Organizations, coalitions, and movements

Theory and Society

Volumn 33, Issue 3-4, 2004, Pages 281-309

  Diani, Mario ^a   Bison, Ivano ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 20844433229     PISSN: 03042421     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:RYSO.0000038610.00045.07     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Charles Tilly, "Social Movements as Historically Specific Clusters of Political Performances," Berkeley Journal of Sociology 38 (1994): 1-30.
2. Doug McAdam, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly, Dynamics of Contention (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
3. Charles Tilly, "Agendas for Students of Social Movements," in Jack Goldstone, editor, States, Parties, and Social Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 248.
4. Doug McAdam, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly, Dynamics of Contention, 76.
5. Or, in Doc's language, "competition," "identity shift," "opportunity spirals,," to mention just a few (Doug McAdam, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly, Dynamics of Contention, 252-253).
6. Mario Diani, "The Terrestrial Emporium of Contentious Knowledge," Mobilization 8 (2003): 109-112.
7. Mario Diani, "The Concept of Social Movement," Sociological Review 40 (1992): 13.
8. Mario Diani, "The Concept of Social Movement"; Mario Diani, "Networks and Social Movements: A Research Program," in Mario Diani and Doug McAdam, editors, Social Movements and Networks: Relational Approaches to Collective Action (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 299-319.
9. Mario Diani, "The Concept of Social Movement"; Mario Diani, "Networks and Social Movements: A Research Program," in Mario Diani and Doug McAdam, editors, Social Movements and Networks: Relational Approaches to Collective Action (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 299-319.
10. On these issues see, among many others, William Gamson, "The Social Psychology of Collective Action," in Aldon Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 53-76; Alberto Melucci, Challenging Codes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), Part I.
11. On these issues see, among many others, William Gamson, "The Social Psychology of Collective Action," in Aldon Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller, editors, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 53-76; Alberto Melucci, Challenging Codes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), Part I.
12. Alberto Melucci, Nomads of the Present (London: Hutchinson Radius, 1989); Alberto Melucci, Challenging Codes.
13. Alberto Melucci, Nomads of the Present (London: Hutchinson Radius, 1989); Alberto Melucci, Challenging Codes.
14. Alessandro Pizzorno, "Decisioni o Interazioni? La Micro-descrizione del Cambiamento Sociale," Rassegna Italiana di Sociologia 37 (1996): 107-132.
15. Alain Touraine, The Voice and the Eye. An Analysis of Social Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
16. Alberto Melucci, Challenging Codes; Manuel Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture. Vol. II: The Power of Identity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997).
17. Alberto Melucci, Challenging Codes; Manuel Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture. Vol. II: The Power of Identity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997).
18. Alberto Melucci, Challenging Codes, Chap. 3.
19. The combination of three dichotomous variables actually generates eight possible cases. We ignore for the time being those types in which a strong movement identity combines with sparse informal networks, i.e., with a style of collective action conducted mainly within organizations. Their capacity to capture empirical instances of collective action seems limited to us.
20. We see consensus movements as forms of collective action that "are distinguished from conflict movements in terms of the degree to which each recognizes and acts on oppositions of objective social interests and seeks in direct and detailed fashion to change social policy" (John Lofland, "Consensus Movements: City Twinnings and Derailed Dissent in the American Eighties," Research in Social Movements, Conflict and Change, 11 [1989], 163). We prefer this analytical definition to others, simply taking the proportion of people supporting a given cause as the defining element (John McCarthy and Mark Wolfson, "Consensus Movements, Conflict Movements, and the Cooptation of Civic and State Infrastructures," in Aldon Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller, editors, Frontiers In Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 274.
21. We see consensus movements as forms of collective action that "are distinguished from conflict movements in terms of the degree to which each recognizes and acts on oppositions of objective social interests and seeks in direct and detailed fashion to change social policy" (John Lofland, "Consensus Movements: City Twinnings and Derailed Dissent in the American Eighties," Research in Social Movements, Conflict and Change, 11 [1989], 163). We prefer this analytical definition to others, simply taking the proportion of people supporting a given cause as the defining element (John McCarthy and Mark Wolfson, "Consensus Movements, Conflict Movements, and the Cooptation of Civic and State Infrastructures," in Aldon Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller, editors, Frontiers In Social Movement Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 274.
22. Barbara Hinckley, Coalitions and politics (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981), 4-5; Vincent Lémieux, "Reseaux et coalitions," L'Année Sociologique 47 (1997): 55-72. Of course, nothing prevents a coalitional dynamic from evolving into a social movement one (see, e.g., Mark Warren, "Power and conflict in social capital. Community organizing and urban policy," in Bob Edwards, Michael Foley, and Mario Diani, editors, Beyond Tocqueville [Hanover: University Press of New England, 2001], 169-182). However, it is still important to recognize the analytical difference between the two processes.
23. Barbara Hinckley, Coalitions and politics (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981), 4-5; Vincent Lémieux, "Reseaux et coalitions," L'Année Sociologique 47 (1997): 55-72. Of course, nothing prevents a coalitional dynamic from evolving into a social movement one (see, e.g., Mark Warren, "Power and conflict in social capital. Community organizing and urban policy," in Bob Edwards, Michael Foley, and Mario Diani, editors, Beyond Tocqueville [Hanover: University Press of New England, 2001], 169-182). However, it is still important to recognize the analytical difference between the two processes.
24. Barbara Hinckley, Coalitions and politics (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981), 4-5; Vincent Lémieux, "Reseaux et coalitions," L'Année Sociologique 47 (1997): 55-72. Of course, nothing prevents a coalitional dynamic from evolving into a social movement one (see, e.g., Mark Warren, "Power and conflict in social capital. Community organizing and urban policy," in Bob Edwards, Michael Foley, and Mario Diani, editors, Beyond Tocqueville [Hanover: University Press of New England, 2001], 169-182). However, it is still important to recognize the analytical difference between the two processes.
25. See, e.g., Mary Kaldor, "A Decade of Humanitarian Intervention: The role of global civil society," in Helmut Anheier, Marlies Glasius, and Mary Kaldor, editors, Global Civil Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 109-145.
26. This definition is closest to what Richard Scott (Organizations [Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1987], 10) classically refers to as the rational system perspective, according to which "organizations are collectivities oriented to the pursuit of relatively specific goals and exhibiting relatively high formalized social structures."
27. See, e.g., Jeremy Kendall and Martin Knapp, The Voluntary Sector in the UK (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996).
28. See, e.g., Giorgio Osti, La natura, gli altri, la societa : Il terzo settore per L'ambiente in Italia (Milan: Angeli, 1998); Marco Giugni and Florence Passy, editors, Political Altruism? (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001).
29. See, e.g., Giorgio Osti, La natura, gli altri, la societa : Il terzo settore per L'ambiente in Italia (Milan: Angeli, 1998); Marco Giugni and Florence Passy, editors, Political Altruism? (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001).
30. Chris Pickvance, "Social Movements in the Transition from State Socialism: Convergence or Divergence," in Louis Maheu, editor, Social Movements and Social Classes: New Actors and New Agendas (London: Sage, 1995), 146.
31. Helmut Anheier, "Movement Development and Organizational Networks: The Role of 'Single Members' in the German Nazi Party, 1925-1930," in Mario Diani and Doug McAdam, editors, Social Movements and Networks: Relational Approaches to Collective Action (Oxford: New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 49-74.
32. A logic of investigation that, incidentally, may also be conveniently applied to the formation of many contemporary parties: see Angelo Panebianco, Political Parties (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Peter Hedström, Rickard Sandell, and Charlotta Stern, "Mesolevel Networks and the Diffusion of Social Movements: The Case of the Swedish Social Democratic Party," American Journal of Sociology 106 (2000): 145-172.
33. A logic of investigation that, incidentally, may also be conveniently applied to the formation of many contemporary parties: see Angelo Panebianco, Political Parties (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Peter Hedström, Rickard Sandell, and Charlotta Stern, "Mesolevel Networks and the Diffusion of Social Movements: The Case of the Swedish Social Democratic Party," American Journal of Sociology 106 (2000): 145-172.
34. As suggested among others by Christopher Rootes, "Environmental protest in Britain 1988-1997," in Ben Seel, Matthew Paterson, and Brian Doherty, editors, Direct Action in British Environmentalism (London: Routledge, 2000), 26-61.
35. Robert Lumley, States of Insurgency (London: Verso, 1990); Mario Diani, Green Networks (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995).
36. Robert Lumley, States of Insurgency (London: Verso, 1990); Mario Diani, Green Networks (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995).
37. There are strong reasons to believe that, with the exception of one ethnic organization in Bristol, all the most central organizations in the two cities were contacted: Although many other organizations, which were not among those interviewed, were mentioned by respondents, none received more than three nominations (the 10% most central organizations in the two cities were named seven times or more by other network members).
38. These were the Southside in Glasgow, an area with massive historical presence of working class, including neighborhoods such as Govan, Govanhill, Gorbals, and Pollokshields; and the area including the neighborhoods of Easton, Knowles, Withywood, and Hartcliffe in Bristol, featuring a strong presence of ethnic minorities.
39. We used Concor, a procedure developed by Ronald L. Breiger, Scott A. Boorman, and Philip Arabie ("An Algorithm for Clustering Relational Data with Application to Social Network Analysis and Comparison with Multidimensional Scaling," Journal of Mathematical Psychology 12 [1975]: 328-383). Many have pointed out the ambiguous nature of the computation through which Concor generates its partition of a network, most forcefully Stan Wassermann and Katherine Faust (Social Network Analysis [New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994], 380-381). However, it has also been remarked how it tends to generate substantively interpretable results (David Knoke and James H. Kuklinski, Network Analysis [London/Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1982], 74), and how its result are most problematic in the case of graphs consisting of different components (John Scott, Social Network Analysis. A Handbook [London/Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1991], 140), which is not the case here.
40. We used Concor, a procedure developed by Ronald L. Breiger, Scott A. Boorman, and Philip Arabie ("An Algorithm for Clustering Relational Data with Application to Social Network Analysis and Comparison with Multidimensional Scaling," Journal of Mathematical Psychology 12 [1975]: 328-383). Many have pointed out the ambiguous nature of the computation through which Concor generates its partition of a network, most forcefully Stan Wassermann and Katherine Faust (Social Network Analysis [New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994], 380-381). However, it has also been remarked how it tends to generate substantively interpretable results (David Knoke and James H. Kuklinski, Network Analysis [London/Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1982], 74), and how its result are most problematic in the case of graphs consisting of different components (John Scott, Social Network Analysis. A Handbook [London/Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1991], 140), which is not the case here.
41. We used Concor, a procedure developed by Ronald L. Breiger, Scott A. Boorman, and Philip Arabie ("An Algorithm for Clustering Relational Data with Application to Social Network Analysis and Comparison with Multidimensional Scaling," Journal of Mathematical Psychology 12 [1975]: 328-383). Many have pointed out the ambiguous nature of the computation through which Concor generates its partition of a network, most forcefully Stan Wassermann and Katherine Faust (Social Network Analysis [New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994], 380-381). However, it has also been remarked how it tends to generate substantively interpretable results (David Knoke and James H. Kuklinski, Network Analysis [London/Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1982], 74), and how its result are most problematic in the case of graphs consisting of different components (John Scott, Social Network Analysis. A Handbook [London/Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1991], 140), which is not the case here.
42. We used Concor, a procedure developed by Ronald L. Breiger, Scott A. Boorman, and Philip Arabie ("An Algorithm for Clustering Relational Data with Application to Social Network Analysis and Comparison with Multidimensional Scaling," Journal of Mathematical Psychology 12 [1975]: 328-383). Many have pointed out the ambiguous nature of the computation through which Concor generates its partition of a network, most forcefully Stan Wassermann and Katherine Faust (Social Network Analysis [New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994], 380-381). However, it has also been remarked how it tends to generate substantively interpretable results (David Knoke and James H. Kuklinski, Network Analysis [London/Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1982], 74), and how its result are most problematic in the case of graphs consisting of different components (John Scott, Social Network Analysis. A Handbook [London/Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1991], 140), which is not the case here.
43. For a more formal definition of structural equivalence, see Stan Wassermann and Katherine Faust, Social Network Analysis, 356-361.
44. We used a test of autocorrelation for categorical variables in order to allow for the lack of independence between cases. The procedure enabled us to test whether organizations were more likely to identify as allies or to have identity links with organizations occupying the same structural position - i.e., located in the same block - rather than with other groups. In particular, we used the procedure indicated as "Network autocorrelation with categorical variables" in Ucinet 6 (Steven Borgatti, Martin Everett, and Linton Freeman, Ucinet 6 for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis [Harvard: Analytic Technologies, 2002]).
45. We used a test of autocorrelation for categorical variables in order to allow for the lack of independence between cases. The procedure enabled us to test whether organizations were more likely to identify as allies or to have identity links with organizations occupying the same structural position - i.e., located in the same block - rather than with other groups. In particular, we used the procedure indicated as "Network autocorrelation with categorical variables" in Ucinet 6 (Steven Borgatti, Martin Everett, and Linton Freeman, Ucinet 6 for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis [Harvard: Analytic Technologies, 2002]).
46. Mark Mizruchi and Michael Schwartz, editors, Intercorporate Relations. The Structural Analysis of Business (Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987).
47. Considering that the presence of joint core members was recorded only between organizations who identified each other as a most important ally, the density of the resulting networks is unsurprisingly very low, 0.005 in Glasgow and 0.010 in Bristol.
48. This time, the density of the resulting networks was - once again, unsurprisingly - higher than in the inter-organizational alliance networks (0.065 in Glasgow and 0.054 in Bristol).
49. We also ran the same procedure separately on the networks consisting of ties of shared memberships and joint participation in past events, with similar results.
50. A preliminary inspection of the data, based on a generalized loglinear model, confirmed findings about Glasgow but could not find evidence of a strong overlap of alliance and identity link in Bristol block 3. Although we are confident that the procedure adopted here is the most appropriate for this type of data, care should be taken when interpreting the Bristol findings until further examination of the data is conducted.
51. Alberto Melucci, Challenging Codes, 113-117.
52. Milton J. Yinger, "Contraculture and subculture," American Sociological Review 25 (1960): 625-635.
53. See, respectively, Nancy Whittier, Feminist Generations: The Persistence of the Radical Women"s Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995); Brian Doherty. Studying Local Activist Communities Over Time: Direct Action in Manchester, Oxford and North Wales, Paper for the 6th European Socioloogical Conference, Murcia, September 2003; Mario Diani, Green Networks.
54. See, respectively, Nancy Whittier, Feminist Generations: The Persistence of the Radical Women"s Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995); Brian Doherty. Studying Local Activist Communities Over Time: Direct Action in Manchester, Oxford and North Wales, Paper for the 6th European Socioloogical Conference, Murcia, September 2003; Mario Diani, Green Networks.
55. See, respectively, Nancy Whittier, Feminist Generations: The Persistence of the Radical Women"s Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995); Brian Doherty. Studying Local Activist Communities Over Time: Direct Action in Manchester, Oxford and North Wales, Paper for the 6th European Socioloogical Conference, Murcia, September 2003; Mario Diani, Green Networks.
56. Ranjay Gulati and Martin Gargiulo, "Where Do Inter-organizational Networks Come From?" American Journal of Sociology 104 (1999): 1439-1493; Patrick Kenis and David Knoke, "How Organizational Field Networks Shape Inter-organizational Tie-Formation Rates," Academy of Management Review 27 (2002): 275-293; Mario Diani, "Networks and Social Movements: A Research Program."
57. Ranjay Gulati and Martin Gargiulo, "Where Do Inter-organizational Networks Come From?" American Journal of Sociology 104 (1999): 1439-1493; Patrick Kenis and David Knoke, "How Organizational Field Networks Shape Inter-organizational Tie-Formation Rates," Academy of Management Review 27 (2002): 275-293; Mario Diani, "Networks and Social Movements: A Research Program."
58. Ranjay Gulati and Martin Gargiulo, "Where Do Inter-organizational Networks Come From?" American Journal of Sociology 104 (1999): 1439-1493; Patrick Kenis and David Knoke, "How Organizational Field Networks Shape Inter-organizational Tie-Formation Rates," Academy of Management Review 27 (2002): 275-293; Mario Diani, "Networks and Social Movements: A Research Program."
59. Charles Tilly, "Agendas for Students of Social Movements," 248.
60. Recent work by Tilly addresses this issue yet - as far as we are aware - without systematic connection to social movement processes (Charles Tilly, Social Boundary Mechanisms, unpublished article, Columbia University, 2003).
61. Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James M. Cook, "Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks," Annual Review of Sociology 27 (2001): 415-444.
62. Dieter Rucht, "Parties, Associations and Movements as Systems of Political Interest Intermediation," in Josef Thesing and Wilhelm Hofmeister, editors, Political Parties in Democracy (Sankt Augustin: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 1995), 103-125.
63. Alberto Melucci, Challenging Codes; Hanspeter Kriesi, "The Organizational Structure of New Social Movements in a Political Context," in Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald, editors, Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements (Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 152-184.
64. Alberto Melucci, Challenging Codes; Hanspeter Kriesi, "The Organizational Structure of New Social Movements in a Political Context," in Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald, editors, Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements (Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 152-184.
65. Alberto Melucci, Challenging Codes.
66. Russell Dalton, Citizen Politics in Western Democracies (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1996); Pippa Norris, Democratic Phoenix (New York/Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
67. Russell Dalton, Citizen Politics in Western Democracies (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1996); Pippa Norris, Democratic Phoenix (New York/Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
68. Mario Diani, Isobel Lindsay, and Derrick Purdue, Networks of Citizens' Organizations in Britain: Report of Main Findings, Research Report, Department of Government, University of Strathclyde in Glasgow, December 2003.
69. Derrick Purdue and Mario Diani, Voice and Leadership in Civic Networks in Bristol (and Glasgow), paper for the "Voice, Leadership and Accountability Conference," Centre for Local Democracy, University of the West of England, 8-10 September 2003.
70. Doug McAdam, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly, Dynamics of Contention.
71. Mario Diani, "Networks and Social Movements: A Research Program."