A comprehensive analysis of common IGF1, IGFBP1 and IGFBP3 genetic variation with prospective IGF-I and IGFBP-3 blood levels and prostate cancer risk among Caucasians

Human Molecular Genetics

Volumn 19, Issue 15, 2010, Pages 3089-3101

  Schumacher, Fredrick R ^a   Cheng, Iona ^b   Freedman, Matthew L ^c   Mucci, Lorelei ^d,e   Allen, Naomi E ^h   Pollak, Michael N ⁱ   Hayes, Richard B ^j   Stram, Daniel O ^a   Canzian, Federico ^k   Henderson, Briane E ^a   Hunter, David J ^d,e   Virtamo, Jarmo ^l   Manjer, Jonas ^m   Gaziano, J Michael ^f,g   Kolone, Laurence N ^b   Tjønneland, Anne ⁿ   Albanes, Demetrius ^o   Calle, Eugenia E ^p   Giovannucci, Edward ^d,e   David Crawford, E ^q   Haiman, Christopher A ^a   Kraft, Peter ^d   Willett, Walter C ^d   Thun, Michael J ^p   Le Marchand, Loïc ^b   Kaaks, Rudolf ^k   Feigelson, Heather Spencer ^p,r   Bueno de Mesquita, H Bas ^s   Palli, Domenico ^t   Riboli, Elio ^u   Lund, Eiliv ^v   Amiano, Pilar ^s   Andriole, Gerald ^w   Dunning, Alison M ^x   Trichopoulos, Dimitrios ^y   Stampfer, Meir J ^d,e   Key, Timothy J ^h   Ma, Jing ^e   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^c DANA FARBER CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^d HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^e HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^f BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^g VA BOSTON HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

ⁱ MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^j NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^k GERMAN CANCER RESEARCH CENTER DKFZ   (Germany)

^l NATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^m LUND UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

ⁿ INSTITUTE OF CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY   (Denmark)

^o NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^p AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY   (United States)

^q UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^r KAISER PERMANENTE   (United States)

^s NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT   (Netherlands)

^t CANCER RESEARCH AND PREVENTION INSTITUTE ISPO   (Italy)

^u IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^v UNIVERSITY OF TROMSØ   (Norway)

^w WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^x UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^y UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Greece)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SOMATOMEDIN BINDING PROTEIN 1; SOMATOMEDIN BINDING PROTEIN 3; SOMATOMEDIN C;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BLOOD ANALYSIS; CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENESIS; CAUCASIAN; GENE FREQUENCY; GENE IDENTIFICATION; GENE SEQUENCE; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC RISK; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOTYPE; HETEROZYGOTE; HOMOZYGOTE; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; PROSTATE CANCER; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; AGED; BLOOD; BREAST TUMOR; COHORT ANALYSIS; FEMALE; GENE LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; METABOLISM; MIDDLE AGED; PROSTATE TUMOR; RISK FACTOR;

AGED; BREAST NEOPLASMS; COHORT STUDIES; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; GENETIC VARIATION; HUMANS; INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN 1; INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN 3; INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I; LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 77958190951     PISSN: 09646906     EISSN: 14602083     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq210     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. DiGiovanni, J., Kiguchi, K., Frijhoff, A., Wilker, E., Bol, D.K., Beltran, L., Moats, S., Ramirez, A., Jorcano, J. and Conti, C. (2000) Deregulated expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 in prostate epithelium leads to neoplasia in transgenic mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 3455-3460.
2. Ruan, W., Powell-Braxton, L., Kopchick, J.J. and Kleinberg, D.L. (1999) Evidence that insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone are required for prostate gland development. Endocrinology, 140, 1984-1989.
3. Yu, H. and Rohan, T. (2000) Role of the insulin-like growth factor family in cancer development and progression. J. Natl Cancer Inst., 92, 1472-1489.
4. Boudon, C., Rodier, G., Lechevallier, E., Mottet, N., Barenton, B. and Sultan, C. (1996) Secretion of insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins by human normal and hyperplastic prostatic cells in primary culture. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 81, 612-617.
5. Cohen, P., Peehl, D.M., Lamson, G. and Rosenfeld, R.G. (1991) Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), IGF receptors, and IGF-binding proteins in primary cultures of prostate epithelial cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 73, 401-407.
6. Pietrzkowski, Z., Mulholland, G., Gomella, L., Jameson, B.A., Wernicke, D. and Baserga, R. (1993) Inhibition of growth of prostatic cancer cell lines by peptide analogues of insulin-like growth factor 1. Cancer Res., 53, 1102-1106.
7. Parrizas, M. and LeRoith, D. (1997) Insulin-like growth factor-1 inhibition of apoptosis is associated with increased expression of the bcl-xL gene product. Endocrinology, 138, 1355-1358.
8. Pollak, M. (2000) Insulin-like growth factor physiology and neoplasia. Growth Horm. IGF Res., 10 (Suppl A), S6-S7.
9. Pollak, M. (2000) Insulin-like growth factor physiology and cancer risk. Eur. J. Cancer, 36, 1224-1228.
10. Pollak, M.N., Schernhammer, E.S. and Hankinson, S.E. (2004) Insulin-like growth factors and neoplasia. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 4, 505-518.
11. Renehan, A.G., Zwahlen, M., Minder, C., O'Dwyer, S.T., Shalet, S.M. and Egger, M. (2004) Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-3, and cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Lancet, 363, 1346-1353.
12. Baxter, R.C. (1988) Characterization of the acid-labile subunit of the growth hormone-dependent insulin-like growth factor binding protein complex. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 67, 265-272.
13. Lee, P.D., Giudice, L.C., Conover, C.A. and Powell, D.R. (1997) Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1: recent findings and new directions. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 216, 319-357.
14. Baxter, R.C. (2001) Signalling pathways involved in antiproliferative effects of IGFBP-3: a review. Mol. Pathol., 54, 145-148.
15. Firth, S.M. and Baxter, R.C. (2002) Cellular actions of the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins. Endocr. Rev., 23, 824-854.
16. Chan, J.M., Stampfer, M.J., Ma, J., Gann, P., Gaziano, J.M., Pollak, M. and Giovannucci, E. (2002) Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF binding protein-3 as predictors of advanced-stage prostate cancer. J. Natl Cancer Inst., 94, 1099-1106.
17. Shi, R., Berkel, H.J. and Yu, H. (2001) Insulin-like growth factor-I and prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. Br. J. Cancer, 85, 991-996.
18. Stattin, P., Rinaldi, S., Biessy, C., Stenman, U.H., Hallmans, G. and Kaaks, R. (2004) High levels of circulating insulin-like growth factor-I increase prostate cancer risk: a prospective study in a population-based nonscreened cohort. J. Clin. Oncol., 22, 3104-3112.
19. Allen, N.E., Key, T.J., Appleby, P.N., Travis, R.C., Roddam, A.W., Rinaldi, S., Egevad, L., Rohrmann, S., Linseisen, J., Pischon, T. et al. (2007) Serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3 concentrations and prostate cancer risk: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers. Prev., 16, 1121-1127.
20. Platz, E.A., Pollak, M.N., Leitzmann, M.F., Stampfer, M.J., Willett, W.C. and Giovannucci, E. (2005) Plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 and binding protein-3 and subsequent risk of prostate cancer in the PSA era. Cancer Causes Control, 16, 255-262.
21. Weiss, J.M., Huang, W.Y., Rinaldi, S., Fears, T.R., Chatterjee, N., Chia, D., Crawford, E.D., Kaaks, R. and Hayes, R.B. (2007) IGF-1 and IGFBP-3: risk of prostate cancer among men in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Int. J. Cancer, 121, 2267-2273.
22. Woodson, K., Tangrea, J.A., Pollak, M., Copeland, T.D., Taylor, P.R., Virtamo, J. and Albanes, D. (2003) Serum insulin-like growth factor I: tumor marker or etiologic factor? A prospective study of prostate cancer among Finnish men. Cancer Res., 63, 3991-3994.
23. Chan, J.M., Stampfer, M.J., Giovannucci, E., Gann, P.H., Ma, J., Wilkinson, P., Hennekens, C.H. and Pollak, M. (1998) Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study. Science, 279, 563-566.
24. Roddam, A.W., Allen, N.E., Appleby, P., Key, T.J., Ferrucci, L., Carter, H.B., Metter, E.J., Chen, C., Weiss, N.S., Fitzpatrick, A. et al. (2008) Insulin-like growth factors, their binding proteins, and prostate cancer risk: analysis of individual patient data from 12 prospective studies. Ann. Intern. Med., 149, 461-471, W483-468.
25. Harman, S.M., Metter, E.J., Blackman, M.R., Landis, P.K. and Carter, H.B. (2000) Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-II, IGF-binding protein-3, and prostate-specific antigen as predictors of clinical prostate cancer. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 85, 4258-4265.
26. Stattin, P., Bylund, A., Rinaldi, S., Biessy, C., Dechaud, H., Stenman, U.H., Egevad, L., Riboli, E., Hallmans, G. and Kaaks, R. (2000) Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins, and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study. J. Natl Cancer Inst., 92, 1910-1917.
27. Morris, J.K., George, L.M., Wu, T. and Wald, N.J. (2006) Insulin-like growth factors and cancer: no role in screening. Evidence from the BUPA study and meta-analysis of prospective epidemiological studies. Br. J. Cancer, 95, 112-117.
28. Kaaks, R. and Lukanova, A. (2001) Energy balance and cancer: the role of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 60, 91-106.
29. Thissen, J.P., Ketelslegers, J.M. and Underwood, L.E. (1994) Nutritional regulation of the insulin-like growth factors. Endocr. Rev., 15, 80-101.
30. Hall, K., Hilding, A. and Thoren, M. (1999) Determinants of circulating insulin-like growth factor-I. J. Endocrinol. Invest., 22, 48-57.
31. Harrela, M., Koistinen, H., Kaprio, J., Lehtovirta, M., Tuomilehto, J., Eriksson, J., Toivanen, L., Koskenvuo, M., Leinonen, P., Koistinen, R. et al. (1996) Genetic and environmental components of interindividual variation in circulating levels of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3. J. Clin. Invest., 98, 2612-2615.
32. Hong, Y., Brismar, K., Hall, K., Pedersen, N.L. and de Faire, U. (1997) Associations between insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF-binding protein-1, insulin and other metabolic measures after controlling for genetic influences: results from middle-aged and elderly monozygotic twins. J. Endocrinol., 153, 251-257.
33. Kao, P.C., Matheny, A.P. Jr and Lang, C.A. (1994) Insulin-like growth factor-I comparisons in healthy twin children. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 78, 310-312.
34. Verhaeghe, J., Loos, R., Vlietinck, R., Herck, E.V., van Bree, R. and Schutter, A.M. (1996) C-peptide, insulin-like growth factors I and II, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 in cord serum of twins: genetic versus environmental regulation. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 175, 1180-1188.
35. Frayling, T.M., Hattersley, A.T., McCarthy, A., Holly, J., Mitchell, S.M., Gloyn, A.L., Owen, K., Davies, D., Smith, G.D. and Ben-Shlomo, Y. (2002) A putative functional polymorphism in the IGF-I gene: association studies with type 2 diabetes, adult height, glucose tolerance, and fetal growth in UK populations. Diabetes, 51, 2313-2316.
36. Rietveld, I., Janssen, J.A., Hofman, A., Pols, H.A., van Duijn, C.M. and Lamberts, S.W. (2003) A polymorphism in the IGF-I gene influences the age-related decline in circulating total IGF-I levels. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 148, 171-175.
37. Rietveld, I., Janssen, J.A., van Rossum, E.F., Houwing-Duistermaat, J.J., Rivadeneira, F., Hofman, A., Pols, H.A., van Duijn, C.M. and Lamberts, S.W. (2004) A polymorphic CA repeat in the IGF-I gene is associated with gender-specific differences in body height, but has no effect on the secular trend in body height. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf), 61, 195-203.
38. Vaessen, N., Heutink, P., Janssen, J.A., Witteman, J.C., Testers, L., Hofman, A., Lamberts, S.W., Oostra, B.A., Pols, H.A. and van Duijn, C.M. (2001) A polymorphism in the gene for IGF-I: functional properties and risk for type 2 diabetes and myocardial infarction. Diabetes, 50, 637-642.
39. Fletcher, O., Gibson, L., Johnson, N., Altmann, D.R., Holly, J.M., Ashworth, A., Peto, J. and Silva Idos, S. (2005) Polymorphisms and circulating levels in the insulin-like growth factor system and risk of breast cancer: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 14, 2-19.
40. Allen, N.E., Davey, G.K., Key, T.J., Zhang, S. and Narod, S.A. (2002) Serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentration in men is not associated with the cytosine-adenosine repeat polymorphism of the IGF-I gene. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 11, 319-320.
41. Chen, C., Freeman, R., Voigt, L.F., Fitzpatrick, A., Plymate, S.R. and Weiss, N.S. (2006) Prostate cancer risk in relation to selected genetic polymorphisms in insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3, and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 15, 2461-2466.
42. DeLellis, K., Ingles, S., Kolonel, L., McKean-Cowdin, R., Henderson, B., Stanczyk, F. and Probst-Hensch, N.M. (2003) IGF1 genotype, mean plasma level and breast cancer risk in the Hawaii/Los Angeles multiethnic cohort. Br. J. Cancer, 88, 277-282.
43. Lai, J.H., Vesprini, D., Zhang, W., Yaffe, M.J., Pollak, M. and Narod, S.A. (2004) A polymorphic locus in the promoter region of the IGFBP3 gene is related to mammographic breast density. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 13, 573-582.
44. Rosen, C.J., Kurland, E.S., Vereault, D., Adler, R.A., Rackoff, P.J., Craig, W.Y., Witte, S., Rogers, J. and Bilezikian, J.P. (1998) Association between serum insulin growth factor-I (IGF-I) and a simple sequence repeat in IGF-I gene: implications for genetic studies of bone mineral density. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 83, 2286-2290.
45. Johansson, M., McKay, J.D., Stattin, P., Canzian, F., Boillot, C., Wiklund, F., Adami, H.O., Balter, K., Gronberg, H. and Kaaks, R. (2007) Comprehensive evaluation of genetic variation in the IGF1 gene and risk of prostate cancer. Int. J. Cancer, 120, 539-542.
46. Johansson, M., McKay, J.D., Wiklund, F., Rinaldi, S., Verheus, M., van Gils, C.H., Hallmans, G., Balter, K., Adami, H.O., Gronberg, H. et al. (2007) Implications for prostate cancer of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) genetic variation and circulating IGF-I levels. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 92, 4820-4826.
47. Al-Zahrani, A., Sandhu, M.S., Luben, R.N., Thompson, D., Baynes, C., Pooley, K.A., Luccarini, C., Munday, H., Perkins, B., Smith, P. et al. (2006) IGF1 and IGFBP3 tagging polymorphisms are associated with circulating levels of IGF1, IGFBP3 and risk of breast cancer. Hum. Mol. Genet., 15, 1-10.
48. Canzian, F., McKay, J.D., Cleveland, R.J., Dossus, L., Biessy, C., Rinaldi, S., Landi, S., Boillot, C., Monnier, S., Chajes, V. et al. (2006) Polymorphisms of genes coding for insulin-like growth factor 1 and its major binding proteins, circulating levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 and breast cancer risk: results from the EPIC study. Br. J. Cancer, 94, 299-307.
49. Jernstrom, H., Deal, C., Wilkin, F., Chu, W., Tao, Y., Majeed, N., Hudson, T., Narod, S.A. and Pollak, M. (2001) Genetic and nongenetic factors associated with variation of plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 in healthy premenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 10, 377-384.
50. Le Marchand, L., Kolonel, L.N., Henderson, B.E. and Wilkens, L.R. (2005) Association of an exon 1 polymorphism in the IGFBP3 gene with circulating IGFBP-3 levels and colorectal cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 14, 1319-1321.
51. Ren, Z., Cai, Q., Shu, X.O., Cai, H., Li, C., Yu, H., Gao, Y.T. and Zheng, W. (2004) Genetic polymorphisms in the IGFBP3 gene: association with breast cancer risk and blood IGFBP-3 protein levels among Chinese women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 13, 1290-1295.
52. Schernhammer, E.S., Hankinson, S.E., Hunter, D.J., Blouin, M.J. and Pollak, M.N. (2003) Polymorphic variation at the 2202 locus in IGFBP3: influence on serum levels of insulin-like growth factors, interaction with plasma retinol and vitamin D and breast cancer risk. Int. J. Cancer, 107, 60-64.
53. Cheng, I., Delellis Henderson, K., Haiman, C.A., Kolonel, L.N., Henderson, B.E., Freedman, M.L. and Le Marchand, L. (2007) Genetic determinants of circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein (BP)-1, and IGFBP-3 levels in a multiethnic population. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 92, 3660-3666.
54. Patel, A.V., Cheng, I., Canzian, F., Le Marchand, L., Thun, M.J., Berg, C.D., Buring, J., Calle, E.E., Chanock, S., Clavel-Chapelon, F. et al. (2008) IGF-1, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3 polymorphisms predict circulating IGF levels but not breast cancer risk: findings from the Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium (BPC3). PLoS One, 3, e2578.
55. Deal, C., Ma, J., Wilkin, F., Paquette, J., Rozen, F., Ge, B., Hudson, T., Stampfer, M. and Pollak, M. (2001) Novel promoter polymorphism in insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3: correlation with serum levels and interaction with known regulators. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 86, 1274-1280.
56. Li, L., Cicek, M.S., Casey, G. and Witte, J.S. (2004) No association between genetic polymorphisms in IGF-I and IGFBP-3 and prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 13, 497-498.
57. Nam, R.K., Zhang, W.W., Trachtenberg, J., Jewett, M.A., Emami, M., Vesprini, D., Chu, W., Ho, M., Sweet, J., Evans, A. et al. (2003) Comprehensive assessment of candidate genes and serological markers for the detection of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 12, 1429-1437.
58. Neuhausen, S.L., Slattery, M.L., Garner, C.P., Ding, Y.C., Hoffman, M. and Brothman, A.R. (2005) Prostate cancer risk and IRS1, IRS2, IGF1, and INS polymorphisms: strong association of IRS1 G972R variant and cancer risk. Prostate, 64, 168-174.
59. Schildkraut, J.M., Demark-Wahnefried, W., Wenham, R.M., Grubber, J., Jeffreys, A.S., Grambow, S.C., Marks, J.R., Moorman, P.G., Hoyo, C., Ali, S. et al. (2005) IGF1 (CA)19 repeat and IGFBP3-202 A/C genotypes and the risk of prostate cancer in Black and White men. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 14, 403-408.
60. Tsuchiya, N., Wang, L., Horikawa, Y., Inoue, T., Kakinuma, H., Matsuura, S., Sato, K., Ogawa, O., Kato, T. and Habuchi, T. (2005) CA repeat polymorphism in the insulin-like growth factor-I gene is associated with increased risk of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Int. J. Oncol., 26, 225-231.
61. Cheng, I., Stram, D.O., Penney, K.L., Pike, M., Le Marchand, L., Kolonel, L.N., Hirschhorn, J., Altshuler, D., Henderson, B.E. and Freedman, M.L. (2006) Common genetic variation in IGF1 and prostate cancer risk in the Multiethnic Cohort. J. Natl Cancer Inst., 98, 123-134.
62. Cheng, I., Penney, K.L., Stram, D.O., Le Marchand, L., Giorgi, E., Haiman, C.A., Kolonel, L.N., Pike, M., Hirschhorn, J., Henderson, B.E. et al. (2006) Haplotype-based association studies of IGFBP1 and IGFBP3 with prostate and breast cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 15, 1993-1997.
63. Hunter, D.J., Riboli, E., Haiman, C.A., Albanes, D., Altshuler, D., Chanock, S.J., Haynes, R.B., Henderson, B.E., Kaaks, R., Stram, D.O. et al. (2005) A candidate gene approach to searching for low-penetrance breast and prostate cancer genes. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 5, 977-985.
64. Rowlands, M.A., Gunnell, D., Harris, R., Vatten, L.J., Holly, J.M. and Martin, R.M. (2009) Circulating insulin-like growth factor peptides and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Cancer, 124, 2416-2429.
65. Ebrahim, S. and Davey Smith, G. (2008) Mendelian randomization: can genetic epidemiology help redress the failures of observational epidemiology? Hum. Genet., 123, 15-33.
66. Smith, G.D. and Ebrahim, S. (2004) Mendelian randomization: prospects, potentials, and limitations. Int. J. Epidemiol., 33, 30-42.
67. Davey Smith, G. and Ebrahim, S. (2003) 'Mendelian randomization': can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? Int. J. Epidemiol., 32, 1-22.
68. Amundadottir, L.T., Sulem, P., Gudmundsson, J., Helgason, A., Baker, A., Agnarsson, B.A., Sigurdsson, A., Benediktsdottir, K.R., Cazier, J.B., Sainz, J. et al. (2006) A common variant associated with prostate cancer in European and African populations. Nat. Genet., 38, 652-658.
69. Eeles, R.A., Kote-Jarai, Z., Al Olama, A.A., Giles, G.G., Guy, M., Severi, G., Muir, K., Hopper, J.L., Henderson, B.E., Haiman, C.A. et al. (2009) Identification of seven new prostate cancer susceptibility loci through a genome-wide association study. Nat. Genet., 41, 1116-1121.
70. Eeles, R.A., Kote-Jarai, Z., Giles, G.G., Olama, A.A., Guy, M., Jugurnauth, S.K., Mulholland, S., Leongamornlert, D.A., Edwards, S.M., Morrison, J. et al. (2008) Multiple newly identified loci associated with prostate cancer susceptibility. Nat. Genet., 40, 316-321.
71. Gudmundsson, J., Sulem, P., Gudbjartsson, D.F., Blondal, T., Gylfason, A., Agnarsson, B.A., Benediktsdottir, K.R., Magnusdottir, D.N., Orlygsdottir, G., Jakobsdottir, M. et al. (2009) Genome-wide association and replication studies identify four variants associated with prostate cancer susceptibility. Nat. Genet., 41, 1122-1126.
72. Gudmundsson, J., Sulem, P., Rafnar, T., Bergthorsson, J.T., Manolescu, A., Gudbjartsson, D., Agnarsson, B.A., Sigurdsson, A., Benediktsdottir, K.R., Blondal, T. et al. (2008) Common sequence variants on 2p15 and Xp11.22 confer susceptibility to prostate cancer. Nat. Genet., 40, 281-283.
73. Sun, J., Zheng, S.L., Wiklund, F., Isaacs, S.D., Li, G., Wiley, K.E., Kim, S.T., Zhu, Y., Zhang, Z., Hsu, F.C. et al. (2009) Sequence variants at 22q13 are associated with prostate cancer risk. Cancer Res., 69, 10-15.
74. Thomas, G., Jacobs, K.B., Yeager, M., Kraft, P., Wacholder, S., Orr, N., Yu, K., Chatterjee, N., Welch, R., Hutchinson, A. et al. (2008) Multiple loci identified in a genome-wide association study of prostate cancer. Nat. Genet., 40, 310-315.
75. Yeager, M., Chatterjee, N., Ciampa, J., Jacobs, K.B., Gonzalez-Bosquet, J., Hayes, R.B., Kraft, P., Wacholder, S., Orr, N., Berndt, S. et al. (2009) Identification of a new prostate cancer susceptibility locus on chromosome 8q24. Nat. Genet., 41, 1055-1057.
76. Yeager, M., Orr, N., Hayes, R.B., Jacobs, K.B., Kraft, P., Wacholder, S., Minichiello, M.J., Fearnhead, P., Yu, K., Chatterjee, N. et al. (2007) Genome-wide association study of prostate cancer identifies a second risk locus at 8q24. Nat. Genet., 39, 645-649.
77. Xu, J., Sun, J., Kader, A.K., Lindstrom, S., Wiklund, F., Hsu, F.C., Johansson, J.E., Zheng, S.L., Thomas, G., Hayes, R.B. et al. (2009) Estimation of absolute risk for prostate cancer using genetic markers and family history. Prostate, 69, 1565-1572.
78. Maher, B. (2008) Personal genomes: the case of the missing heritability. Nature, 456, 18-21.
79. Manolio, T.A., Collins, F.S., Cox, N.J., Goldstein, D.B., Hindorff, L.A., Hunter, D.J., McCarthy, M.I., Ramos, E.M., Cardon, L.R., Chakravarti, A. et al. (2009) Finding the missing heritability of complex diseases. Nature, 461, 747-753.
80. Hunter, D.J. (2005) Gene-environment interactions in human diseases. Nat. Rev. Genet., 6, 287-298.
81. Calle, E.E., Rodriguez, C., Jacobs, E.J., Almon, M.L., Chao, A., McCullough, M.L., Feigelson, H.S. and Thun, M.J. (2002) The American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort: rationale, study design, and baseline characteristics. Cancer, 94, 500-511.
82. The ATBC Cancer Prevention Study Group (1994) The alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene lung cancer prevention study: design, methods, participant characteristics, and compliance. Ann. Epidemiol., 4, 1-10.
83. Riboli, E., Hunt, K.J., Slimani, N., Ferrari, P., Norat, T., Fahey, M., Charrondiere, U.R., Hemon, B., Casagrande, C., Vignat, J. et al. (2002) European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): study populations and data collection. Public Health Nutr., 5, 1113-1124.
84. Giovannucci, E., Pollak, M., Liu, Y., Platz, E.A., Majeed, N., Rimm, E.B. and Willett, W.C. (2003) Nutritional predictors of insulin-like growth factor I and their relationships to cancer in men. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 12, 84-89.
85. Kolonel, L.N., Altshuler, D. and Henderson, B.E. (2004) The multiethnic cohort study: exploring genes, lifestyle and cancer risk. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 4, 519-527.
86. Hayes, R.B., Reding, D., Kopp, W., Subar, A.F., Bhat, N., Rothman, N., Caporaso, N., Ziegler, R.G., Johnson, C.C., Weissfeld, J.L. et al. (2000) Etiologic and early marker studies in the prostate, lung, colorectal and ovarian (PLCO) cancer screening trial. Control Clin. Trials, 21, 349S-355S.
87. Barrett, J.C., Fry, B., Maller, J. and Daly, M.J. (2005) Haploview: analysis and visualization of LD and haplotype maps. Bioinformatics, 21, 263-265.
88. Gabriel, S.B., Schaffner, S.F., Nguyen, H., Moore, J.M., Roy, J., Blumenstiel, B., Higgins, J., DeFelice, M., Lochner, A., Faggart, M. et al. (2002) The structure of haplotype blocks in the human genome. Science, 296, 2225-2229.
89. Stram, D.O., Haiman, C.A., Hirschhorn, J.N., Altshuler, D., Kolonel, L.N., Henderson, B.E. and Pike, M.C. (2003) Choosing haplotype-tagging SNPs based on unphased genotype data using a preliminary sample of unrelated subjects with an example from the Multiethnic Cohort Study. Hum. Hered., 55, 27-36.
90. Packer, B.R., Yeager, M., Staats, B., Welch, R., Crenshaw, A., Kiley, M., Eckert, A., Beerman, M., Miller, E., Bergen, A. et al. (2004) SNP500Cancer: a public resource for sequence validation and assay development for genetic variation in candidate genes. Nucleic Acids Res., 32, D528-D532.
91. Conneely, K.N. and Boehnke, M. (2007) So many correlated tests, so little time! Rapid adjustment of P-values for multiple correlated tests. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 81,
92. Kraft, P., Pharoah, P., Chanock, S.J., Albanes, D., Kolonel, L.N., Hayes, R.B.,Altshuler, D., Andriole, G., Berg, C., Boeing, H. et al. (2005) Genetic variation in the HSD17B1 gene and risk of prostate cancer. PLoS Genet., 1, e68.
93. Wacholder, S., Chanock, S., Garcia-Closas, M., El Ghormli, L. and Rothman, N. (2004) Assessing the probability that a positive report is false: an approach for molecular epidemiology studies. J. Natl Cancer Inst., 96, 434-442.
94. Rosner, B. (1983) Percentage points for a generalized ESD many-outlier procedure. Technometrics, 25, 165-172.
95. Feigelson, H.S., Cox, D.G., Cann, H.M., Wacholder, S., Kaaks, R., Henderson, B.E., Albanes, D., Altshuler, D., Berglund, G., Berrino, F. et al. (2006) Haplotype analysis of the HSD17B1 gene and risk of breast cancer: a comprehensive approach to multicenter analyses of prospective cohort studies. Cancer Res., 66, 2468-2475.
96. Kraft, P., Cox, D.G., Paynter, R.A., Hunter, D. and De Vivo, I. (2005) Accounting for haplotype uncertainty in matched association studies: a comparison of simple and flexible techniques. Genet. Epidemiol., 28, 261-272.
97. Zaykin, D.V., Westfall, P.H., Young, S.S., Karnoub, M.A., Wagner, M.J. and Ehm, M.G. (2002) Testing association of statistically inferred haplotypes with discrete and continuous traits in samples of unrelated individuals. Hum. Hered., 53, 79-91.