Threats, structures, and resources: Cross-ideological coalition building in jordan

Comparative Politics

Volumn 43, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 101-120

  Clark, Janine A ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 77958550663     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5129/001041510X12911363510475     Document Type: Review

References (203)

1. I gratefully acknowledge the help of Holger Albrecht, Nathan Brown, Jordi Diez, Candace Johnson, Paul Kingston, Stacey Philbrick Yadav, Bassel Salloukh, Julian Schwedler, Lisa Wedeen, the anonymous reviewers, and the United States Institute of Peace in my research and writing of this article.
2. Maha Abdelrahman, "With the Islamists? Sometimes. With the State? Never!" British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 36 (April 2009), 37-54;
3. Abdelrahman, "The Leftists and Islamists in Egypt," ISIM Newsletter, 14 (June 2004), 26-27;
4. Michaelle Browers, "Origins and Architects of Yemen's Joint Meeting Parties," International Journal of Middle East Studies, 39 (November 2007), 565-86;
5. Browers, "The Egyptian Movement for Change," Contemporary Islam, 1 (2007), 69-88;
6. Julian Schwedler, "Democratization, Inclusion and the Moderation of Islamist Parties," Development, 50 (March 2007), 56-61;
7. Schwedler, Faith in Moderation (Cambridge University Press, 2006);
8. Schwedler, "Cop Rock: Protest, Identity, and Dancing Riot Police in Jordan," Social Movement Studies, 4 (September 2005), 155-75;
9. Schwedler, "The Islah Party in Yemen," in Quintan Wiktorowicz, ed., Islamic Activism (Indiana University Press, 2004), 205-28;
10. Janine A. Clark, "The Conditions of Islamist Moderation," International Journal of Middle East Studies, 38 (November 2006), 539-60;
11. Julian Schwedler and Janine A. Clark, "IslamistLeftist Cooperation in the Arab World," ISIM Review, 18 (Autumn 2006), 10-11;
12. Francesco Cavatorta, "Civil Society, Islamism and Democratisation," Journal of Modern African Studies, 44 (2006), 203-22;
13. Carrie Rosefsky Wickham, "Path to Moderation," Comparative Politics, 36 (January 2004), 205-28.
14. Schwedler, "Islah."
15. Research demonstrates Islamists' inflexibility regarding specific ideological positions. Clark, "Conditions."
16. Nella Van Dyke, "Crossing Movement Boundaries," Social Problems, 50 (May 2003), 230, 243, 244.
17. Ibid., 245.
18. Leftist and Arab nationalist parties live off a legacy of large social movements.
19. David S. Meyer, The Politics of Protest (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 10.
20. John D. McCarthy and Mayer N. Zald in Beth Schaefer Caniglia and JoAnn Carmin, "Scholarship on Social Movement Organizations," Mobilization, 10:2 (2005), 202.
21. Charles Tilly and Sidney Tarrow, Contentious Politics (Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2007), 66, 113.
22. Janine A. Clark, Islam, Charity and Activism (Indiana University Press, 2004);
23. Wiktorowicz, ed., Islamic Activism;
24. Schwedler, "Cop Rock"; Carrie Rosefsky Wickham, Mobilizing Islam (Columbia University Press, 2002).
25. See Wiktorowicz, "Introduction," in Wiktorowicz, Islamic Activism.
26. David Meyer and Catherine Corrigall-Brown, "Coalitions and Political Context," Mobilization, 10:3 (2005), 329-30.
27. Adapted from Mario Diani and Ivan Bison, "Organizations, Coalitions, and Movements," Theory and Society, 33 (2004), 281-309;
28. Schwedler and Clark, "Islamist-Leftist Cooperation," 10.
29. Simon Hix, Abdul Noury, and Gerard Roland, "Power to the Parties," British Journal of Political Science, 35 (2005), 213-15.
30. Paul V. Warwick, "When Far Apart Become Too Far Apart," British Journal of Political Science, 35 (2005), 383-401;
31. Warwick, "Do Policy Horizons Structure the Formation of Parliamentary Governments?" American Journal of Political Science, 49 (April 2005), 373-87.
32. Jeff Goodwin and James M. Jasper, eds. Rethinking Social Movements (USA: Rowman and Littlefield Pub. Inc., 2004);
33. Doug McAdam, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly, Dynamics of Contention (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001);
34. Verta Taylor, "Plus ça change, plus c'est le même chose," Mobilization, 8:1 (2003), 122-26;
35. Doug McAdam, "Ehhh, What's Up (with) DOC?" Mobilization, 8:1 (2003), 126-34;
36. Sidney Tarrow, "Confessions of a Recovering Structuralist" Mobilization, 8:1 (2003), 134-41;
37. Tilly and Tarrow, Contentious Politics.
38. Charles Kurzman, "The Poststructuralist Consensus in Social Movement Theory," in Goodwin and Jasper, Rethinking Social Movements, 118.
39. Meyer and Corrigall-Brown, "Coalitions," 329.
40. Kurzman, "Poststructuralist Consensus," 115.
41. Quoting William Gamson, Suzanne Staggenborg, "Coalition Work in the Pro-Choice Movement," Social Problems, 33 (June 1986), 374.
42. Van Dyke, "Crossing," 227.
43. Staggenborg, "Coalition Work"; Gregory M. Maney, "Transnational Mobilization and Civil Rights in Northern Ireland," Social Problems, 47 (May 2000), 153-79;
44. Holly J. McCammon and Karen E. Campbell, "Allies on the Road to Victory," Mobilization, 7:3 (2002), 231-51;
45. Van Dyke, "Crossing."
46. Staggenborg, "Coalition Work," 374-375;
47. Van Dyke, "Crossing," 227;
48. Will Hathaway and David S. Meyer, "Competition and Cooperation in Social Movement Coalitions," Berkeley School of Sociology: A Critical Review, 38 (1993-1994), 157-83.
49. Van Dyke, "Crossing," 227.
50. Ibid., 228. Scholars examining SM coalitions largely focus on external environmental factors. Meyer and Corrigall-Brown, "Coalitions."
51. Hathaway and Meyer, "Competition and Cooperation," 160;
52. Gillian Murphy, "Coalitions and the Development of the Global Environmental Movement," Mobilization, 10:2 (2005), 235, 237.
53. Meyer, Politics of Protest, 75;
54. Meyer and Corrigall-Brown, "Coalitions," 330.
55. Meyer and Corrigall-Brown, "Coalitions," 330-31.
56. Hathaway and Meyer, "Competition and Cooperation," 161-62.
57. Murphy, "Global Environmental Movement," 237.
58. Hathaway and Meyer, "Competition and Cooperation," 161;
59. Meyer and Corrigall-Brown, "Coalitions," 331;
60. Murphy, "Global Environmental Movement," 237.
61. Meyer and Corrigall-Brown, "Coalitions," 331.
62. Hathaway and Meyer, "Competition and Cooperation," 157-83.
63. To ensure the support of Jordanians of Jordanian (as opposed to Palestinian) descent, the state historically has provided subsidies to and recruited key families into the state apparatus, creating a tribal elite. Schirin H. Fathi, Jordan: An Invented Nation? (Hamburg: Deutsches Orient Institute, 1994);
64. Laurie Brand, "Palestinians and Jordanians," Journal of Palestine Studies XXIV, 4, 96 (Summer 1995), 48.
65. Russell Lucas, Institutions and the Politics of Survival in Jordan (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2005);
66. Ellen Lust-Okar, Structuring Conflict in the Arab World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005);
67. Wiktorowicz, The Management of Islamic Activism (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001).
68. Marion Boulby, The Muslim Brotherhood and the Kings of Jordan (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1999), 46.
69. Mohammad Abu Rumman, The Muslim Brotherhood (Amman: Friedrich-Ebert- Stiftung 2007), chap. 2.
70. The IAF is an umbrella party for Islamists but dominated by the MB and considered its party.
71. Paul L. Scham and Russell E. Lucas, "'Normalization' and 'Anti-Normalization' in Jordan," MERIA, 5 (September 2001), 60.
72. Islamists opposed peace based on their rejection of Israel's existence. Leftists and nationalists feared it would hinder Arab nationhood. Danishai Kornbluth, "Jordan and the Anti-Normalization Campaign, 1994-2001," Terrorism and Political Violence, 14 (Autumn 2002), 84, 94;
73. Jamal al-Khatib, "Role of Civil Society Institutions in Resisting Normalization with Israel: Case Study 8," unpublished paper, Al-Urdun al-Jadid Research Center; Scham and Lucas, 58;
74. Markus Bouillon, "Walking the Tightrope," in George Joffe, ed., Jordan in Transition (London: C. Hurst and Co., 2002), 8-10;
75. Marc Lynch, "Jordan's Identity and Interests," in Shibley Telhami and Michael Barnett, eds., Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002), 52-53.
76. Kornbluth, "Jordan and Anti-Normalization Campaign," 102.
77. In Jordan anti-regime parties are referred to as opposition parties. Tribal independents and parties generally are not opposition parties.
78. This section is based on Clark, "Conditions".
79. Staggenborg, "Coalition Work," 385, 388.
80. Van Dyke, "Crossing," 230, 243, 244;
81. Nella Van Dyke and Sarah A. Soule, "Structural Social Change and the Mobilizing Effect of Threat," Social Problems, 49 (2002), 497-520; McCammon and Campbell, "Allies."
82. Interviews with Mounir Hamarneh, SG, Amman, January 17, 2004 and January 12, 2005.
83. Interview with Hamzeh Mansour, former IAF SG, Amman, January 10, 2005.
84. Interviews with Hamarneh, January 17, 2004 and January 12, 2005; and Ahmed Yusuf, Assistant SG, HASHD Party, Amman, January 19, 2004.
85. Interview with Said Diab, Amman, January 13, 2004.
86. Interview with Yacoub Suleiman al-Kaswani, Amman, January 14, 2004.
87. Telephone interview with Abdullatif Arabiyyat, Amman, January 13, 2005.
88. Lust-Okar, "The Decline of Jordanian Political Parties: Myth or Reality?" International Journal of Middle East Studies, 33 (2001), 563.
89. Interview with Ahmed al-Najdawi, December 1, 2003.
90. Hisham Kassim, Directory of Civil Society Organizations in Jordan 2006 (Amman: al-Urdun al-Jadid Research Center and the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2006), 254.
91. Interviews with Hamarneh, January 17, 2004; al-Kaswani; Diab; Yusuf; Fuad Dabour, SG, Ba'th Arab Progressive Party, Amman, January 13, 2004.
92. Interview with Azzam al-Huneidi, Amman, December 1, 2003.
93. Interview with Dabour.
94. Interview with al-Kaswani.
95. Jordanian Communist Party, Intervention by the Jordanian Communist Party to the International Meeting, Athens, June 23-25 2000. www.solidnet.org/cgi-bin/ agent?parties/0480=jorda,-jordaian-communist-party/.
96. Lust-Okar, "Decline," 561-63; Lucas, "Institutions," 30.
97. Hani Hourani, "The Development of the Political Role of the Professional Associations," in Warwick M. Knowles, ed., Professional Associations and the Challenges of Democratic Transformation in Jordan, (Amman: Al-Urdun al-Jadid Research Center, 2000), 18;
98. Umar Khrawish Hamayil, "Institutional Characteristics of the Jordanian Professional Associations," in Knowles, 69. There are two professional societies with fewer powers.
99. Hamayil, "Institutional Characteristics," 66-67.
100. Kassim, Society Organizations, 113.
101. Ibid., 115.
102. Zaid Hamzeh, "Membership of the Associations," in Knowles, 128. For state-PA relations,
103. see Pete W. Moore and Bassel F. Salloukh, "Struggles Under Authoritarianism," International Journal of Middle East Studies, 39 (2007), 53-76.
104. The Public Freedom Committee was created in 1990. Joseph Nevo, "Professional Associations in Jordan," Asian Studies Review, 25 (June 2001), 174.
105. Schwedler, "Cop Rock."
106. Interviews with Maisara Malas, Amman, January 12, 2005; Mohammed Sweidan, journalist, Amman, January 10, 2005.
107. Hussein Abu Rumman, "Case Study 7: The Problem of the Political and Professional Roles in the Professional Associations," unpublished paper, Al-Urdun al-Jadid Research Center; Hourani, "Political Role of the Professional Associations," 17-62.
108. Interview with Ali Abu Sukkar, Amman, January 11, 2005.
109. Interview with Malas.
110. Interview with Sweidan.
111. Sona Nadenichek Golder, "Pre-Electoral Coalition Formation in Parliamentary Democracies," British Journal of Political Science, 36 (2006), 196.
112. PA elections are based on the list system. Voters choose candidates from either list.
113. Interviews with Ahmed Armooti, Amman, March 5, 2005; and Basim al-Kiswani, JMA board member, Amman, March 9, 2005.
114. Interview with Sweidan, Amman, January 10, 2005.
115. Interview with Abdallah al-Ghosheh, Amman, March 13, 2005.
116. Van Dyke, "Crossing," 244.
117. Interview with al-Kiswani.
118. Hamayil, "Institutional Characteristics," 63-65.
119. Interview with al-Ghosheh, May 24, 2006.
120. Interviews with al-Ghosheh, March 13, 2005 and May 24, 2006; and al-Kiswani.
121. Interview with al-Ghosheh, March 13, 2005.
122. Interview with Sweidan, Amman, March 17, 2005.
123. Abdullah al-Ghosheh, interview with researcher Oula Farawati on behalf of author, Amman, August 8, 2006.
124. Interview with al-Ghosheh, March 13, 2005.
125. Interview with Majid Tobeh, Amman. January 12, 2005.
126. Interview with al-Ghosheh, March 13, 2005.
127. Interview with al-Ghosheh, August 8 2006.
128. Van Dyke, "Crossing," 243.
129. Hani Houráni and Hussein Abu Rumman, Civil Society and Governance: Part One (Amman: Al-Urdun Al-Jadid Research Center, 2004), 135-36, in Arabic.
130. Samir Khuraino, Jordanian Student Movement from 1948 to 1998 (Amman: Al-Urdun Al-Jadid, 2000), 34, in Arabic.
131. Samir Khair Ahmad, "The Jordanian Student Movement and its Failure to Establish a General, United and Independent Student Union" in Hani Hourani, ed., Civil Society and Governance in Jordan: Part Two (Amman: Al-Urdun al-Jadid, 2004), 33, in Arabic. Samir Khuraino, "The Jordanian Student Movement and Its Failure to Establish a General, United and Independent Student Union," unpublished paper, Al-Urdun al-Jadid Research Center.
132. Ahmad, "Jordanian Student Movement," 34-35.
133. Hourani and Abu Rumman, Civil Society and Governance, 130.
134. Ibid., 129.
135. Interview with Osama Habbeh, University of Jordan, Amman, May 27, 2006.
136. Interview with Islamist student council member, University of Jordan 1999/2000, Amman, June 7, 2006;
137. Hourani and Abu Rumman, Civil Society and Governance, 131.
138. Interview with Samir Khuraino, University of Jordan 1992-1997, Amman, March 14, 2005;
139. Al-Ghad, August 24, 2004.
140. Khuraino, Student Movement, 89.
141. Interview with Khuraino.
142. Ahmad, "Jordanian Student Movement," 35.
143. Ibid., p.37;
144. Khuraino, Student Movement, 81.
145. Boulby, Muslim Brotherhood, 90.
146. Ahmad, "Jordanian Student Movement."
147. Khuraino, Student Movement, 83;
148. Al-Ghad, August 24, 2004.
149. E-mail interview with Ahmad Amro, July 30, 2006.
150. Al-Ghad, August 24, 2004.
151. E-mail interview with Amro; Ahmad, "Jordanian Student Movement," 38;
152. Khuraino, Student Movement, 83;
153. Al-Ghad, August 24, 2004.
154. Ahmad, "Jordanian Student Movement," 41.
155. Ibid., 43.
156. Al-Ghad, August 24, 2004.
157. Interview with Khuraino.
158. Interviews with Habbeh; Islamist student council member; and Khuraino.
159. Khuraino, "Student Movement."
160. Interview with Nooreddin Khamayseh, Amman, March 6, 2005; E-mail interview with Amro.
161. Interviews with Khamayseh; and Islamist student council member. Al-Ghad, August 24, 2004.
162. According to university policy, if more than 50 percent of the council resigns, the administration must rectify the situation or call new elections. Neither took place. Ahmad, "Jordanian Student Movement," 44.
163. E-mail interview with Amro.
164. Ahmad, "Jordanian Student Movement," 40.
165. Al-Arab al-Youm, May 23, 2000;
166. Al-Ghad, August 24, 2004.
167. Interview with Khamayseh, Amman, March 6, 2005.
168. Interview with Islamist student council member.
169. Interviews with Hatim Abadi, Al-Ra'y, Amman, March 7, 2005;
170. Khamayseh; Al-Ghad, August 24, 2004.
171. Interview with Islamist student council member. Ahmad, "Jordanian Student Movement," 42;
172. Al-Ghad, August 24, 2004.
173. Al-Arab al-Youm, May 23, 2000.
174. Al-Ghad, August 24, 2004.
175. Khuraino, Student Movement, 84.
176. Ahmad, "Jordanian Student Movement," 43;
177. Khuraino, Student Movement, 131-32.
178. Khuraino, Student Movement, 134.
179. Boulby, Muslim Brotherhood, 86-87;
180. Khuraino, Student Movement; Interview with Mohammed Abu Rumman, Amman, May 11, 2006.
181. Interview with Islamist student council member.
182. University campuses offer the one-on-one contact and social connections that SMT confirms as crucial for recruitment. Van Dyke, "Crossing," 231;
183. David A. Snow, Louis A. Zurcher, Jr., and Sheldon EcklandOlson, "Social Networks and Social Movements," American Sociological Review, 45 (October 1980), 791;
184. James A. Kitts, "Not in Our Backyard," Sociological Inquiry, 69:4 (1999), 70-93;
185. Doug McAdam, "Culture and Social Movements," in Erique Larana, Hank Johnston, and Joseph R. Gusfield, eds., New Social Movements (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994), 36-37.
186. Khuraino, "Student Movement".
187. Ahmad, "Jordanian Student Movement," 43;
188. Houráni and Abu Rumman, Civil Society and Governance, 132.
189. Khuraino, Student Movement, 84; 131-32;
190. Al-Ghad, August 24, 2004.
191. E-mail interview with Amro.
192. Browers, "Origins and Architects," 565-66;
193. Schwedler, Faith.
194. Browers, "Origins and Architects," 566; Clark, "Conditions."
195. Schwedler, "Democratization," 56.
196. Schwedler, "Democratization."
197. Yemen Times, March 27-30, 2008.
198. The CRNI regards Jordan's recall of its ambassador to Israel from 2000 to 2005 as an achievement.
199. Van Dyke, "Crossing," 230, 243, 244.
200. Ibid., 244.
201. Staggenborg, "Coalition Work," 385.
202. Ibid., 386.
203. Interview with Dabour.