Seed banks and seed dispersal: Important topics in restoration ecology

Acta Botanica Neerlandica

Volumn 45, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 461-490

  Bakker, J P ^a   Poschlod, P ^b   Strykstra, R J ^a   Bekker, R M ^a   Thompson, K ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^b PHILIPPS UNIVERSITY MARBURG   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

restoration ecology; seed bank; seed dispersal; seed rain

Indexed keywords

RESTORATION; SEED BANK; SEED DISPERSAL;

EID: 0030299262     PISSN: 00445983     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1996.tb00806.x     Document Type: Review

References (166)

1. Agnew, A.D.Q. & Flux, J.E.C. (1970): Plant dispersal by hares (Lepus capensis). Ecology 51: 735-737.
2. Andersen, M. (1991): Mechanistic models for the seed shadows of wind dispersed plants. Amer. Nat. 137: 477-497.
3. Askew, A., Corker, D., Hodkinson, D.J. & Thompson, K. (1996): A new apparatus to measure the rate of fall of seeds. Funct. Ecol. (in press).
4. Augspurger, C.K. (1986): Morphology and dispersal potential of wind-dispersed diaspores of neotropical trees. Amer. J. Bot. 73: 353-363.
5. Augspurger, C.K. & Franson, S.E. (1987): Wind dispersal of artificial fruits varying in mass, area and morphology. Ecology 68: 27-42.
6. Bakker, D. (1960): Senecio congestus (R.Br.) DC in the lake IJsselmeerpolders. Acta Bot. Neerl. 9: 235-259.
7. Bakker, J.P. (1989): Nature Management by Grazing and Cutting. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
8. Bakker, J.P. & De Vries, Y. (1988): Verspreiding van zaden door maaimachines en grote herbivoren. De Levende Natuur 89: 173-176.
9. Bakker, J.P. & Olff, H. (1995): Nutrient dynamics during restoration of fen meadows by hay-making without fertilizer application. In: Wheeler, B.D., Shaw, S., Fojt, W. & Robertson, R.A. (eds): Restoration of Temperate Wetlands, pp. 143-166. Wiley, Chichester.
10. Bakker, J.P., Bos, A.F., Hoogveld, J. & Muller, H.J. (1991): The role of the seed bank in restoration management of semi-natural grasslands. In: Ravera, O. (ed.): Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems; perturbation and recovery, pp. 449-455. Ellis Horwood, New York.
11. Bakker, J.P., Bakker, E.S., Rosén, E., Verweij, G.L. & Bekker, R.M. (1996): Soil seed bank composition along a gradient from dry alvar grassland to Juniperus scrub. J. Veg. Sci. 7: 165-176.
12. Ballare, C., Scopel, A., Ghersa, C.M. & Sanchez, R.A. (1987): The demography of Datura ferox in soybean crops. Weed Res. 27: 91-102.
13. Barralis, G. & Chadoeuf, R. (1980): Etude de la dynamique d'une communeauté adventice. I. Evolution de la flore adventice au secours du cycle végétatif d'une culture. Weed Res. 20: 231-237.
14. Barralis, G., Chadoeuf, R. & Lonchamp, J.P. (1988): Longevité des semences de mauvais herbes annuelles dans un sol cultivé. Weed Res. 28: 407-418.
15. Bellemakers, M.J.S., Maessen, M., Cals, M.J.R. & Roelofs, J.G.M. (1993): Effectgerichte maatregelen tegen verzuring en eutrofiëring van oppervlaktewateren. Department of Ecology, University Nijmegen.
16. Belmonte, J. & Roure, J.M. (1986): Models of pollinical dispersion in North-Eastern Spain. 3rd International Conference on Aerobiology, Abstracts: 67.
17. Benz, W., Koch, W. & Moosman, A. (1984): Ein Extraktionsverfahren zur Bestimmung des Unkrautsamenpotentials im Boden. Z. Pflanzenk. Pflanzens. 10: 106-114.
18. Bernhardt, K.G. (1993): Untersuchungen zur Besiedlung und Dynamik der Vegetation von Sand und Schlickpionierstandorten. Diss. Bot. 202: 1-223, Cramer, Vaduz.
19. Bernhardt, K.G. (1995): Seed burial by soil burrowing beetles. Nordic J. Bot. 15: 275-260.
20. Bernhardt, K.G. & Hurka, H. (1989): Dynamik des Samenspeichers in einigen mediterranen Kulturböden. Weed Res. 29: 247-254.
21. Bernhardt, K.G. & Poschlod, P. (1993): Diasporenbanken im Boden als Vegetationsbestandteil. Teil 1: Europa. Exc. Bot. Section B 29: 241-260.
22. Biewer, H. & Poschlod, P. (1995): Wiedervernässung und Wiederherstellung artenreicher Feuchtwiesen im Naturschutzgebiet 'Südliches Federseeried' (vegetationskundlicher Teil) - Standortbeschreibung und Maßnahmen zur Ansiedlung von Arten. Veröff. PAÖ 12: 251-269.
23. Bobbink, R. & Willems, J.H. (1991): Impact of different cutting regimes on the performance of Brachypodium pinnatum in Dutch chalk grassland. Biol. Conserv. 56: 1-21.
24. Bossema, I. (1979): Jays and oaks: an eco-ethological study of a symbiosis. Behaviour 70: 1-117.
25. Brenchley, W.E. & Warington, K. (1930): The weed seed population of arable soil. I. Numerical estimation of viable seeds and observations on their natural dormancy. J. Ecol. 18: 235-272.
26. Bullock, S.H. & Primack, R.B. (1977): Comparative experimental study of seed dispersal on animals. Ecology 58: 681-686.
27. Burrows, F.M. (1986): The aerial motion of seeds, fruits, spores and pollen. In: Murray, D.R. (ed.): Seed Dispersal, pp. 1-47. Academic Press, Sidney.
28. Cesari, G., Cobietti, A. & Mandrioli, P. (1986): Long range transport of airborne pollen over the Mediterranean Sea. 3rd International Conference on Aerobiology, Abstracts, p. 82.
29. Chapin, F.S. (1993): Physiological control over plant establishment in primary succession. In Miles, J. & Walton, D.W.H. (eds): Primary Succession on Land, pp. 161-178, Blackwell, Oxford.
30. Clifford, H.T. (1956): Seed dispersal on footwear. Proc. Bot. Soc. Brit. Isles 2: 129-131.
31. Clifford, J. (1959): Seed dispersal by motor vehicles. J. Ecol. 47: 311-315.
32. Dansereau, P. & Lems, K. (1957): The grading of dispersal types in plant communities and their ecological significance. Contr. Inst. Bot. Univ. Montreal 71: 1-52.
33. Darwin, C. (1859): The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Murray, London.
34. Den Boer, P.J. (1970): On the significance of dispersal power for populations of Carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Oecologia 4: 1-28.
35. Feldman, S.R. & Lewis, J.P. (1990): Output and dispersal of propagules of Carduus acanthoides L. Weed Res. 30: 161-169.
36. Fenner, M. (1985): Seed Ecology. Chapman & Hall, London.
37. Fenner, M. (1987): Seed characteristics in relation to succession. In: Gray, A.J., Crawley, M.J. & Edwards, P.J. (eds): Colonization, Succession and Stability, pp. 103-114. Blackwell, Oxford.
38. Fischer, A. (1987): Untersuchungen zur Populations dynamik am Beginn von Sekundärsukzessionen. Diss. Bot. 110: 1-234. Cramer, Vaduz.
39. Fischer, S., Poschlod, P. & Beinlich, B. (1995): Die Bedeutung der Wanderschäferei für den Artenaustausch zwischen isolierten Schaftriften. Beih. Veröff. Naturschutz Landschaftspflege Bad.-Württ. 83: 229-256.
40. Fischer, S., Poschlod, P. & Beinlich, B. (1996): Experimental studies on the dispersal of plants and animals by sheep in calcareous grasslands. J. Appl. Ecol. 33: (in press).
41. Fix, K. & Poschlod, P. (1992): Extensivierung von Grünlandstandorten am Beispiel Wackershofen (Lkrs. Schwäbisch Hall; Gipskeuper). Bedeutung von Nährstoffstatus und Diasporenbank. Verh. Ges. f. Ökol. 22: 39-45.
42. Gardener, C.J., McIvor, J.G. & Jansen, A. (1993): Passage of legume and grass seeds through the digestive tract of cattle and their survival in faeces. J. Appl. Ecol. 30: 63-74.
43. Ghersa, C.M., Ghersa-Martinez, M.A., Satorre, E.H., Van Esso, M.L. & Chichotky, G. (1993): Seed dispersal distribution and recruitment of seedlings of Sorghum halepense L. Weed Res. 33: 79-88.
44. Grace, J.B. (1987): The impact of preemption on the zonation of two Typha species along lake shores. Ecol. Monogr. 57: 283-303.
45. Greene, D.F. & Johnson, E.A. (1989): A model of wind dispersal of winged or plumed seeds. Ecology 70: 339-347.
46. Graham, D.J. & Hutchings, M.J. (1988): A field investigation of germination from the seed bank of a chalk grassland ley on former arable land. J. Appl. Ecol. 25: 253-263.
47. Grootjans, A.P. & Van Diggelen, R. (1995): Assessing the restoration prospects of degraded fens. In: Wheeler, B.D., Shaw, S., Fojt, W. & Robertson, R.A. (eds): Restoration of Temperate Wetlands, pp. 73-90. Wiley, Chichester.
48. Gross, K.L. (1990): A comparison of methods for estimating seed numbers in the soil. J. Ecol. 78: 1079-1093.
49. Grunicke, U. (1995): Populations- und ausbreitungsbiologische Untersuchungen zur Sukzession auf Weinbergsbrachen am Keuperstufenrand des Remstals. Ph.D Thesis, University of Hohenheim.
50. Hansen, K. (1911): Weeds and their vitality. Ugeskr. Landm. 56: 149.
51. Harper, J.L. (1977): Population Biology of Plants. Academic Press, London.
52. Heintze, A. (1915): Om endozoisk fröspridning genom skandinaviska däggdjur. Bot. Not. 1915: 251-291.
53. Hillegers, H.P.M. (1985): Exozoöchoor transport van diasporen door Mergellandschapen. Natuurhistorisch Maandblad 74: 54-56.
54. Hodgson, J.G, Grime, J.P., Hunt, R. & Thompson, K. (1995): The Electronic Comparative Plant Ecology. Chapman & Hall, London.
55. Howard, C.L., Mortimer, A.M., Gould, A.M., Putwain, P., Consens, R. & Cussans, G.W. (1993): The dispersal of weeds: seed movement in agriculture. Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference 1993 2: 505-514, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK.
56. Huiskes, A.H.L., Koutstaal, B.P., Herman, P.M.J., Beeftink, W.G., Markusse, M.M. & De Munck, W. (1995): Seed dispersal of halophytes in tidal marshes. J. Ecol. 83: 559-567.
57. Hutchings, M.J. (1986): Plant population biology. In: Moore, P.D. & Chapman, S.B. (eds): Methods in Plant Ecology, 2nd edn, pp. 377-435. Blackwell, Oxford.
58. Jackel, A.K. & Poschlod, P. (1994): Diaspore production and the influence of the size of diaspore traps on the quantitative result of seasonal diaspore rain in two calcareous grassland sites. Ber. Inst. Landschafts- Pflanzenökologie Univ. Hohenheim 3: 123-132.
59. Johnson, C.K. & West, N.E. (1988): Laboratory comparisons of five seed-trap designs for dry, windy environments. Can. J. Bot. 66: 346-348.
60. Kadereit, J.W. & Leins, P. (1988): A wind tunnel experiment on seed dispersal in Papaver L. sects. Argemonidium SPACH and Rhoeadium SPACH (Papaveraceae). Flora 181: 189-203.
61. Kapfer, A. (1988): Versuche zur Renaturierung gedüngten Feuchtgrünlandes - Aushagerung und Vegetationsentwicklung. Diss. Bot. 120: 1-144, Cramer, Vaduz.
62. Kapfer, A. (1994): Erfolgskontrolle bei Renaturierungsmaβnahmen im Feuchtgrünland. Schr.-R. f. Landschaftspflege und Naturschutz 40: 125-142.
63. Kempski, E. (1906): Über endozoische Samenverbreitung und speziell die Verbreitung von Unkräutern durch Tiere auf dem Wege des Darmkanals. Inaugural-Diss., University of Rostock, Carl Georgi, Bonn.
64. Kiviniemi, K. (1996): A study of adhesive seed dispersal of three species under natural conditions. Acta Bot. Neerl. 45: 73-83.
65. Kivilaan, A. & Bandurski, R.S. (1981): The one hundred-year period for Dr Beal's seed viability experiment. Amer. J. Bot. 68: 1290-1292.
66. Kleinschmidt, C. & Rosenthal, G. (1995): Samenbankpotential und Diasporenverdriftung in überschwemmten Feuchtwiesen. Kieler Notizen zur Pflanzenkunde in Schleswig-Holstein und Hamburg 23: 40-44.
67. Klinkhamer, P.G.L., De Jong, T.J., Metz, J.A.J. & Val, J. (1987): Life history tactics of annual organisms: the joint effects of dispersal and delayed germination. Theor. Pop. Biol. 32: 127-156.
68. Klooker, J., Bakker, J.P. & Van Diggelen, R. (1995): Ontgronden: nieuwe kansen voor bedreigde plantesoorten? De Levende Natuur 96: 174-180.
69. Koerselman, W. & Verhoeven, J.T.A. (1995): Eutrophication of fen ecosystems: external and internal nutrient sources and restoration strategies. In: Wheeler, B.D., Shaw, S., Fojt, W. & Robertson, R.A. (eds): Restoration of Temperate Wetlands, pp. 91-112. Wiley, Chichester.
70. Kollmann, J. (1994): Ausbreitungsökologie endozoochorer Gehölzarten. Naturschutzorientierte Untersuchungen über die Rolle von Gehölzen bei der Erhaltung, Entwicklung und Vernetzung von Ökosystemen. Veröff. PAÖ 9: 1-212.
71. Koutstaal, B.P., Markusse, M.M. & De Munck, W. (1987): Aspects of seed dispersal by tidal movements. In: Huiskes, A.H.L., Blom, C.W.P.M. & Rozema, J. (eds): Vegetation Between Land and Sea, pp. 226-233. Junk, Dordrecht.
72. Krach, E. & Koepff, B. (1980): Beobachtungen an Salzschwaden in Südfranken und Nordschwaben. Gött. Flor. Rundbr. 13: 61-75.
73. Kropác, Z. (1966): Estimation of weed seeds in arable soil. Pedobiologia 6: 105-128.
74. Lawrence, W.H. & Rediske, J.H. (1960). Radiotracer technique for determining the fate of broad-cast douglas-fir seed. Proc. Soc. Am. Forest. 1959: 99-101.
75. Lawton, J.H. (1987): Are there assembly rules for successional communities? In: Gray, A.J., Crawley, M.J. & P.J. Edwards (eds): Colonization, Succession and Stability, pp. 225-244. Blackwell, Oxford.
76. Leck, M.A. (1989): Wetland seed banks. In: Leck, M.A., Parker, V.T. & Simpson, R.L. (eds): Ecology of Soil Seed Banks, pp. 283-305. Academic Press, London.
77. Leck, M.A., Parker, V.T. & Simpson, R.L. (eds) (1989): Ecology of Soil Seed Banks. Academic Press, London.
78. Leutert, A. (1983): Einfluss der Feldmaus, Microtus arvalis (Pall.), auf die floristische Zusammensetzung von Wiesen-Ökosystemen. Veröff. Geobot. Inst. ETH, Stiftg. Rübel, Zürich 79: 1-126.
79. Lonsdale, W.M. & Lane, A.M. (1990): Vehicles as vectors of weed seed in Kakadu National Park. Proceedings of the 9th Australian Weeds Conference, pp. 134-136.
80. Luftensteiner, H.W. (1982): Untersuchungen zur Verbreitungsbiologie von Pflanzengerneinschaften an vier Standorten in Niederösterreich. Bibl. Bot. 135: 1-68.
81. Malo, J.E. & Suárez, F. (1995): Establishment of pasture species on cattle dung: the role of endozoochorous seeds. J. Veg. Sci. 6: 169-174.
82. Mandrioli, P., Negrini, M.G., Cesari, G. & Morgan, G. (1984): Evidence for long range transport of biological and anthropogenic aerosol particles in the atmosphere. GRANA 23: 43-53.
83. Matlack, G.R. (1987): Diaspore size, shape and fall behaviour in wind-dispersed plant species. Amer. J. Bot. 74: 1150-1160.
84. Mattes, H. (1978): Der Tannenhäher (Nucifraga caryocatactes (L.)) im Engadin. Münst. Geograph. Arb. 2: 1-78.
85. Maxwell, B. & Ghersa, C. (1992): The influence of weed seed dispersion versus the effect of competition on crop yield. Weed Tech. 6: 196-204.
86. McCartney, H.A. (1990): Dispersal mechanisms through the air. In: Bunce, R.G.H. & Howard, D.C. (eds): Species Dispersal in Agricultural Habitats, pp. 133-158. Belhaven Press, London.
87. McCartney, H.A. & Fitt, B.D.L. (1985): Construction of dispersal models. In: Gilligan, C.A. (ed): Advances in Plant Pathology Vol. 3: Mathematical Modelling of Crop Diseases, pp. 107-143. Academic Press, London.
88. McDonnell, M.J. & Stiles, E.W. (1983): The structural complexity of old field vegetation and the recruitment of bird-dispersed plant species. Oecologia 56: 109-116.
89. McEvoy, P.B. & Cox, C.S. (1987): Wind dispersal distances in dimorphic achenes of ragwort, Senecio jacobea. Ecology 68: 2006-2015.
90. McGinley, M.A. & Brigham, E.J. (1989): Fruit morphology and terminal velocity in Tragopogon dubius (L.). Funct. Ecol. 3: 489-496.
91. Mesa-Garcia, J., Giraldez, J.V. & Garcia-Torres, L. (1986): A study of the population dynamics and dispersal of crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk.) in a broadbean (Vicia faba L.) field. In: Ter Borg, S.J. (ed): Biology and Control of Orobanche, pp. 114-117. Wageningen.
92. Milberg, P. (1990): Hur länge kan ett frö leva? Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 84: 323-352.
93. Milberg, P. (1991): Bildack som frospridare. Fauna och flora 86: 266-270.
94. Milton, S.J., Siegfried, W.R. & Dean, W.R.J. (1990): The distribution of epizoochoric plant species: a clue to the prehistoric use of arid Karoo range-lands by large herbivores. J. Biogeogr. 17: 25-34.
95. Mortimer, A.M., Putwain, P.D. & Howard, C.L. (1993): The abundance of broom grasses in arable agriculture-comparative population studies of four species. Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference 1993 2: 505-514, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK.
96. Mukammal, E.I., Brandt, C.S., Neuwirth, R., Pack, D.H. & Swinback, W.C. (1968): Air Pollutants, Meteorology and Plant Injury. WMO, Technical Note No. 96.
97. Müller-Schneider, P. (1977): Verbreitungsbiologie (Diasporologie) der Blütenpflanzen. 2. Aufl. Veröff. Geobot. Inst. ETH, Stiftg. Rübel, Zürich 61: 1-226.
98. Müller-Schneider, P. (1986): Verbreitungsbiologie der Blütenpflanzen Graubündens. Veröff. Geobot. Inst. ETH, Stiftg. Rübel, Zürich 85: 1-263.
99. Murray, D.R. (1986): Seed Dispersal. Academic Press, Sydney.
100. Okuber, A. & Levin, S.A. (1989): A theoretical framework for data analysis of wind dispersal of seeds and pollen. Ecology 70: 329-338.
101. Oomes, M.J.M. (1992): Yield and species density of grasslands during restoration management. J. Veg. Sci. 3: 271-274.
102. Özer, Z. (1979): Über die Beeinflussung der Keimfähigkeit der Samen mancher Grünlandpflanzen beim Durchgang durch den Verdauungstrakt des Schafes und nach Mistgärung. Weed Res. 19: 247-254.
103. Pedgley, D.E. (1986): Windborne migration of Heliothis armigera moths. 3rd International Conference on Aerobiology, Abstracts: 104.
104. Peters, A.G. (1986): Long range transport of Castanea pollen in Samedon near St. Moritz (High Engadin, Grisons, Switzerland). 3rd International Conference on Aerobiology, Abstracts: 12.
105. Pfadenhauer, J. & Maas, D. (1987): Samenpotential in Niedermoorböden des Alpenvorlandes bei Grünlandnutzung underschiedlicher Intensität. Flora 179: 85-97.
106. Poschlod, P. (1993): Die Dauerhaftigkeit von generativen Diasporenbanken in Böden von Kalkmagerrasenpflanzen und deren Bedeutung für den botanischen Arten- und Biotopschutz. Verh. Gesell. Ökol. 22: 229-240.
107. Poschlod, P. (1995): Diaspore rain and diaspore bank in raised bogs and its implication for the restoration of peat mined sites. In: Wheeler, B.D., Shaw, S.C., Fojt, W.J. & Robertson, R.A. (eds): Restoration of Temperate Wetlands, pp. 471-494. Wiley, Chichester.
108. Poschlod, P. (1996a): Population biology and dynamics of a rare short-lived pond mud plant, Carex bohemica Schreber. Verh. Gesell. f. Ökol. 25: 321-337.
109. Poschlod, P. (1996b): Das Metapopulationskonzept-eine Betrachtung aus pflanzenökologischer Sicht. Z. Ökol Naturschutz 5: 161-185.
110. Poschlod, P. & Jackel, A.K. (1993): Untersuchungen zur Dynamik von generativen Diasporenbanken von Samenpflanzen in Kalkmagerrasen. I. Jahreszeitliche Dynamik des Diasporenregens und der Diasporenbank auf zwei Kalkmagerrasenstandorten der Schwäbischen Alp. Flora 188: 49-71.
111. Poschlod, P. & Jordan, S. (1992): Wiederbesiedlung eines aufgeforsteten Kalkmagerrasenstandorts nach Rodung. Z. Ökol. Naturschutz 1: 119-139.
112. Poschlod, P., Kiefer, S. & Fischer, S. (1995): Die potentielle Gefährdung von Pflanzenpopulationen in Kalkmagerrasen auf der Mittleren Schwäbischen Alb durch Sukzession (Brache) und Aufforstung-ein Beispiel für eine Gefährdungs-analyse von Pflanzenpopulationen. Beih. Veröff. Naturschutz Landschaftspflege Bad.-Württ. 83: 199-227.
113. Priestley, D.A. (1986): Seed Aging. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
114. Redbo-Torstensson, P. & Telenius, A. (1995): Primary and secondary seed dispersal by wind and water in Spergularia salina. Ecography 18: 230-237.
115. Ridley, H.N. (1930). The Dispersal of Plants Throughout the World. Reeve, Ashford.
116. Roberts, H.A. (1981). Seed banks in soils. In Coaker, T.H. (ed.): Advances in Applied Biology 6, pp. 1-55. Academic Press, London.
117. Roelofs, J.G.M., Smolders, A.J.P., Brandrud, T.E. & Bobbink, R. (1995): The effect of acidification, liming and reacidification on macrophyte development, water quality and sediment characteristics of soft-water lakes. Water, Air Soil Pollut. 85: 967-972.
118. Rosenthal, G. (1992): Erhaltung und Regeneration von Feuchtwiesen, vegetationskundliche Untersuchungen auf Dauerflächen. Diss. Bot. 182: 1-283, Cramer, Vaduz.
119. Rusch, G. (1992): Spatial pattern of seedling recruitment at two different scales in a limestone grassland. Oikos 63: 139-146.
120. Salonen, V. (1987): Relationship between the seed rain and the establishment of vegetation in two areas abandoned after peat harvesting. Holarctic Ecol. 10: 171-174.
121. Salzmann, R. (1939): Die Verbreitung keimfähiger Samen durch den Hofdünger. Schweiz. Landw. Monatsh. 5: 40-44.
122. Salzmann, R. (1954): Untersuchungen über die Lebensdauer von Unkrautsamen im Boden. Mitt. Schweizerische Landw. 10: 170-176.
123. Schenkeveld, A.J. & Verkaar, H.J. (1984): The ecology of short-lived forbs in chalk grasslands: distribution of germinative seeds and its significance for seedling emergence. J. Biogeogr. 11: 251-260.
124. Schiefer, J. (1984): Möglichkeiten der Aushagerung von nährstoffreichen Grünlandflächen. Veröff. Naturschutz Landschaftspflege Bad. Württ. 57/58: 33-62.
125. Schmidt, W. (1918): Die Verbreitung von Samen und Blütenstaub durch die Luftbewegung. Österr. Bot. Zeitschr. 67: 313-328.
126. Schmidt, W. (1989): Plant dispersal by motor cars. Vegetatio 80: 147-152.
127. Schneider, C., Sukopp, U. & Sukopp, H. (1994): Biologisch-ökologische Grundlagen des Schutzes gefährdeter Segetalpflanzen. Schr. R. Vegetationskunde 26: 1-356.
128. Sernander, R. (1901): Den Skandinaviska vegetationes spridningsbiologi. Friedländer & Lundequitska, Berlin.
129. Sernander, R. (1906): Entwurf einer Monographie der europäischen Myrmekochoren. Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 41: 1-410.
130. Sheldon, J.C. & Burrows, F.M. (1973): The effectiveness of the achene-pappus units of selected Compositae in steady winds with convection. New Phytol. 72: 665-675.
131. Shmida, A. & Ellner, S. (1983): Seed dispersal on pastoral grazers in open Mediterranean chaparral, Israel. Israel J. Bot. 32: 147-159.
132. Silvertown, J.W. & Lovett Doust, J. (1993): Introduction to Plant Population Biology. Blackwell, Oxford.
133. Skoglund, S.J. (1990): Seed disperging agents in two regularly flooded river sites. Can. J. Bot. 68: 754-760.
134. Sorensen, A.E. (1986): Seed dispersal by adhesion. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 17: 443-463.
135. Stebler, F.G. (1898): Die besten Streuepflanzen. IV. Teil des schweizerischen Wiesenpflanzenwerkes. Wyβ, Bern.
136. Stiles, E.W. (1992): Animals as seed dispersers. In: Fenner, M. (ed.): Seeds - The Ecology of Regeneration in Plant Communities, pp. 87-104. CAB International, Wallingford.
137. Strykstra, R.J., Bekker, R.M. & Verweij, G.L. (1996): Establishment of Rhinanthus angustifolius in a hay field initiated by mowing machinery. Acta Bot. Neerl. 45: 557-570.
138. Strykstra, R.J. & Verweij, G.L. (in press): Seed dispersal by mowing machinery and its impact on vegetation dynamics in a brook valley system. Biol. Conserv.
139. Ter Heerdt, G.N.J. & Drost, H.J. (1994): Potential for the development of marsh vegetation from the seedbank after a drawdown. Biol. Conserv. 67: 1-11.
140. Ter Heerdt, G.N.J., Verweij, G.L., Bekker, R.M. & Bakker, J.P. (1996): An improved method for seed bank analysis: seedling emergence after removing the soil by sieving. Fund. Ecol. 10: 144-151.
141. Thompson, K. (1986): Small-scale heterogeneity in the seed bank of an acidic grassland. J. Ecol. 74: 733-738.
142. Thompson, K. (1992): The functional ecology of seed banks. In: Fenner, M. (ed.): Seeds: the Ecology of Regeneration in Plant Communities, pp. 231-258. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
143. Thompson, K. (1993): Seed persistence in soil. In: Hendry, G.A.F. & Grime, J.P. (eds): Methods in Comparative Plant Ecology, pp. 199-202. Chapman & Hall, London.
144. Thompson, K. & Grime, J.P. (1979): Seasonal variation in the seed banks of herbaceous species in ten contrasting habitats. J. Ecol. 67: 893-921.
145. Thompson, K., Band, S.R. & Hodgson, J.G. (1993): Seed size and shape predict persistence in soil. Funct. Ecol. 7: 236-241.
146. Thompson, K., Green, A. & Jewels, A.M. (1994): Seeds in soil and worm casts from a neutral grassland. Funct. Ecol. 8: 29-35.
147. Thompson, K., Bakker, J.P. & Bekker, R.M. (1996): Soil Seed Banks of North- West Europe: Methodology, Density and Longevity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (in press).
148. Toole, E.H. & Brown, E. (1946): Final results of the Duvel buried seed experiment. J. Agric. Res. 72: 201-210.
149. Tränkle, U. (1995): Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Sukzession von Steinbrüchen in Südwestdeutschland und neue Ansätze für eine standorts- und naturschutzgerechte Renaturierung. Ph.D thesis, University of Hohenheim.
150. Van Andel, J. & Ernst, W.H.O. (1985): Ecophysiological adaptation, plastic responses, and genetic variation of annuals, biennials and perennials in woodland clearings. In: Haeck, J. & Woldendorp, J.W. (eds): Structure and Functioning of Plant Populations. II, pp. 27-49. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
151. Van Baalen, J. & Prins, E.G.M. (1983): Growth and reproduction of Digitalis purpurea in different stages of succession. Oecologia (Berlin) 58: 84-91.
152. Van der Pijl, L. (1982): Dispersal in Higher Plants. 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin.
153. Van Tooren, B.F. & During, H.J. (1988): Viable plant diaspores in the guts of earthworms. Acta Bot. Neerl. 37: 181-194.
154. Verkaar, H.J. (1990): Corridors as a tool for plant species conservation. In: Bunce, R.G.H. & Howard, D.C. (eds): Species Dispersal in Agricultural Habitats, pp. 82-97. Belhaven Press, London.
155. Vyvey, Q. (1986): Kiemkrachtige zaden in de bodem: betekenis voor het natuurbehoud. Biol. Jaarb. Dodonaea 54: 116-130.
156. Vyvey, Q. (1989a): Bibliographical review on buried viable seeds in the soil. Exc. Bot. Section B 26: 311-320.
157. Vyvey, Q. (1989b): Bibliographical review on buried viable seeds in the soil. Exc. Bot. Section B 27: 1-52.
158. Watkinson, A.R. (1978a): The demography of a sand dune annual: Vulpia fasciculata. II. The dynamics of seed populations. J. Ecol. 66: 35-44.
159. Watkinson, A.R. (1978b): The demography of a sand dune annual: Vulpia fasciculata. III. The dispersal of seeds. J. Ecol. 66: 483-498.
160. Webb, D.A. (1966): Dispersal and establishment: what do we really know. In: Reproductive Biology and Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. Botanical Society of the British Isles Conference Report 9: 93-102.
161. Welch, D. (1985): Studies in the grazing of heather moorland in north-east Scotland. IV. Seed dispersal and plant establishment in dung. J. Appl. Ecol. 22: 46-72.
162. Willems, J.H. (1988): Soil seed bank and regeneration of a Calluna vulgaris community after forest clearing. Acta Bot. Neerl. 37: 313-320.
163. Willems, J.H. & Bobbink, R. (1990): Spatial pattern in the development of chalk grassland on old fields in The Netherlands. In: Krahulec, F., Willems, J.H. and Agnew, A. (eds): Spatial Processes in Plant Communities, pp. 237-249. The Hague; SPB Academic Publishing.
164. Willems, J.H. & Huijsmans, K.G.A. (1994): Vertical seed dispersal by earthworms: a quantitative approach. Ecography 17: 124-130.
165. Willson, M.F. (1992): The ecology of seed dispersal. In: Fenner, M. (ed.): Seeds - The Ecology of Regeneration in Plant Communities, pp. 61-85. CAB International, Wallingford.
166. Zwaenepoel, A. (1993): Beheer en typologie van wegbermvegetaties in Vlaanderen. Ph.D Thesis, Gent University.