Parenteral nutrition-associated conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in hospitalized infants

Journal of the American Dietetic Association

Volumn 110, Issue 11, 2010, Pages 1684-1695

  Klein, Catherine J ^a   Ravenis, Mary ^a   Kusenda, Carolyn ^a   Scavo, Louis ^a  

^a CHILDREN'S NATIONAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BILIRUBIN;

ARTICLE; BLOOD; CHOLESTASIS; ENTERIC FEEDING; FEMALE; GESTATIONAL AGE; HUMAN; HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA; INFANT; MALE; NEWBORN; NEWBORN INTENSIVE CARE; PARENTERAL NUTRITION; PREMATURITY; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTOR; TIME; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

BILIRUBIN; CHOLESTASIS; ENTERAL NUTRITION; FEMALE; GESTATIONAL AGE; HUMANS; HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; INFANT, PREMATURE; INTENSIVE CARE UNITS, NEONATAL; MALE; PARENTERAL NUTRITION; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; TIME FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANIMALIA; GLYCINE MAX;

EID: 77958562308     PISSN: 00028223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2010.08.012     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Wilmore D.W., Dudrick S.J. Growth and development of an infant receiving all nutrients exclusively by vein. JAMA 1968, 203:860-864.
2. Rombeau J.L., Muldoon D., Rhoads J.E. Quaker Sense and Sensibility in the World of Surgery 1997, Hanley & Belfus, Philadelphia, PA.
3. Peden V.H., Witzleben C.L., Skelton M.A. Total parenteral nutrition. J Pediatr. 1971, 78:180-181.
4. Geier A., Wagner M., Dietrich C.G., Trauner M. Principles of hepatic organic anion transporter regulation during cholestasis, inflammation and liver regeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007, 1773:283-308.
5. Carter B.A., Shulman R.J. Mechanisms of disease: update on the molecular etiology and fundamentals of parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007, 4:277-287.
6. Loff S., Waag K.L., Kränzlin B., Zovko D., Dzakovic A., Jester I., Wirth H., Wessel L. Long-term total parenteral nutrition-induced hepatobiliary dysfunction in a rabbit model. J Pediatr Surg. 1998, 33:694-699.
7. Puligandla P.S., Janvier A., Flageole H., Bouchard S., Mok E., Laberge J.M. The significance of intrauterine growth restriction is different from prematurity for the outcome of infants with gastroschisis. J Pediatr Surg. 2004, 39:1200-1204.
8. Healy C.M., Campbell J.R., Zaccaria E., Baker C.J. Fluconazole prophylaxis in extremely low birth weight neonates reduces invasive candidiasis mortality rates without emergence of fluconazole-resistant Candida species. Pediatrics 2008, 121:703-710.
9. Wright K., Ernst K.D., Gaylord M.S., Dawson J.P., Burnette T.M. Increased incidence of parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis with aminosyn PF compared to trophamine. J Perinatol. 2003, 23:444-450.
10. Koglmeier J., Day C., Puntis J.W. Clinical outcome in patients from a single region who were dependent on parenteral nutrition for 28 days or more. Arch Dis Child 2008, 93:300-302.
11. Christensen R.D., Henry E., Wiedmeier S.E., Burnett J., Lambert D.K. Identifying patients, on the first day of life, at high-risk of developing parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. J Perinatol. 2007, 27:284-290.
12. Steinbach M., Clark R.H., Kelleher A.S., Flores C., White R., Chace D.H., Spitzer A.R. Demographic and nutritional factors associated with prolonged cholestatic jaundice in the premature infant. J Perinatol. 2008, 28:129-135.
13. Robinson D.T., Ehrenkranz R.A. Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in small for gestational age infants. J Pediatr. 2008, 152:59-62.
14. Spencer A.U., Yu S., Tracy T.F., Aouthmany M.M., Llanos A., Brown M.B., Brown M., Shulman R.J., Hirschl R.B., Derusso P.A., Cox J., Dahlgren J., Strouse P.J., Groner J.I., Teitelbaum D.H. Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in neonates: Multivariate analysis of the potential protective effect of taurine. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2005, 29:337-343.
15. Hoang V., Sills J., Chandler M., Busalani E., Clifton-Koeppel R., Modanlou H.D. Percutaneously inserted central catheter for total parenteral nutrition in neonates: Complications rates related to upper versus lower extremity insertion. Pediatrics 2008, 121:e1152-e1159.
16. von Rettberg H., Hannman T., Subotic U., Brade J., Schaible T., Waag K.L., Loff S. Use of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate-containing infusion systems increases the risk for cholestasis. Pediatrics 2009, 124:710-716.
17. Zambrano E., El-Hennawy M., Ehrenkranz R.A., Zelterman D., Reyes-Mugica M. Total parenteral nutrition induced liver pathology: An autopsy series of 24 newborn cases. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2004, 7:425-432.
18. Willis T.C., Carter B.A., Rogers S.P., Hawthorne K.M., Hicks P.D., Abrams S.A. High rates of mortality and morbidity occur in infants with parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2010, 34:32-37.
19. Sigalet D., Boctor D., Robertson M., Lam V., Brindle M., Sarkhosh K., Driedger L., Sajedi M. Improved outcomes in paediatric intestinal failure with aggressive prevention of liver disease. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2009, 19:348-353.
20. Javid P.J., Collier S., Richardson D., Iglesias J., Gura K., Lo C., Kim H.B., Duggan C.P., Jaksic T. The role of enteral nutrition in the reversal of parenteral nutrition-associated liver dysfunction in infants. J Pediatr Surg. 2005, 40:1015-1018.
21. Gura K.M., Lee S., Valim C., Zhou J., Kim S., Modi B.P., Arsenault D.A., Strijbosch R.A.M., Lopes S., Duggan C., Puder M. Safety and efficacy of a fish-oil-based fat emulsion in the treatment of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. Pediatrics 2008, 121:e678-e686.
22. Watchko J.F. Identification of neonates at risk for hazardous hyperbilirubinemia: Emerging clinical insights. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2009, 56:671-687.
23. Vitek L., Carey M.C. Enterohepatic cycling of bilirubin as a cause of 'black' pigment gallstones in adult life. Eur J Clin Invest. 2003, 33:799-810.
24. Zovko D., Loff S., Dzakovic A., Kranzlin B., Hohl H.P., Grun S., Waag K.L. Long-term total parenteral nutrition and cholecystostomy tube in a rabbit model surgical procedure: Management and preliminary results. Res Exp Med (Berlin) 1996, 196:235-242.
25. Duerksen D.R., Van Aerde J.E., Chan G., Thomson A.B., Jewell L.J., Clandinin M.T. Total parenteral nutrition impairs bile flow and alters bile composition in newborn piglet. Dig Dis Sci. 1996, 41:1864-1870.
26. Loff S., Kranzlin B., Moghadam M., Dzakovic A., Wessel L., Back W., Hosie S., Wirth H., Waag K.L. Parenteral nutrition-induced hepatobiliary dysfunction in infants and prepubertal rabbits. Pediatr Surg Int. 1999, 15:479-482.
27. Waters B., Kudsk K.A., Jarvi E.J., Brown R.O., Fabian T.C., Wood G.C. Effect of route of nutrition on recovery of hepatic organic anion clearance after fasting. Surgery 1994, 115:370-374.
28. Das J.B., Poulos N.D., Ansari G.G. Biliary lipid composition and bile acid profiles during and after enteral fast of total parenteral nutrition in the rabbit. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1996, 22:85-91.
29. Das J.B., Cosentino C.M., Levy M.F., Ansari G.G., Raffensperger J.G. Early hepatobiliary dysfunction during total parenteral nutrition: an experimental study. J Pediatr Surg. 1993, 28:14-18.
30. Moss R.L., Das J.B., Ansari G., Raffensperger J.G. Hepatobiliary dysfunction during total parenteral nutrition is caused by infusate, not the route of administration. J Pediatr Surg. 1993, 28:391-396.
31. Javid P.J., Greene A.K., Garza J., Gura K., Alwayn I.P.J., Voss S., Nose V., Satchi-Fainaro R., Zausche B., Mulkern R.V., Jaksic T., Bistrian B., Folkman J., Puder M. The route of lipid administration affects parenteral nutrition-induced hepatic steatosis in a mouse model. J Pediatr Surg. 2005, 40:1446-1453.
32. Cohen I.T., Meunier K.M., Hirsh M.P. The effects of enteral stimulation on gallbladder bile during total parenteral nutrition in the neonatal piglet. J Pediatr Surg. 1990, 25:163-167.
33. Keim N.L., Mares-Perlman J.A. Development of hepatic steatosis and essential fatty acid deficiency in rats with hypercaloric, fat-free parenteral nutrition. J Nutr. 1984, 114:1807-1815.
34. Alwayn I.P., Javid P.J., Gura K.M., Nose V., Ollero M., Puder M. Do polyunsaturated fatty acids ameliorate hepatic steatosis in obese mice by SREPB-1 suppression or by correcting essential fatty acid deficiency. Hepatology 2004, 39:1176-1177.
35. Whalen G.F., Shamberger R.C., Perez-Atayde A., Folkman J. A proposed cause for the hepatic dysfunction associated with parenteral nutrition. J Pediatr Surg. 1990, 25:622-626.
36. Oshita M., Takehara H., Yamaguchi M., Doi K., Ueda N., Naito S., Hiraoka I., Tashiro S. Significance of administration of fat emulsion: Hepatic changes in infant rats receiving total parenteral nutrition with and without fat. Clin Nutr. 2004, 23:1060-1068.
37. Nishimura M., Yamaguchi M., Naito S., Yamauchi A. Soybean oil fat emulsion to prevent TPN-induced liver damage: Possible molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Biol Pharm Bull. 2006, 29:855-862.
38. Culebras J.M., Garcia-Vielba J., Garcia-Diez F., de la Hoz M.L., Collado P.S., Gonzalez-Gallego J. The effects of total parenteral nutrition on the hepatic handling of bilirubin in the rat. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1993, 17:125-129.
39. Sokol R.J., Taylor S.F., Devereaux M.W., Khandwala R., Sondheimer N.J., Shikes R.H., Mierau G. Hepatic oxidant injury and glutathione depletion during total parenteral nutrition in weanling rats. Am J Physiol. 1996, 270:G691-G700.
40. Kohl M., Wedel T., Entenmann A., Stuttmann J., Bendiks M., Loff S., Koster S., Ortfeld S., Bos I. Influence of different intravenous lipid emulsions on hepatobiliary dysfunction in a rabbit model. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007, 44:237-244.
41. Alwayn I.P., Gura K., Nose V., Zausche B., Javid P., Garza J., Verbesey J., Voss S., Ollero M., Andersson C., Bistrian B., Folkman J., Puder M. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation prevents hepatic steatosis in a murine model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Pediatr Res. 2005, 57:445-452.
42. Van Aerde J.E., Duerksen D.R., Gramlich L., Meddings J.B., Chan G., Thomson A.B., Clandinin M.T. Intravenous fish oil emulsion attenuates total parenteral nutrition-induced cholestasis in newborn piglets. Pediatr Res. 1999, 45:202-208.
43. Lavoie J.C., Chessex P., Gauthier C., Levy E., Alvarez F., St-Louis P., Rouleau T. Reduced bile flow associated with parenteral nutrition is independent of oxidant load and parenteral multivitamins. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005, 41:108-114.
44. Zahavi I., Shaffer E.A., Gall D.G. Total parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis: Acute studies in infant and adult rabbits. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1985, 4:622-627.
45. Moss R.L., Haynes A.L., Pastuszyn A., Glew R.H. Methionine infusion reproduces liver injury of parenteral nutrition cholestasis. Pediatr Res. 1999, 45:664-668.
46. Hata S., Kamata S., Nezu R., Takagi Y., Okada A. A newborn rabbit model for total parenteral nutrition: Effects of nutritional components on cholestasis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1989, 13:265-271.
47. Hata S., Nezu R., Kubota A., Kamata S., Takagi Y., Okada A. Effect of amino acids in total parenteral nutrition on cholestasis in newborn rabbits. J Pediatr Surg. 1994, 29:892-895.
48. Keim N.L. Nutritional effectors of hepatic steatosis induced by parenteral nutrition in the rat. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1987, 11:18-22.
49. Stein T.P., Buzby G.P., Leskiw M.J., Giandomenico A.R., Mullen J.L. Protein and fat metabolism in rats during repletion with total parenteral nutrition (TPN). J Nutr. 1981, 111:154-165.
50. Loff S., Kabs F., Witt K., Sartoris J., Mandl B., Niessen K.H., Waag K.L. Polyvinylchloride infusion lines expose infants to large amounts of toxic plasticizers. J Pediatr Surg. 2000, 35:1775-1781.
51. Loff P.D., Subotic U., Oulmi-Kagermann J., Kranzlin B., Reinecke M.F., Staude C. Diethylhexylphthalate extracted by typical newborn lipid emulsions from polyvinylchloride infusion systems causes significant changes in histology of rabbit liver. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2007, 31:188-193.
52. Demircan M., Ergun O., Coker C., Yilmaz F., Avanoglu S., Ozok G. Aluminum in total parenteral nutrition solutions produces portal inflammation in rats. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1998, 26:274-278.
53. Klein G.L., Heyman M.B., Lee T.C., Miller N.L., Marathe G., Gourley W.K., Alfrey A.C. Aluminum-associated hepatobiliary dysfunction in rats: Relationships to dosage and duration of exposure. Pediatr Res. 1988, 23:275-278.
54. Klein G.L., Lee T.C., Heyman M.B., Rassin D.K. Altered glycine and taurine conjugation of bile acids following aluminum administration to rats. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1989, 9:361-364.
55. Chessex P., Lavoie J.C., Rouleau T., Brochu P., St Louis P., Levy E., Alvarez F. Photooxidation of parenteral multivitamins induces hepatic steatosis in a neonatal guinea pig model of intravenous nutrition. Pediatr Res. 2002, 52:958-963.
56. Clayton P.T., Bowron A., Mills K.A., Massoud A., Casteels M., Milla P.J. Phytosterolemia in children with parenteral nutrition-associated cholestatic liver disease. Gastroenterology 1993, 105:1806-1813.
57. Iyer K.R., Spitz L., Clayton P. BAPS prize lecture: New insight into mechanisms of parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis: Role of plant sterols. J Pediatr Surg. 1998, 33:1-6.
58. Carter B.A., Taylor O.A., Prendergast D.R., Zimmerman T.L., Von Furstenberg R., Moore D.D., Karpen S.J. Stigmasterol, a soy lipid-derived phytosterol, is an antagonist of the bile acid nuclear receptor FXR. Pediatr Res. 2007, 62:301-306.
59. Moyer V., Freese D.K., Whitington P.F., Olson A.D., Brewer F., Colletti R.B., Heyman M.B. Guideline for the evaluation of cholestatic jaundice in infants: Recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004, 39:115-128.
60. Suchy F.J. Neonatal cholestasis. Pediatr Rev. 2004, 25:388-396.
61. Demircan M., Ergun O., Avanoglu S., Yilmaz F., Ozok G. Determination of serum bile acids routinely may prevent delay in diagnosis of total parenteral nutrition-induced cholestasis. J Pediatr Surg. 1999, 34:565-567.
62. Balistreri W.F., Suchy F.J., Farrell M.K., Heubi J.E. Pathologic versus physiologic cholestasis: Elevated serum concentration of a secondary bile acid in the presence of hepatobiliary disease. J Pediatr. 1981, 98:399-402.
63. Farrell M.K., Balistreri W.F., Suchy F.J. Serum-sulfated lithocholate as an indicator of cholestasis during parenteral nutrition in infants and children. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1982, 6:30-33.
64. Management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infant 35 or more weeks of gestation. Pediatrics 2004, 114:297-316. American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Hyperbilirubinemia.
65. Kumpf V.J. Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease in adult and pediatric patients. Nutr Clin Pract. 2006, 21:279-290.
66. Btaiche I.F., Khalidi N. Parenteral nutrition-associated liver complications in children. Pharmacotherapy 2002, 22:188-211.
67. Calafat A.M., Needham L.L., Silva M.J., Lambert G. Exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate among premature neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatrics 2004, 113:e429-e434.
68. Klein G.L., Berquist W.E., Ament M.E., Coburn J.W., Miller N.L., Alfrey A.C. Hepatic aluminum accumulation in children on total parenteral nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1984, 3:740-743.
69. Fewtrell M.S., Bishop N.J., Edmonds C.J., Isaacs E.B., Lucas A. Aluminum exposure from parenteral nutrition in preterm infants: Bone health at 15-year follow-up. Pediatrics 2009, 124:1372-1379.
70. Mirtallo J., Canada T., Johnson D., Kumpf V., Petersen C., Sacks G., Seres D., Guenter P. Safe practices for parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2004, 28(suppl):S39-S70.
71. Poole R.L., Hintz S.R., Mackenzie N.I., Kerner J.A. Aluminum exposure from pediatric parenteral nutrition: Meeting the new FDA regulation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2008, 32:242-246.
72. Poole R.L., Schiff L., Hintz S.R., Wong A., Mackenzie N., Kerner J.A. Aluminum content of parenteral nutrition in neonates: Measured versus calculated levels. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2010, 50:208-211.
73. Mehta N.M., Compher C. A.S.P.E.N. Clinical Guidelines: Nutrition support of the critically ill child. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2009, 33:260-276.
74. Slicker J., Vermilyea S. Pediatric parenteral nutrition: Putting the microscope on macronutrients and micronutrients. Nutr Clin Pract. 2009, 24:481-486.
75. Guidelines for the use of parenteral and enteral nutrition in adult and pediatric patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2002, 26(suppl 1):1SA-138SA. A.S.P.E.N. Board of Directors and the Clinical Guidelines Task Force.
76. Brown M.R., Thunberg B.J., Golub L., Maniscalco W.M., Cox C., Shapiro D.L. Decreased cholestasis with enteral instead of intravenous protein in the very low-birth weight infant. J Ped Gastroenerol Nutr. 1989, 9:21-27.
77. Cooper A., Ross A.J., O'Neill J.A., Bishop H.C., Templeton J.M., Ziegler M.M. Resolution of intractable cholestasis associated with total parenteral nutrition following biliary irrigation. J Pediatr Surg. 1985, 20:772-774.
78. Shamir R., Tershakovec A.M., Barsky D.L. Intravenous amino acids, cholestasis, and kwashiorkor. J Med. 1998, 29:37-44.
79. Iwai N., Yanagihara J., Tsuto T., Taniguchi H., Takahashi T. Congenital short small bowel with malrotation in a neonate. Z Kinderchir. 1985, 40:371-373.
80. McMillan N.B., Mulroy C., MacKay M.W., McDonald C.M., Jackson W.D. Correlation of cholestasis with serum copper and whole-blood manganese levels in pediatric patients. Nutr Clin Pract. 2008, 23:161-165.
81. Klein C.J., Stanek G.S., Wiles C.E. Overfeeding macronutrients to critically ill adults: Metabolic complications. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998, 98:795-806.
82. Arslanoglu S., Moro G.E., Tauschel H.D., Boehm G. Ursodeoxycholic acid treatment in preterm infants: A pilot study for the prevention of cholestasis associated with total parenteral nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2008, 46:228-231.
83. Kelly D.A. Intestinal failure-associated liver disease: What do we know today?. Gastroenterology 2006, 130(suppl):S70-S77.
84. Beath S., Pironi L., Gabe S., Horslen S., Sudan D., Mazeriegos G., Steiger E., Goulet O., Fryer J. Collaborative strategies to reduce mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic intestinal failure including those who are referred for small bowel transplantation. Transplantation 2008, 85:1378-1384.
85. Kaufman S.S., Gondolesi G.E., Fishbein T.M. Parenteral nutrition associated liver disease. Semin Neonatol. 2003, 8:375-381.
86. Doty J.E., Pitt H.A., Porter-Fink V., Denbesten L. Cholecystokinin prophylaxis of parenteral nutrition-induced gallbladder disease. Ann Surg. 1985, 201:76-80.
87. Curran T.J., Uzoaru I., Das J.B., Ansari G., Raffensperger J.G. The effect of cholecystokinin-octapeptide on the hepatobiliary dysfunction caused by total parenteral nutrition. J Pediatr Surg. 1995, 30:242-246.
88. Teitelbaum D.H., Tracy T.F., Aouthmany M.M., Llanos A., Brown M.B., Yu S., Brown M.R., Shulman R.J., Hirschl R.B., Derusso P.A., Cox J., Dahlgren J., Groner J.I., Strouse P.J. Use of cholecystokinin-octapeptide for the prevention of parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis. Pediatrics 2005, 115:1332-1340.
89. Ng P.C., Lee C.H., Wong S.P., Lam H.S., Liu F.Y., So K.W., Lee C.Y., Fok T.F. High-dose oral erythromycin decreased the incidence of parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in preterm infants. Gastroenterology 2007, 132:1726-1739.
90. Heubi J.E., Wiechmann D.A., Creutzinger V., Setchell K.D., Squires R., Couser R., Rhodes P. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) in the prevention of total parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. J Pediatr. 2002, 141:237-242.
91. Vileisis R.A., Inwood R.J., Hunt C.E. Prospective controlled study of parenteral nutrition-associated cholestatic jaundice: Effect of protein intake. J Pediatr. 1980, 96:893-897.
92. Clark R.H., Chace D.H., Spitzer A.R. Effects of two different doses of amino acid supplementation on growth and blood amino acid levels in premature neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit: A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 2007, 120:1286-1296.
93. Duggan C., Stark A.R., Auestad N., Collier S., Fulhan J., Gura K., Utter S., Teixeira-Pinto A., Donovan K., Lund D. Glutamine supplementation in infants with gastrointestinal disease: A randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Nutrition 2004, 20:752-756.
94. Cooper A., Betts J.M., Pereira G.R., Ziegler M.M. Taurine deficiency in the severe hepatic dysfunction complicating total parenteral nutrition. J Pediatr Surg. 1984, 19:462-466.
95. Li N., Zhang H.H., Wang S.H., Zhu W.M., Ren J.A., Li J.S. S-adenosylmethionine in treatment of cholestasis after total parenteral nutrition: laboratory investigation and clinical application. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2002, 1:96-100.
96. Cooke R.J., Whitington P.F., Kelts D. Effect of taurine supplementation on hepatic function during short-term parenteral nutrition in the premature infant. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1984, 3:234-238.
97. Verner A., Craig S., McGuire W. Effect of taurine supplementation on growth and development in preterm or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007, 4. CD006072.
98. Wilson D.C., Cairns P., Halliday H.L., Reid M., McClure G., Dodge J.A. Randomised controlled trial of an aggressive nutritional regimen in sick very low birthweight infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1997, 77:F4-F11.
99. Fok T.F., Chui K.K., Cheung R., Ng P.C., Cheung K.L., Hjelm M. Manganese intake and cholestatic jaundice in neonates receiving parenteral nutrition: A randomized controlled study. Acta Paediatr. 2001, 90:1009-1015.
100. Slagle T.A., Gross S.J. Effect of early low-volume enteral substrate on subsequent feeding tolerance in very low birth weight infants. J Pediatr. 1988, 113:526-531.
101. McClure R.J., Newell S.J. Randomised controlled study of clinical outcome following trophic feeding. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2000, 82:F29-F33.
102. Gunsar C., Melek M., Karaca I., Sencan A., Mir E., Ortac R., Canan O. The biochemical and histopathological effects of ursodeoxycholic acid and metronidazole on total parenteral nutrition-associated hepatic dysfunction: An experimental study. Hepatogastroenterology 2002, 49:497-500.
103. de Meijer V.E., Gura K.M., Le H.D., Meisel J.A., Puder M. Fish oil-based lipid emulsions prevent and reverse parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease: The Boston experience. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2009, 33:541-547.
104. Puder M., Valim C., Meisel J.A., Le H.D., de Meijer V.E., Robinson E.M., Zhou J., Duggan C., Gura K.M. Parenteral fish oil improves outcomes in patients with parenteral nutrition-associated liver injury. Ann Surg. 2009, 250:395-402.
105. Vitek L., Kotal P., Jirsa M., Malina J., Cerna M., Chmelar D., Fevery J. Intestinal colonization leading to fecal urobilinoid excretion may play a role in the pathogenesis of neonatal jaundice. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000, 30:294-298.
106. Bisceglia M., Indrio F., Riezzo G., Poerio V., Corapi U., Raimondi F. The effect of prebiotics in the management of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia. Acta Paediatr. 2009, 98:1579-1581.
107. Zahavi I., Rosezki O., Stolkarts Y., Shamir R., Heckelman B., Marcus H., Dinari G. The effect of cisapride on total parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in rats. Isr Med Assoc J 2000, 2:91-93.
108. Demircan M., Uguralp S., Mutus M., Gurer E.I., Atik E., Turhan F., Gursoy M.H. The effects of acetylsalicylic acid, interferon-alpha, and vitamin E on prevention of parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis: An experimental study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1999, 28:291-295.
109. Nussinovitch M., Zahavi I., Marcus H., Hackelman B., Dinari G. The choleretic effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in total parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis. Isr J Med Sci. 1996, 32:1262-1264.
110. Balk E.M., Horsley T.A., Newberry S.J., Lichtenstein A.H., Yetley E.A., Schachter H.M., Moher D., MacLean C.H., Lau J. A collaborative effort to apply the evidence-based review process to the field of nutrition: Challenges, benefits, and lessons learned. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007, 85:1448-1456.