential affect the distribution of plant species in highly fragmented calcareous grasslands? Ecography, 30, 505-514.
3. Al-Mufti M.M. et al., 1977. A quantitative analysis of shoot phenology and dominance in herbaceous vegetation. J. Ecol., 65, 759-791.
4. Alard D. et al., 2005. Patterns of secondary succession in calcareous grasslands: can we distinguish the influence of former land uses from present vegetation data? Basic Appl. Ecol., 6, 161-173.
5. Baba W., 2003. Changes in the structure and floristic composition of the limestone grasslands after cutting trees and shrubs and mowing. Acta Soc. Bot. Pol., 72, 61-69.
6. Bakker J.P., 1987. Restoration of species-rich grassland after a period of fertilizer application. In: van Andel J., Bakker J.P. & Snaydon R.W., eds. Disturbance in grasslands: causes, effects and processes. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Dr W. Junk Publishers, 185-200.
7. Bakker J.P. et al., 1996. Seed bank and seed dispersal: important topics in restoration ecology. Acta Bot. Neerl., 45, 461-490.
8. Bakker J.P. & Berendse F., 1999. Constraints in the restoration of ecological diversity in grassland and heathland communities. Trends Ecol. Evol., 14, 63-68.
9. Barbaro L., Dutoit T. & Cozic P., 2001. A six-year experimental restoration of biodiversity by shrubclearing and grazing in calcareous grasslands of the French prealps. Biodivers. Conserv., 10, 119-135.
10. Bisteau E. & Mahy G., 2005. Vegetation and seed bank in a calcareous grassland restored from a Pinus forest. Appl. Veg. Sci., 8, 167-174.
11. Blumenthal D.M., Jordan N.R. & Russelle M.P., 2003. Soil carbon addition controls weeds and facilitates prairie restoration. Ecol. Appl., 13, 605-615.
12. Bobbink R., 1991. Effects of nutrient enrichment in Dutch chalk grassland. J. Appl. Ecol., 28, 28-41.
13. Bobbink R. et al., 1987a. Effects of selective clipping and mowing time on species diversity in chalk grassland. Folia Geobotanica Phytotaxonomica, 22, 363-376.
14. Bobbink R. & Willems J.H., 1987b. Increasing dominance of Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) Beauv. in chalk grasslands: a threat to a species-rich ecosystem. Biol. Conserv., 40, 301-314.
15. Bobbink R. & Willems J.H., 1991. Impact of different cutting regimes on the performance of Brachypodium pinnatum in Dutch chalk grassland. Biol. Conserv., 56, 1-21.
16. Bobbink R. & Willems J.H., 1993. Restoration management of abandoned chalk grassland in the Netherlands. Biodivers. Conserv., 2, 616-626.
17. Bobbink R., Hornung M. & Roelefs J.G.M., 1998. The effects of air-borne nitrogen pollutants on species diversity in natural and semi-natural European vegetation. J. Ecol., 86, 717-738.
18. Bossuyt B., Butaye J. & Honnay O., 2006. Seed bank composition of open and overgrown calcareous grassland soils: a case study from Southern Belgium. J. Environ. Manage., 79, 364-371.
19. Brooker R.W. et al., 2008. Facilitation in plant communities: the past, the present, and the future. J. Ecol., 96, 18-34.
20. Burger R., 1984. Successional limestone grassland communities of the Kaiserstuhl, with regard to their conservation management. In: La végétation des pelouses calcicoles, 1982, Strasbourg. Colloques Phytosociologiques, 11. Vaduz: J. Cramer, 405-420.
21. Castro J., Zamora R., Hódar J.A. & Gómez J.M., 2002. Use of shrubs as nurse plants: a new technique for reforestation in Mediterranean mountains. Restor. Ecol., 10, 297-305.
22. Cavers P.B. & Benoit D.L., 1989. Seeds in arable land. In: Leck M.A., Parker V.T. & Simpson R.L., eds. Ecology of soil seed bank. San Diego: Academic Press, 309-328.
23. Clemente A.S. et al., 2004. Restoration of a limestone quarry: effects of soil amendments on the establishment of native Mediterranean sclerophyllous shrubs. Restor. Ecol., 12, 20-28.
24. Clifford H.T., 1956. Seed dispersal on footwear. Proc. Bot. Soc. Br. Isles, 2, 129-131.
25. Colas S., Muller F., Meuret M. & Agreil C., 2002. Pâturage sur pelouses sèches: un guide d'aide à la mise en oeuvre. Orléans, France: Espaces naturels de France, Fédération des Conservatoires d'Espaces Naturels.
26. Cosyns E., Claerbout S., Lamoot I. & Hoffmann M., 2005. Endozoochorous seed dispersal by cattle and horse in a spatially heterogeneous landscape. Plant Ecol., 178, 149-162.
27. Couvreur M., Christiaen B., Verheyen K. & Hermy M., 2004. Large herbivores as mobile links between isolated nature reserves through adhesive seed dispersal. Appl. Veg. Sci., 7, 229-236.
28. Critchley C.N.R. et al., 2002. Plant species richness, functional type and soil properties of grasslands and allied vegetation in English environmentally sensitive areas. Grass Forage Sci., 57, 82-92.
29. Cullen W.R., Wheater C.P. & Dunleavy P.J., 1998. Establishment of species-rich vegetation on reclaimed limestone quarry faces in Derbyshire, UK. Biol. Conserv., 84, 25-33.
30. Davis B.N.K., Lakhani K.H., Brown M.C. & Park D.G., 1985. Early seral communities in a limestone quarry: an experimental study of treatment effects on cover and richness of vegetation. J. Appl. Ecol., 22, 473-490.
31. Davis B.N.K., Lakhani K.H. & Brown M.C., 1993. Experiments effects of fertilizer and rabbit grazing treatments upon the vegetation of a limestone quarry floor. J. Appl. Ecol., 30, 615-628.
32. Delescaille L.M., 2000. La gestion conservatoire de la pelouse calcicole du Chamousia à Vierves-sur-Viroin (Province de Namur, Belgique): comparaison de la fauche hivernale et du pâturage ovin en saison de végétation sur la structure et la composition du tapis végétal. Parcs Réserves, 55, 2-9.
33. Delescaille L.M., 2002. Nature conservation and pastoralism in Wallonia. In: Redecker B. et al., eds. Pasture landscapes and nature conservation. Berlin, Deutschland: Springer-Verlag, 39-52.
34. Delescaille L.M., Hofmans K. & Maernoudt A., 1990. La pelouse de la Roche Trouée à Nismes (Province de Namur, Belgique): premiers résultats de la gestion. Nat. Belg., 71, 157-175.
35. Delescaille L.M., Hofmans K. & Woué L., 1991. Les reserves naturelles du Viroin: trente années d'action d'Ardenne et Gaume dans la vallée du Viroin. Parcs Nat., 46, 4-68.
36. Delescaille L.M., Dewitte T. & Hofmans K., 1995. La gestion mécanisée des pelouses sèches. Parcs Nat., 50, 13-19.
37. Delescaille L.M., Henry A. & Hofmans K., 2004. Les pelouses calcicoles: un écosystème en mutation constante. In: Colmant L. et al. Les pelouses calcicoles en région wallonne. Vierves-sur-Viroin, Belgique: Entente nationale pour la Protection de la Nature, 44-52.
38. Dixon J.M. & Hambler D.J., 1984. An experimental approach to the reclamation of a limestone quarry floor; the first three years. Environ. Conserv., 11, 19-28.
39. Dutoit T. & Alard D., 1995. Permanent seed banks in chalk grassland under various management regimes: their role in the restoration of species-rich plant communities. Biodivers. Conserv., 4, 939-950.
40. Dutoit T. & Alard D., 1996a. Les pelouses calcicoles du nord-ouest de l'Europe (Brometalia erecti Br.Bl. 1936): analyse bibliographique. Écologie, 27, 5-34.
41. Dutoit T. & Alard D., 1996b. Restauration d'un système de parcours sur les pelouses calcicoles de la vallée de la Seine (Haute-Normandie, France). In: Actes du Colloque international La gestion des pelouses calcicoles, 28-31
42. mai 1996, Cercle des Naturalistes de Belgique, Viervessur- Viroin, Belgique. Vierves-sur-Viroin, Belgique: Cercle des Naturalistes de Belgique, 47-54.
43. Dutoit T., Buisson E., Roche P. & Alard D., 2004. Land use history and botanical changes in the calcareous hillsides of Upper-Normandy (north-western France): new implications for their conservation management. Biol. Conserv., 115, 1-19.
44. Dzwonko Z. & Loster S., 1998. Dynamics of species richness and composition in a limestone grassland restored after tree cutting. J. Veg. Sci., 9, 387-394.
45. Edwards A.R. et al., 2007. Hay strewing, brush harvesting of seed and soil disturbance as tools for the enhancement of botanical diversity in grasslands. Biol. Conserv., 134, 372-382.
46. Fischer S.F., Poschlod P. & Beinlich B., 1996. Experimental studies on the dispersal of plants and animals on sheep in calcareous grasslands. J. Appl. Ecol., 33, 1206-1222.
47. Gibson C.W.D., Watt T.A. & Brown V.K., 1987. The use of sheep grazing to recreate species-rich grassland from abandoned arable land. Biol. Conserv., 42, 165-183.
48. Gilfedder L., Kirkpatrick J.B. & Wells S., 1997. The endangered Tunbridge buttercup (Ranunculus prasinus): ecology, conservation status and introduction to the Township Lagoon Nature Reserve, Tasmania. Aust. J. Ecol., 22, 347-351.
49. Gómez-Aparicio L. et al., 2004. Applying plant facilitation to forest restoration: a meta-analysis of the use of shrubs as nurse plants. Ecol. Appl., 14, 1128-1138.
50. Green B.H., 1972. The relevance of seral eutrophication and plant competition to the management of successional communities. Biol. Conserv., 4, 378-384.
51. Green B.H., 1980. Management of extensive amenity grasslands by mowing. In: Rorison I.H. & Hunt R., eds. Amenity grassland: an ecological perspective. Chichester, UK: Wiley, 155-161.
52. Grime J.P., 1979. Plant strategies and vegetation processes. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
53. Harper J.L., 1977. Population biology of plants. New York, NY, USA: Academic Press.
54. Haumann P., 1998. Biotope conservation with ruminants in Germany: the example of goats on shrub-infested slopes. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of the LSIRD network, 3-5 December 1998
55. Bray, Dublin, Hellström K. et al., 2003. Use of sheep grazing in the restoration of semi-natural meadows in northern Finland. Appl. Veg. Sci., 6, 45-52.
56. Helm A., Hanski I. & Pärtel M., 2006. Slow response of plant species richness to habitat loss and fragmentation. Ecol. Lett., 9, 72-77.
57. Hendry G.A.F., Thompson K. & Band S.R., 1995. Seed survival and persistence on a calcareous land surface after a 32-years burial. J. Veg. Sci., 6, 153-156.
58. Hillier S.H., 1990. Gaps, seed bank and plant species diversity in calcareous grasslands. In: Hillier S.H., Walton D.W.H. & Wells D.A., eds. Calcareous grasslands: ecology and management. Huntington, UK: Bluntisham.
59. Hobbs R.J., 2002. The ecological context: a landscape perspective. In: Perrow M.R. & Davy A.J., eds. Handbook of ecological restoration. Principles of restoration. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 24-45.
60. Hofmans K. & Delescaille L.M., 1990. La gestion des buxaies thermophiles (Helleboro-Buxetum) en Belgique: l'exemple de la Montagne-aux-Buis à Nismes-Dourbes (Province de Namur). In: Actes du colloque Gérer la nature?, 17-20 octobre 1989, Anseremme, Belgique. Anseremme, Belgique: Région wallonne, DGRNE, 529-568.
61. Hopkins A. et al., 1999. Enhancement of botanical diversity of permanent grassland and impact on hay production in environmentally sensitive areas in the UK. Grass Forage Sci., 54, 163-173.
62. Horswill P. et al., 2008. Base cation depletion, eutrophication and acidification of species-rich grasslands in response to long-term simulated nitrogen deposition. Environ. Pollut., 155, 336-349.
63. Huber-Sannwald E. & Pyke D.A., 2005. Establishing native grasses in a big sagebrush-dominated site: an intermediate restoration step. Restor. Ecol., 13, 292-301.
64. Hurst A. & John E., 1999a. The biotic and abiotic changes associated with Brachypodium pinnatum dominance in chalk grassland in south-east England. Biol. Conserv., 88, 75-84.
65. Hurst A. & John E., 1999b. The effectiveness of glyphosate for controlling Brachypodium pinnatum in chalk grassland. Biol. Conserv., 89, 261-265.
66. Hutchings M.J. & Stewart A.J.A., 2002. Calcareous grasslands. In: Perrow M.R. & Davy A.J., eds. Handbook of ecological restoration. Restoration in practice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 419-442.
67. Jacquemyn H., Brys R. & Hermy M., 2003. Short-term effects of different management regimes on the response of calcareous grassland vegetation to increased nitrogen. Biol. Conserv., 111, 137-147.
68. Janssens F., 1998. Restauration des couverts herbacés riches en espèces. Thèse de doctorat: Laboratoire d'Écologie des Prairies, Université catholique de Louvain (Belgique).
69. Janssens F. et al., 1998. Relationship between soil chemical factors and grassland diversity. Plant Soil, 202, 69-78.
70. Jones A.T. & Hayes M.J., 1999. Increasing floristic diversity in grassland: the effects of management regime and provenance on species introduction. Biol. Conserv., 87, 381-390.
71. Jones G.H., Trueman I.C. & Millett P., 1995. The use of hay strewing to create species-rich grasslands (i) general principles and hay strewing versus seed mixes. Land Contam. Recl., 3, 104-107.
72. Jongman R.H.G. & Pungetti G., eds., 2004. Ecological networks and greenways: concept, design, implementation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
73. Jordan W.R.I., Gilpin M.E. & Aber J.D., eds., 1987. Restoration ecology. A synthetic approach to ecological research. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
74. Kahmen S., Poschlod P. & Schreiber K.F., 2002. Conservation management of calcareous grasslands. Changes in plant species composition and response of functional traits during 25 years. Biol. Conserv., 104, 319-328.
75. Kiefer S. & Poschlod P., 1996. Restoration of fallow or afforested calcareous grassland by clear-cutting. In: Settele J., Margules C.R., Poschlod P. & Henle K., eds. Species survival in fragmented landscapes. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 209-218.
76. Kiehl K., Thormann A. & Pfadenhauer J., 2003. Nährstoffdynamik und Phytomasseproduktion in neu angelegten Kalkmagerrasen auf ehemaligen Ackerflächen. In: Pfadenhauer J. & Kiehl K., eds. Renaturierung von Kalkmagerrasen. Angewandte Landschaftsökologie, 55, 39-71.
77. Kiehl K., Thormann A. & Pfadenhauer J., 2006a. Evaluation of initial restoration measures during the restoration of calcareous grasslands on former arable fields. Restor. Ecol., 14, 148-156.
78. Kiehl K. & Wagner C., 2006b. Effect of hay transfer on long-term establishment of vegetation and grasshoppers on former arable fields. Restor. Ecol., 14, 157-166.
79. Kiehl K. & Pfadenhauer J., 2007. Establishment and persistence of target species in newly created calcareous grasslands on former arable fields. Plant Ecol., 189, 31-48.
80. Kiviniemi K. & Eriksson O., 1999. Dispersal recruitment and site occupancy of grassland plants in fragmented habitats. Oikos, 86, 241-253.
81. Köhler B. et al., 2005. Changes in species composition and conservation value of limestone grasslands in Northern Switzerland after 22 years of contrasting managements. Evol. Syst., 7, 51-67.
82. Krüsi B., 1981. Phenological methods in permanent plot research. Veröffentlichungen Geobotanisches Institut Rübel, 75, 1-116.
83. Lavendel B., 2003. Ecological restoration in the face of global climate change: obstacles and initiatives. Ecol. Rest., 21, 199-203.
84. Leck M.A., Parker V.T. & Simpson R.L., 1989. Ecology of soil seed bank. San Diego: Academic Press.
85. Lee J.T., Woddy S.J. & Thompson S., 2001. Targeting sites for conservation: using a patch-based ranking scheme to assess conservation potential. J. Environ. Manage., 61, 367-380.
86. Lindborg R., 2007. Evaluating the distribution of plant life-history traits in relation to current and historical landscape configurations. J. Ecol., 95, 555-564.
87. Lindborg R. & Eriksson O., 2004a. Effects of restoration on plant species richness and composition in Scandinavian semi-natural grasslands. Restor. Ecol., 12, 318-326.
88. Lindborg R. & Eriksson O., 2004b. Historical landscape connectivity affects present plant species diversity. Ecology, 85, 1840-1845.
89. Loreau M., 2000. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: recent theorical advances. Oikos, 91, 3-17.
90. MacArthur R.H. & Wilson E.O., 1967. The theory of Island biogeography. Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press.
91. Maron J.L. & Jefferies R.L., 2001. Restoring enriched grassland: effects of mowing on species richness, productivity and nitrogen retention. Ecol. Appl., 11,1088-1100.
92. Marrs R.H., 1993. Soil fertility and nature conservation in Europe: theorical considerations and practical management solutions. In: Begon M. & Fitter A.H., eds. Advances in ecological research 24. London, UK: Harcourt Brace & Company, 241-300.
93. Marrs R.H., 2002. Manipulating the chemical environmentof the soil. In: Perrow M.R. & Davy A.J., eds. Handbook of ecological restoration. Principles of restoration. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 155-183.
94. Marrs R.H., Gough M.W. & Griffiths M., 1991. Soil hemistry and leaching losses of nutrients from seminatural grassland and arable soils on three contrasting parent materials. Biol. Conserv., 57, 257-271.
95. Marrs R.H., Snow C.S.R., Owen K.M. & Evans C.E., 1998.Heathland and acid grassland creation on arable soilsat Minsmere: identification of potential problems and a test of cropping to impoverish soils. Biol. Conserv., 85,69-82.
96. Maubert P. & Dutoit T., 1995. Connaître et gérer les pelouses calcicoles. Cahier ATEN. Montpellier, France: Ministère de l'Environnement.
97. Maurer K., Durka W. & Stöcklin J., 2003. Frequency of plant species in remnants of calcareous grassland and their dispersal and persistence characteristics. Basic Appl. Ecol., 4, 307-316.
98. McCrea A.R., Trueman I.C. & Fullen M.A., 2001. A comparison of the effects of four arable crops on the fertility depletion of a sandy silt loam destined for grassland habitat creation. Biol. Conserv., 97, 181-187.
99. McKinney M.L. & Lockwood J.L., 1999. Biotic homogenization: a few winners replacing many losers in the next mass extinction. Trends Ecol. Evol., 14, 450-453.
100. Mitchley J., Buckley G.P. & Helliwell D.R., 1996. Vegetation establishment on chalk marl spoil: the role of nurse grass species and fertiliser application. J. Veg. Sci., 7, 543-548.
101. Mitlacher K., Poschlod P., Rosén E. & Bakker J.P., 2002. Restoration of wooded meadows - a comparative analysis along a chronosequence on Öland (Sweden). Appl. Veg. Sci., 5, 63-73.
102. Mittelbach G.G. et al., 2001. What is the relationship between species richness and productivity? Ecology, 82, 2381-2396.
103. Morgan J.W., 1999. Have tubestock plantings successfully established populations of rare grassland species into reintroduction sites in western Victoria? Biol. Conserv., 89, 235-243.
104. Mouissie A.M., Lengkeek W. & van Diggelen R., 2005. Estimating adhesive seed-dispersal distances: field experiments and correlated random walks. Funct. Ecol., 19, 478-486.
105. Muller S., Dutoit T., Alard D. & Grévilliot F., 1998.Restoration and rehabilitation of species-rich grassland ecosystems in France: a review. Restor. Ecol., 6, 94-101.
106. Pärtel M., Kalamees R., Zobel M. & Rosén E., 1998. Restoration of species-rich limestone grassland communities from overgrown land: the importance of propagule availability. Ecol. Eng., 10, 275-286.
107. Perrow M.R. & Davy A.J., 2002. Handbook of ecological restoration. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
108. Pfeifer E., Holderegger R., Matthies D. & Rutishauser R., 2002. Populations biologische Untersuchungen an einer Flaggschiff-Art der Magerrasen: Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. in der Nordostschweiz. Bot. Helv., 112, 153-171.
109. Piqueray J., Bisteau E., Bottin G. & Mahy G., 2007. Plant communities and species richness of the calcareous grasslands in southeast Belgium. Belg. J. Bot., 140, 157-173.
110. Piqueray J. et al., 2010. Rapid restoration of a species-rich ecosystem assessed from soil and vegetation indicators: the case of calcareous grasslands restored from forest stands. Ecol. Indic., sous presse.
111. Poschlod P. et al., 1998. Plant species richness in calcareous grasslands as affected by dispersability in space and time. Appl. Veg. Sci., 1, 75-90.
112. Poschlod P. & WallisDeVries M.F., 2002. The historical and socioeconomic perspective of calcareous grasslands: lessons from the distant and recent past. Biol. Conserv., 104, 361-376.
113. Prach K., Marrs R.H., Pysek P. & van Diggelen R., 2007. Manipulation of succession. In: Walker L.R., Walker J. & Hobbs R.J., eds. Linking restoration and ecological succession. New York, NY, USA: Springer, 121-149.
114. Prendergast J.R. et al., 1993. Rare species, the coincidence of diversity hotspots and conservation strategies. Nature, 365, 335-337.
115. Pywell R.F. et al., 2002. Restoration of species-rich grassland on arable land: assessing the limiting processes using a multi-site experiment. J. Appl. Ecol., 39, 294-309.
116. Ridley M., 1997. Évolution génétique. Paris: DeBoeck Université.
117. Riley J.D., Craft I.W., Rimmer D.L. & Smith R.S., 2004. Restoration of magnesian limestone grassland: optimizing the time for seed collection by vacuum harvesting. Restor. Ecol., 12, 311-317.
118. Rizand A., Marrs R.H., Gough M.W. & Wells T.C.E., 1989.Long-term effects of various conservation management treatments on selected soil properties of chalk grassland. Biol. Conserv., 49, 105-112.
119. Römermann C., Tackenberg O. & Poschlod P., 2005. How to predict attachment potential of seeds to sheep and cattle coat from simple morphological seed traits. Oikos, 110,219-230.
120. Ruiz-Jean M.C. & Aide T.M., 2005. Restoration success: how is it being measured. Restor. Ecol., 13, 569-577.
121. Ryser P., 1993. Influences of neighbouring plants on seedling establishment in limestone grassland. J. Veg. Sci., 4, 195-202.
122. Saunders D.A., Hobbs J.A. & Margules C.R., 1991.Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: a review. Conserv. Biol., 5, 18-32.
123. Shmida A. & Ellner S., 1983. Seed dispersal on pastoral grazers in open Mediterranean chaparral. Isr. J. Bot., 32,147-159.
124. Simmons M.T., Venhaus H.C. & Windhager S., 2007. Exploiting the attributes of regional ecosystems for landscape design: the role of ecological restoration in ecological engineering. Ecol. Eng., 30, 201-205.
125. Smith B.M., Diaz A., Winder L. & Daniels R., 2005. The effect of provenance on the establishment and performance of Lotus corniculatus L. in a re-creation environment. Biol. Conserv., 125, 37-46.
126. Society for Ecological Restoration International Science & Policy Working Group, 2004. The SER International Primer on Ecological Restoration. SER & Tucson, http://www.ser.org, (06.03.08).
127. Spiegelberger T., 2006. Land use, soil nutrient availability and conservation of biodiversity on mountain grasslands. PhD Thesis: Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät, Universität Freiburg (Deutschland).
128. Stampfli A. & Zeiter M., 1999. Plant species decline due to abandonment of meadows cannot easily be reverse by mowing: a case study from the southern Alps. J. Veg. Sci., 10, 151-164.
129. Stevens C.J., Dise N.B., Mountford J.O. & Gowing D.J.G., 2004. Impact of nitrogen deposition on the species richness of grasslands. Science, 303, 1876-1879.
130. Stevenson M.J., Ward L.K. & Pywell R.F., 1997. Recreating semi-natural communities: vacuum harvesting and hand collection of seed on calcareous grasslands. Restor. Ecol., 5, 66-76.
131. Strykstra R.J., Verweij G.L. & Bakker J.P., 1997. Seed dispersal by mowing machinery in a Dutch brook valley system. Acta Bot. Neerl., 46, 387-401.
132. Tackenberg O., Poschlod P. & Bonn S., 2003. Assessment of wind dispersal potential in plant species. Ecol. Monogr., 73, 191-205.
133. Thompson K. & Grime J.P., 1979. Seasonal variation in the seed banks of herbaceous species in ten contrasting habitats. J. Ecol., 67, 893-921.
134. Tilman D., May R.M., Lehman C.L. & Nowak M.A., 1994. Habitat destruction and the extinction debt. Nature, 371, 65-66.
135. Tischew S., Mann S., Schecher K. & Jäger U., 2008. Restoration of fallow dry grasslands in cooperation with local farmers. In: 6th European Conference on Ecological Restoration, 8-12 September 2008, Ghent, Belgium.
136. Vandermotten C. & Decroly J.M., 1995. Géographie. In: Joris F., ed. Wallonie. Atouts et références d'une région. Namur, Belgique: Gouvernement wallon, 463.
137. Verbeke W. & Lejeune M., 1996. Pâturage ou fauchage, la meilleure gestion pour la flore des pelouses calcicoles? In: Actes du Colloque international La gestion des pelouses calcicoles, 28-31 mai 1996, Cercle desNaturalistes de Belgique, Vierves-sur-Viroin, Belgique. Vierves-sur-Viroin, Belgique: Cercle des Naturalistes de Belgique, 55-59.
138. Verkaar H.J., Schenkeveld A.J. & Van de Klashorst M.P., 1983. The ecology of short-lived forbs in chalk grasslands: dispersal of seeds. New Phytol., 95, 335-344.
139. Walker K.J. et al., 2004. The restoration and re-creation of species-rich lowland grassland on land formerly managed for intensive agriculture in the UK. Biol. Conserv., 119, 1-18.
140. WallisDeVries M.F., Poschlod P. & Willems J.H., 2002. Challenges for the conservation of calcareous grasslands in northwestern Europe: integrating the requirements of flora and fauna. Biol. Conserv., 104, 265-273.
141. Wells T.C.E., 1969. Botanical aspects of conservation management of chalk grassland. Biol. Conserv., 2, 36-44.
142. Wheater C.P. & Cullen W.R., 1997. The flora and invertebrate fauna of abandoned limestone quarries in Derbyshire, United Kingdom. Restor. Ecol., 5, 77-84.
143. Wheeler B.D. & Shaw S.C., 1991. Above-ground crop mass and species richness of the principal types of herbaceous rich-fen vegetation of lowland England and Wales. J. Ecol., 79, 285-301.
144. Willems J.H., 2001. Problems, approaches, and results in restoration of Dutch calcareous grassland during the last 30 years. Restor. Ecol., 9, 147-154.
145. Willems J.H., Peet R.K. & Bik L.P.M., 1993. Changes in chalk-grassland structure and species richness resulting from selective nutrient additions. J. Veg. Sci., 4, 203-212.
146. Willems J.H. & Bik L.P.M., 1998. Restoration of high species density in calcareous grassland: the role of seed rain and soil seed bank. Appl. Veg. Sci., 1, 91-100.
147. Zobel M., Suurkask M., Rosén E. & Pärtel M., 1996. The dynamics of species richness in an experimentally restored calcareous grassland. J. Veg. Sci., 7, 203-210.